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TWO DOLLARS A YEAR.] 
[SINGLE NO. FIVE CENTS, 
MOORE'S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
A* ORH1INAL WEEKLY 
Agricultural, Literary and Family Newspaper, 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
WITH AN ABLE CORPS OF ASSISTANT EDITORS, 
once supposed that a portion of the sufjar contain¬ 
ed in the cane would not crystallize. This lias 
latterly been disproved, and 
morrow’ and “to-morrow” have no connection 
with the labors of the farm. Each day will develop 
toil sufficient for the hours thereof, and the provi¬ 
dent husbandman will enter the field with a deter¬ 
mination to consummate ir possible the peculiar 
exigencies of thetime. 
The weather permitting, spring wheat, rye, oats, 
peas, barley and carrots may now be sown._ 
The progressive farmer—he who takes note of the 
actions of men, aud observes the signs of the times, 
has, in the course of Thought and study to which 
he subjected himself daring the winter past, de- 
it has been pretty' 
clearly shown that every drop of molasses drained 
from the sugar is eituscd by improper mannfueture. 
The first loss is occasioned by the fact that of 
the 90 per cent, of sweet juice which 100 pounds 
of cane contains, only 50 or 00 per cent, is usually 
expressed. To extract more than this, would re¬ 
quire very powerful machinery, and in addition to 
this, itjs stated that the stalks, when crushed un¬ 
der such powerful machinery, arc not so good for 
fuel. This is an important point, as on most plan¬ 
tations this is the only dependence, and fuel is in¬ 
dispensable. Imperfect clarification causes a scum 
to arise which must be token off while boiling, and 
this causes further loss. A little delay causes the 
sap to sour, and to remedy or prevent this, lime 
must be used, and this prevents a portion of the 
sugar from crystallizing, causing it to remain in 
the syrupy state, and run off as molasses. 
Dupree, I elioot, Boussingault, and other sci¬ 
entific men have investigated the subject with the 
view of remedying this loss, and though it has 
been shown in a few experiments that all the sugar 
in the cane cau Jjo crystallized, and some slight 
iniprovements have accordingly been made, yetnn 
practical means of remedying this great loss has 
ever been discovered. 
There are other causes mentioned, such as rank 
and improper manures, used in growing the cane. 
Ae have, however, given enough on this point; 
enough certainly to show all who are growing the 
Sorgho, for making sugar, that they are engaging 
in m> hoy's play , but a work that lias attracted the 
attention of the greatest and wisest, requiring the 
utmost care, and the most unbounded patience._ 
An experiment Hied with a cidtr mill, or any 
eht-ap contrivance for expressing the juice, we fear 
will not be satisfactory'. 
SPECIAL CONTRIBUTORSj 
EWEY. t. C. PETERS, 
MAURY, II. T. BROOKS, 
A FITCH, BWD. WEBSTER, 
ARTHUR, Mas. M. J. UOIAIES, 
LYMAN B. LA NOWORTH Y. 
he Rural New-Yorker is designed to bo unsurpassed in 
» n**. uritv, Use!ulnesx mid Valinl/ of CoiuotiIm, mid unique 
and brmutrnl !n Appenriuice. It* Conductor devotes his p er - 
soiml attention to the supervision of its various departments, 
and rimu tl> labors to render the Rural hii rinlneutly Reliable 
Gnliin on the important Practical, Kctentille mid other Subjects 
intimately connected with the business of those whose Interests 
it seitltmtly advocates, it embraces more AcrtcnUuni!, Horti¬ 
cultural, Feientilie, Mechanical, Litemry Mid News Matter, 
intersperse! with appropriate and beautiful Engravings, than 
any other journal.— rendering it the most complete Acricul- 
Ttmst, LiTtru.inr A.v u Family Journal in .America. 
I i fm All communications, ami business letters, should be 
addressed to D. D. T. MOORE, Rochester, X. Y 
For Terms, and other particulars, see last page. 
' r *&±,V£’£/f(.■£#. SC. 
HAMPSHIRE-DOWN SHEEP 
exactly the mutton, and consequently refused to pay 
for it so high a price. The large Cot sic old mutton 
is sold for three cents per pound less than the 
Sussex-Down, and rhe Hampshire, which is con¬ 
sidered next to the Sussex, at about one cent less. 
But, with this difference, it is far the most profita¬ 
ble for the English farmer to raise, us its greater 
popularity proves. In this country, where mutton 
18 mutton, no matter whether it grows on a sheep 
as large as au ox, or as small as a poodle dog, and 
regardless of the cost at which it is produced, it 
must be still more profitable. 
The fleece of the Hampshire is coarser and 
heavier than the ?usses-Down. We believe a few 
h»v« been brought to this country, but have Dot 
been kept pure, having been crossed with the 
South-Down, Our w sheep breeders will find this 
variety eminently worthy their attention. 
SUGAR AND SUGAR-MAKING. 
The present high price of this luxury, and the 
introduction of the new Chinese Sugar Cane (Sor¬ 
ghum Saccharatum.) have created n good deal ol 
interest on this subject, and information is eagerly 
Bought. Ab the attention of northern 
never before been directed 
people has 
- to Ibis Btinjcc*, but little 
has been generally known in regard to the growth 
of the sugar cane, or the process of manufactur¬ 
ing sugar. \V„ propose to give a few facts which, 
we think, will not be devoid of interest. 
Sugar is pretty generally diffused throughout 
tho vegetable world; it is found in trees aud (low- 
era, and in numerous plants—in leaves, and stems 
and roots. There are several kinds of sugar,—the 
Milk, or Animal Sugar, which causes the sweet 
taste in milk; Manna Sugar, extracted from the 
Manmt Ash, which is the nmnnaof our drugstore* 
and comes from Sicily; Grape Sugar, aud Cane 
Sugar. 
Under the name of Grape Sugar is included 
the sugar of fruits, of houey, aud of starch, as well 
as the sugar of the grape, which all have seen in 
the raisin. It is also seen in honey that has been 
allowed to stand for a long time, as it gradually 
thickens and consolidates. All the sweet of plants 
and fruits which contain an acid,-is Grape Sugar. 
It differs from Cane Sugar in being less sweet, con¬ 
taining more water, and being crystallized with 
difficulty, and is most frequently and more readily 
procured in the form of syrup. Cane Sugar may 
be transformed into Grape, by the admixture of 
acid, hut the transformation of Grape into Cane 
Sugar has not yet been accomplished. 
The principal sugar of commerce, is the Cane 
Sugar, obtained from the perennial sugar cane, 
(Sacchamm ofTicinarum,) which flourishes only in 
a warm climate, and succeeds best where the mean 
temperature is from 70 to 75 c . There are several 
varieties cultivated in the South, a n of wljictl arc 
propagated by cuttings. Mecca of the stem, 
eighteen or twenty in, hes long, and having several 
buds, are laid down horizontally, two or three to 
getber, in holes a few inches deep, and covered 
with light earth. These sets are placed about 
eighteen inches apart in the rows, and the rows 
three feet. In some cases, wi ere the soil is moist, 
the ends or the curt ngs are allowed to project a 
little way out of the ground. In about three 
weeks the young shoots will appear aboveground 
and m'tiine months after pl mting, the leaves he* 
gm to lull, the lower ours first, so that at, maturity 
it only presents a tuft of leaves at the ton. The 
SPRING-TIME SUGGESTIONS 
CULTURE OP THE ONION. 
Ocr remarks a few weeks since, in answer to a 
correspondent on the culture of the Onion, seem 
to have attracted considerable attention. What 
we then stated were not mere theoretic ideas, but 
the teachings of our experience. At the time of 
writing the article, we did not know that the plan 
was recommended in any book, or practiced in 
any country. Since our attention, however, has 
been called more particularly to the subject, we 
find by relerenceto Loudon's Encyclopedia of Gar¬ 
dening. p. S5S, that this is the plan pmsued in 
Portugal, where onions are raised in greater per¬ 
fection than in any other part of the world, ex¬ 
cepting perhaps Spain, and where they form an im* 
portant article of food, “one of the common and 
universal supports of life.” England imports 
from Spain and Portugal every year eight hundred 
inns of this vegetable. The method practiced in 
Portugal is a little different from what we recoin 
mended. The seed is sown in the hoi-beds in De¬ 
cember, and no glass appears to be nsed, bat hoops 
are placed over the beds, and in severe weather 
mats are placed over these hoops. In the spring 
the young onions, when about the size of quills, 
are transplanted into the fields, nine inches apart 
each way. We give two of the communications 
received on this subject: 
Ens. Rural Your recent article on Onion Culture, bis 
created quite a setmaUon through this section ot the coun¬ 
try. The mode suggested by you, is quite new, and is re¬ 
ceived witti distrust, like *11 thin s uew That the plau 
is entiOed to consideration is apparent, froru the (act that 
t ie article in question is so extensively copied. It b»» 
even loumi its way into the French juurimis of Lower 
Canada. The princi|.(» objections rsL-eu against the pl.m 
proposed, is the impracticability of producing plants on an 
extensive scale. To produce enough, to plant an acre, would 
require a hut-bed an large as our common gardens, being 
lOo.lXX) plants, the number which I find necessary for an 
acre, having the rows 15 inches apart and the onions io 
the iows iour Inches apart. Would it not be preferable to 
sow the seed in the autumn rally enough to have theui 
well roottd, then transplant in the spring,—thus avoiding 
the labor and expense Of hot-bed culture ? —J. W. Francis, 
Fulton, Oswego Co, A'. Y. 
Ail we would ask of our friends is to test tbis 
matter for themselves. In a hot-bed thirty-six 
feet long by five wide, we raised enough plants for 
half nn acre, and plenty to spare. The seed should 
be sown very thick, say in drills about an inch 
wide, «ad the onions very thick iu the drills, aud 
the drills only one iuch apart.—just room enough 
to pass the linger, or a stick, between the rows, 
and lighten the earth. The plan suggested by our 
correspondent, of sowing seed in autumn, will not 
answer, as the weather is generally so hot aud dry 
that the seed will not grow. One of the plans we 
gav” as pursued by gardeners, was to sow the seed 
the first of May, and in July, when the young 
onions are a little larger than peas, pull them up 
and keep them until next spring; then put them 
out for a summer's growth. This, Robert Briar 
says, ( Family K.trhm Garden, p. 85,1 is the system 
pursued around Philadelphia, where hundreds n! 
acres are raised for shipment to the South. We 
leave it to the good sense of our readers, if it is 
not more trouble to weed and take care of the 
Clear the brown path to meet the coulter's gleam ! 
Lo ! on h** comma behind bis smoking team. 
young onions the firei season in this way, than to 
raise the plants :n a hot-bed, besides waiting a 
year longer for the returns. It must be remember¬ 
ed that, only a slight heat is required, and that 
about the first of April the sash cau be taken off 
entirely, and used in raising cucumbers, or for 
any other purpose. Another correspondent, in 
Iowa, thinks he can prove us mistaken. We are 
pleased at another proof that our readers are 
thinking men, not willing to receive any one's 
statements without proof, or when contradicted by 
their own experience: 
Eus Rural 
reniirk; 
growing Ouiot-e, and your comment*, 
" ,l “ t0, ‘ 8 hi ighl Ut w-drops on hi* *un burnt brow, 
The lord of eiirtn, ihe hero of the plow 1 
First in the field tx-iore the reddening sun, 
Last in the rhadows when the dsy is done. 
Line idt>w line along the burning sod, 
Marks the brn*d *cre 8 where liis Let have trod ; 
Slill where he tread* the stubborn clods divide, 
The smooth, fresh furrow open* deep and wide ; 
Matted and dense the tangled lurf upheaves, 
Mellow and dark the ridgy cornfield cleaves ; 
Up the steep hill-side where the laboring train 
Stands the long truck ibat fcort-s Ihe level plain ; 
Through the m. i*t valley clogged with oozing clay. 
The patient convoy breaks it* destined way ; 
At every turn the loosening chain* resound. 
The swinging plowshare cbcles glistening round. 
Till the Wide field one billowy waste appears. 
And wearied hands unbind the panting uteerg. 
With what vividness has the poet limned this 
pen picture. Winter’s death and desolation have 
given place to the life and beauty or Spring. The 
fragrance of the froli tutted earth greets the 
nostrils and balmy airs are breathing around us. 
February slowly gave way to March, while, day by 
day, the sun rolled higher in the heavens. The 
nights, clear, cold and still, spangled the vault 
with real diamonds, and the dawn, warming with 
light, unlocked the rivulets flooding the streams 
undjakea. Anon^came the “sugar days"—trees 
were “ tapped” and the smoke was wafted from 
many a ‘ bush.” April —month of showers—is 
with us and the grass begins to wake up and scent 
I should not have troubled you with any 
had it not have been to answer au inquiry about 
You say “our sum¬ 
mers are not Imij enough to mire tine 1»tjji 
seed." This, *ir, I dispute, 
visited this omo'y, (Chickasvw, I> wa.) from Indiana. I 
then took home with me onions I mu the seed 1(5 and 17 
inches in ciicumfereoce. and exhibited them at the Elk¬ 
hart County Fair, at Goshen, in October, as the produce of 
Michael Hitts, of this town. Last year, in April, I took 
my residence here, and I sowed, I mu* r *«y carelessly, h. If 
a pound ot the Red Ontoil See-', on land which had pota¬ 
to** tli* year previous, and got over sixty-five bushels of 
fine large Onions trom half an acre. Tile cost of tbe seed 
was $1 Td>i here, and the onions I sold at one dollar per 
bushel. They were as large as those exhibited at Goshi n 
the year before. Therefore, I have come to tbe conclusion 
that you are in error about “ ri.Ling oDions from seed."_ 
This year I intend to sow- four pound* on two acre?.— 
The Prairie land, in tbi* county w ill do it without any ex¬ 
tra labor. I sowed the seed iu the middle of April.— Johx 
DxsDkt, Chickasaw Co, Iowa. 
Our Iowa friend must remember that the article 
he criticises was written in answer to an inquiry 
trom Oswego county, iu this State, and not for the 
climate or soil of Iowa. We have often seen fruit 
from that State so large tba% although the trees 
were sent from the nurseries here, we could scarce¬ 
ly recognize the varieties, being doable tbe com¬ 
mon size, as grown in this State. It is not to be 
supposed that the intelligent market gardeners of 
Philadelphia, (much further south than this,) would 
tike two seasons to grow the onion, if it could be 
done in common seasons, and under ordinary cir¬ 
cumstances, iu one. Sixty-five bushels on an half 
acre, is not one quarter of a crop. 
uiicuiivu ui me owuerwiu oitentimes prove 
of much value. Farturttiou being accomplished, 
we do not believe in the immediate separation of 
the cow and her calf, as there are many offices 
performed for each by the other that cannot be so 
well accomplished by any different mode. Youatt, 
in the treatment of cows after calving, recom¬ 
mends “a warm wash, and gruel or water from 
which the coldness lias bet-u removed. Two or 
three hours afterward it will be prudent to give an 
aperient drink consisting of a pound of Epsom 
salts and two drachms of ginger.” This is i 0 . 
tended to prevent milk lever and garget in the 
udder. The state of the udder requires watchful¬ 
ness. If the teats are sore, and the Lag generally 
hard aud tender, she should be gently hut careful¬ 
ly milked three or four times eveay day. Tfte nat¬ 
ural and the effective preventive of this, however 
is to let ihe calf suck her at least three times a 
day ir it he tied up in the cow-house, or to run 
with her to the pasture, and take the teat when it 
pleases. The tendency to inflammation of the 
udder is much diminished by the calf frequently 
sucking; or should the cow be feverish, nothing 
soothes or quiets her so much as the presence of 
tbe little one. 
Keep the cattle out of the meadows and youn^ 
orchards, and secure your fences in such manner 
that you can “sleep o’nights" without, fear that 
the animals will take a “roviiur commit..«•> a- 
odious from 
In September, 1855, 1 first 
If it is possible, give your grass lam's a top-dress¬ 
ing of ashes or plaster as soon as vegetation 
“ fairly gels under weigh”—at the end ot the voy¬ 
age, the surplus this treatment will give to the 
‘•stores’’ will he found a profitable investment.— 
Those, and lhose only, who ieed their land may 
expect to he fed by it in return. 
There is cue idea connected with all the opera¬ 
tions of the farm—the one by which the scale of 
success or reward will he gauged, ami it ought to 
he impressed upou the mi ml of the worker—to do 
whatever we undertake in the best manner. The 
record of ages will show that those who toiled 
unflinchingly, obtained the victory—those who 
delved'thoroughly, ginned the object sougut. It 
is useless to find fault with the weather, or any of 
the little myriad matters that so olt»u seem to 
perplex the fanner, so long ss his work is unskill- 
luU.v performed, tie who governs ull things, has 
promised seed-time and harvest, and if we faith 
foHy perform the duties allotted us, the increase 
will undoubtedly be ours. 
Conversing with a gentleman the other day 
about oxm , be made a remark which may be of 
essential service to many who are not as well ac¬ 
quainted with the peculiarities of those valuable 
animals as they would desire to he. “Oxen” (said 
he) "are frequently ruined for the summer's work 
or spoiled eutirelv by over-driving, during the first 
warm days of spring. Until there is a lull bite of 
grass ox- u are uot capable of great exertion in 
hot weather. But after thry are turned out into 
good pasture, if they have uot been previously in¬ 
jured, they will perform iu a very satisfactory man¬ 
ner. The great datig-r is when we first begia our 
spring's work. Thru they should be handled with 
very great caution, even though they do a very 
small day’s labor. Managing iu tin's way, my oxen, 
in the heat of summer, will plow as much as 
horses.” 
......O.M.O,, 
|a h m i| a i | 
