TWO DOLLARS A YEAR.] 
PROGRESS AND IMPROVEMENT 
[ SINGLE NO. FIVE CENTS, 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
AN ORIGINAL WEEKLT 
Agricultural, Literary and Family Newspaper, 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
"WITH AN ABLE CORPS OF ASSISTANT EDITORS, 
commenced, will require half a dozen mCD after a 
week’s dallying. During the performance of this 
process vacancies will he noticed, and these may 
be filled by transplanting. Many farmers have 
imbibed the idea that transplanting “does not pay’’ 
—the product thereof is worthless,—hut if suffi¬ 
cient care is osed in removing, there is little ne¬ 
cessity of destroying the tap-root, and if properly 
placed in the earth they will do well. In the after 
culture the cultivator should he kept moving as 
frequently as is necessary to prevent the growth 
of weeds anti preserve a friable condition of the 
soil. 
The White 8«:ar and the Wnrtzel are the varie¬ 
ties most generally cultivated in this country —the 
former having precedence in the number of acres 
sown. The yield of the latter, per acre, where 
successfully grown, is much tire greatest. The 
premium of the Pennsylvania Ag, Society was 
awarded to a crop of sixteen hundred and thirty- 
four bushels—or seventy-eight thousand four hun¬ 
dred and forty-eight ponnds—being the product of 
in flax-growing countries, when the fibre is de¬ 
signed for the finest fabrics, such as cambrics, the 
plants are pulled when in flower, but in t is coun¬ 
try, even when it is designed to preserve the fibre, 
it is not palled until the seed is formed, although 
not fully ripe. When seed alone is the object, the 
plants should be allowed to remain in the ground 
until the earliest seeds are well ripened. It is 
then gathered, bonud into small bundles, and when 
dry, is placed under cover. 
The separation of the fibrous from the other 
portions of the straw, is a work that does not le¬ 
gitimately belong to the armor. It is notan agri- 
SPECIAL OONTIinSCTOK&t 
Pro* 0. DEWEY, T. C. PETERS 
Li. AI. F. MABRY, II T. BR001 
Dr. ASA FITCn, EWD WEI 
T. S. ARTHUR, Mrs, M. J. 
LYMAN' B. LAXOWORTIIY. 
The Korac New-Yorker is ile&ignftd to be nnMirpu.-;:i/d in 
Value, 1 urlty, Usefulness ami Variety of Contents, and unique 
and boantiful In Appearance. Its Conductor devote* Ids per¬ 
sonal attention to tbe supervision of tts various departments, 
and earnestly labors to render the Rur.ii, an eminently Reliable 
Guido on the important Practical. Scientific and other Subjects 
Intimately connected with Ibo business of those whose interests 
It soabjusly advocate*. It embraces more Agricultural, Horti¬ 
cultural, Scientific, Mechanical, Literary and News Matter, 
interspersed with appropriate and beautiful Engravings, than 
any other Journal.— ronderintr it the most complete Auricuu- 
TOur., Literary atm Favui.t JorUNAt in America 
AI' communications, and business letters, should be 
addressed to D. D. T. AIOOKE, Rochester, N. Y 
For Terms, and other pnrtleulnrs, see last page. 
SHORT -H OK X T EIFEH 
Pedigree.— Red roan, calved March 2Sth, 1855; 
bred by S. P. Chapman Esq, Mount Pleasant Farm, 
Ciockville, Madison Co., N. Y., and now owned by 
C. K. Ward, Esq., Le Roy, Genesee Co., N. Y. Got 
by first prize bull Hal ton (11552}; dam [Bright 
Eyes 3d] (imported by Messrs. Vail and Chat-man 
in 1853,) by Earl Derby, (10177); g. d. [Bright 
Eyes 2d,] by Lord George Bentiuek (0317); g. g. d. 
[Bright Eyes,] by Conqueror (6fcsj); g. g. g. fi.— 
by a Son of P.euvl (65); g. g. g, g. d.—by Mason's 
Son of Comet (155); g. g. g. g. g. d.—by Welling¬ 
ton (683.) 
“Bright Eyes 5th” is iu calf to Mr. Chatman's 
fitst prize bull “Duke of Oxford,” bred by Col. 
Morris of Fordbam N.Y., sired by the Duchess 
bull “Duke of Glos’ter” (11382); dam ‘ Oxford 
l<th,” Ac. (Wo shall soon publish the cut and 
pedigree of‘'Duke of Oxford.” Mr. Ward has 
already aitained quite a reputation as a breeder of 
fine stock and the addition t>! this superior animal 
to his herd (aa well 3s the other heifers purchased 
of Mr. Chapman at the Eame lime,) shows most 
conclusively that be is resolved t.o rank among the 
best breeders in Western New York. We certainly 
wish him success commensurate with his liberality 
HOOT CROPS.—BEETS 
The produce of sugar from this beet in France 
averages 4 6-10 pounds to 100 of the root—while 
the product per acre ranges from S to 15 tuns, the 
average being estimated at 10 tuns. At this rate 
the product of sugar per English acre would con¬ 
siderably exceed 1,000 pounds. Compared with 
the Wnrtzel this variety contains the greatest 
amount of nutrition. Davy, in his estimate of the 
nutritive properties of several roots found in 1,000 
parts of English turnip 42; Swede turnip 64; 
Wurtzel 136; Sugar beet 146. 
Speaking of the Wnrtzel, a Massachusetts farm¬ 
er says:—“ There is a variety of opinions, hut from 
a nnmber of years’ experience, we think them a 
valuable addition, and highly worth cultivating. 
Comparing them with hay, in our opinion three 
tuns of the root are equal to one tun of hay for 
feeding stock, generally; hut for milch cows, we 
think two tuns of equal value. For feeding store 
swine, it is the only root which we can cultivate 
and feed to profit. For this purpose six bushels 
of raw Mangold-Wurtzel, we consider equal to one 
bushel of Indian corn,’’ 
Harvesting may begin soon after the leaves turn 
yellow, and before the frosts are severe enough to 
injure the roots. Care should be exercised that 
the beet is not broken or injured, as rough treat- . 
Beet, viz., depth and richness, cleanliness and 
thoroughness of Labor. A strong loam will prove 
the most genial to their fnll development, but they 
will do well on any soil possessing the requisite’s 
mentioned. Large crops have been taken from 
tenacious, clayey lauds where proper attent ion has 
been given to the tillage. On soils of the latter 
description a heavy dressing of manure should be 
applied—in fact, be the character of the land what, 
it may, if not in a good stateof fertility, those who 
desire to have a good yield of this root will see 
that it, is made so previous to taking the incipient 
steps necessary to its production. 
The usual mode of planting iH iu drills about two 
feet apart, and the plants eight to ten inches dis¬ 
tant in the row. By many cultivators the seeds 
are deposited about fonr inches apart, and at the 
first hoeing the plants are thinued ont. Two seed 
tire dropped in the dibbled hole, and in thinning, the 
thriftiest shoot is theoneleit. Where the ground is 
not damp germination receives essential assistance 
by soaking the seed in soft water from t wenty-four 
to forty-eight horns before planting. Much of the 
trouble that cultivators have had in raising the 
beet, has doubtless arisen from the fact that Loth 
soil and seod were dry, while the attainment, of 
Scriptures were to be taken as evidence, it might 
be shown that- the whole human family had been 
produced on this in-and-in system, 
Close Breeding is a term applied to the coup¬ 
ling of animals of near affinities of blood. The 
term “in-and-in” is sometimes used in the same 
way, but perhaps would be more properly applied 
to breeding from animals of the same blood. 
In a late number of the Rural Xew-Youker, 
Mr. C. N. Bement, in an article headed, “To Im¬ 
prove Farm-yard Fowls, "attributes the inferiority 
ol the common fowls of the country to their hav¬ 
ing been too closely bred . He says: 
“Neither the inferiority in thrirDro, nor theirpooregg- 
layirg qualities are, however, be attributed to the hind 
of toed they receive, lor fstncer’i fowls generally 'are pret¬ 
ty well, particularly iu threshing tune, nor to any wantof 
attention : tint to the fact Tlial it very many cases the 
stock is never changed, or if changed at all. no seldom as 
Thousands Ot raisera- 
But to leave 
j tbe Israelites out of the question, let us see what 
| light the practice of the Ishmaelites throws on the 
subject. 
In Lieut. Burton’s late work entitled “A Pil¬ 
grimage to Medina and Mecca,” he tells us that 
the Bedouins or wandering Arabs have always 
practised on the system which among us is so fre- 
j quently spoken against Having given the char- 
acteristics of these people, he says: 
“Nuch is the BedouiD, and such he hits been for ages. 
The national type ha^ been preserved by systematic inter¬ 
marriage. The wild men do not refuse their daughters to 
a stranger, but the snn-in-lpv would be forced to set'le 
among tlien> x and.this life, which has charms for a while, 
ends in becoming wearisome. Here no evil results are an¬ 
ticipated from the union ot first cousins, and Hit experience 
of ages an d of a nation may be trusted. Every Bedouin 
bus a right to marry his lather’s brother’s daughter before 
j she is given to a stranger- hence ‘cousins,’ in polite 
phrase, signifies a ‘wife’ Our physiologists adduce the 
Sangre Anil of Spain, aod the case or tbe lower ap_imals. 
j to prove that degeneracy Inevitably follows ‘breeding-in.’ 
• * * Yet the celebrated Flying CbiMers and all 
I his race, were remarkably bred-in. There is still, in my 
I humble opinion, much mystery about the subject, to be 
; cleared up only by the studies of physiologists. Either 
j they have thenrix-d from insufficient facts, or civilization 
and artitici >1 livin.' exercise some peculiar influence, or 
Arabia is a solitary exception to a general rule. The fact 
which I have mentioned is potent to everv Eastern trav¬ 
eler " (p P . 321-322.) 
There is no probability that the Author of Na¬ 
ture has instituted a different physiological law 
1 for the Arabians from that which prevails among 
| the human species generally; ftDd as to the lower 
animals, it would be well to base our couclnsions 
on careful observations, rather than on unsupport¬ 
ed theories. The fact in regard to the close breed¬ 
ing of the unrivalled horse Flying Childers, is well 
known to the readers of equine history, and has 
been frequently commented on. There are other 
similar cases iu the same species ou record, and 
from experiments which have lately been com¬ 
menced and are now going on in this country, we 
shalt probably be able in a few years, to add some 
more interesting facts of this nature. 
But will it do to receive Mr. Bemknt's doctrine 
of positive and inevitable degeneracy from the 
to be productive of uo good result?, 
ble, weak-minded people, idiots and lunatics, attest the 
eril results of marrying between blood reunions. I: such 
b-> the consequences resulting from * breeding-in-and-in,’ as 
it is generally termed, from the human family, wAI not the 
same principle apply to fowls : Will not a stix>.U of foals, 
let us ask, degenerate from year to year, botli in size end 
other good qualities, if co additions from other varieties 
or yards are made ? « * * It L hardly necea- 
sary to draw the attention of breeders generally, to the 
’act — View few animals maintain their superiority for a se¬ 
ries of years iu any particular variety. All being of the 
same blood their offspring ate puuy, weakly, and highly 
susceptible to disease. This can only be obviated by pro¬ 
curing the cock birds trom another strain or family.” 
This is certainly “goiug the whole figure” in re¬ 
gard to the bad consequences of close breeding; 
but whether the positions are well-grounded is 
another matter, It may be admitted that degene¬ 
racy has resulted from breeding from animals of 
near relationship, but it does not follow that the 
degeneracy was the result of a natural law, Or 
even if such a law is admitted, the question would 
then arise whether it operated with such force that 
it could not be counteracted. If cases can be 
given where breeding from affinities has produced 
ao such disastrous consequences aa Mr. Bement 
mentions, they show clearly that the assumption of 
positive degeneracy from that system is erroneous. 
The human family is cited as Affording the most 
obvious and indisputable evidence of the degeue- 
raey alluded to. It might be asked, in Hie outset, 
What was the degree of affinity which produced 
“the evil results of marrying between blood rela¬ 
tions?" it might be asked, also, if the “evil re¬ 
sults” have always followed to the same extent. 
“DON’T ATTEMPT TOO MUCH.” 
Attempting too much, or, “beginning to build 
without first counting the cost,” is the besetting 
sin ot a great many people, and the caution above 
written, is as often needed by the farmer, as by 
the members of any other class iq community._ 
For the more we see of farmers and farm manage¬ 
ment, the stronger is our impression of the Great 
oi seed used varies—with dillerent cultivators— 
from fonr to six pounds per acre. Depth to plant 
one inch. Time of sowing as soon as the ground 
is in readiness. 
In the culture of the beet, as well aa in other 
roots, it. is a disputed point whether ridging or level 
planting is the most advantageous. In England the 
former mode is extensively followed, hut an excess 
of moisture, if anything, is what the English farm- 
er has to contend with, and this is overcome iu 
proportion as the seed or young plant is elevated 
above the surrounding earth. In onr country, 
however, the extreme is in the opposite direction,' 
—drotuh is the enemy with which the agriculturist 
has to battle, nnd too frequently it blights and de¬ 
stroys all his anticipations. The requirements of 
what wc are to sow should be carefully ascertained, 
and such selection of soil and manner of culture 
as will best meet these wants ousht. if Dossil,le i„> 
lax nas been an important crop from the 
earliest ages of tbe world. Among the plagues that 
came upon the Egyptians for their oppression of 
the Israelites, we find that “the flax and the bar¬ 
ley was smitten.” It was also cultivated in Pales¬ 
tine, at the time the spies visited that “goodly 
land,” as Rahab “hid them with the stalks ot' flax, 
which she had laid in urder upon the roof.”_ 
Russia is at present the greatest flux and hemp 
producing conntiy in the world. Large quantities 
of seed are raised in this country for the manu¬ 
facture of oil, but the straw is only used in a very 
limited extent for the preparation of fibre. 
The best soil for (lax is a mellow vegetable loam 
—not too light and sandy, nor too at id! We have, 
however, seen excellent crops of flax grown on 
very light land by tho use of plaster. If the 
ground is very rich, the fibres grow too coarse, and 
if the ground is very poor, enough will not be 
grown to pay for culture. A medium slate of fer¬ 
tility, is therefore the best. Flax growers iu Ire¬ 
land never manure for flax, hut always for the pre¬ 
ceding crop. Nothing is better for flax titan an 
old pasture, well plowed, and the turf rotted. 
If the flax is cultivated for seed, it shonhl be 
sown quite thin-a bushel to an acre, sown broad¬ 
cast, is sufficient. Whet, the principal object 
is the growth of fibre, at least two bushels of seed 
should be sown. When sown thin, the plants 
branch, and every side shoot, terminates with a 
bole of seed. When sown thickly, (from two to 
three bushels to an acre,) the stems grow with nsin- 
glo stem, without Bide branches, and with a long fine 
fibre. After sowing, the gtound should be lightly 
harrowed and rolled. The most tronblesomo part 
of the cultivation, is the weeding. The young 
plants are much injured by the growth of weeds, 
and these can only be destroyed by hand weeding. 
This in Europe is clone by boys, who work bare¬ 
footed, so as to injure the plants as little txs possi¬ 
ble. Where the previous crop, (which should be 
loots,) lias been kept clean, no manure being used, 
Yveeds will not be very troublesome. 
look again, oelore you pronounce this a harsh 
statement. Is it good policy to expand the labor 
of putting in a crop over six acres, when at the 
same cost, a like result may be realized from three 
or lour? 1 hat is, put double tho labor in prepara¬ 
tion and culture, and twice the manure on an acre, 
and, taking out additional rent and taxes you 
must pay were you to sow two acres, you will gei 
as profitable a return iu the first instance ns vou 
would in the last. Besides, the looks of the crop! 
Which would do you the most credit as a farmer? 
Will you be content with thirty bushels of corn, 
per acre, at an expense of, perhaps, ten dollars,' 
when, by adding labor and munnre to the amount 
of five dollars more, you may have more than 
double tho quantity of com? Will yon grow in¬ 
ferior stock, with the same care and food, when by 
a larger outlay at first, you may have the best — 
those always saleable at good prices— while the 
unimproved, scrubby animals, scarcely find pur¬ 
chasers at any price? You will not, if yon con¬ 
sider the subject carefully and nndcratandingly. 
Think over the matter, and “don't attempt too 
much!” The more land one works on the “spread- 
ing-it-tbin” system, the poorer he becomes. Call 
u. your “interest money,” dratv ont your“bauk 
deposits” and embrace your whole farm iu a 
thorough course of culture. Drain, manure, cul¬ 
tivate well, keep good stock, suit your labor to 
your laud, but still heed the caution, “Don’t at¬ 
tempt too much.” 
•i.u,'i, 
