.. ....... 
.... CG'G’MW'W’im.M, ..I.......... 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
MAY 1 
of a ditch more (.ban three feet below the surface 
of the swamp; the muck was mixed with some 
green manure from the horse stable. Lhe heap 
was shoveled over once each week for several 
weeks, by which time it had become quite fine; it 
was used about cun ants, gooseberries and other 
shrubbery in my garden, and a small portion of it 
was mixed with clear sand for forming a bed for 
bulbous rooted flowers. I flattered myself that 1 
bad got a compost Iree from weeds or their seeds, 
but the next spring v. as greatly surprised when 1 
discovered hundreds of seedling trees of every 
kind springing up that ever grew in or around the 
swamp. There was the young ash, elm, birch, 
poplar, sumueh, willow, &c M &c. 
The muck was taken from the bottom of a three 
feet ditch, directly to the curt, and the seeds must 
have been deposited there centuries ago—and if 
they had not been disturbed, would have preserved 
their vitality for centuries to come, and then un¬ 
der favorable conditions would have sprang into 
life. 
Says the late Prof. JOiLKSTOH;— “ Bee how boun¬ 
tifully nature has provided in tho seed for the 
nourishment of the young plant, how carefully the 
food is stored up for it, and in how imperishable 
a form—how safely covered, also, and protected 
from causes of decay! For hundreds of years the 
principles of life will lie dormant, and for as many 
the seed will remain sound and undiminished till 
the time of awakening comes. Though buried 
deep in the earth, the seed defies the exertions of 
cold or rain, for the good it contains is unaflected 
by cold, and absolutely insoluble in water. But no 
sooner is the sleeping germ awakened to life, by 
tbe access of air and warmth, and duly tempered 
moisture, than a new agent is summoned to its aid, 
and by chemical agencies the food is so changed 
as to be rendered capable of ministering to its 
early wants. The first, movement of the nascent 
germ and how it moves, by what inherent or im¬ 
partial force, who shall discover to us. 
« How beautiful and provident are all these ar¬ 
rangements!—bow plastic the various forms of 
organic matter in the bands of the All-Intelligent 
—how nicely adjusted in time and place its diver¬ 
sified changes! What an apparently lavish expen¬ 
diture of forethought and kind provision, in be¬ 
half even of tbe meanest plant that grows.” 
Different conditions will result in the production 
of different plants upon the same soiL Within 
the past twenty years I have cut the wood and tim¬ 
ber from several acres of my wood lot. Sometimes 
I have burned the brush; on the burned spots the 
garget plant and tbe white clover have sprang up 
as thick as spatters —on other portions of the lot, 
where the fire has been kept from it, the large 
thistle aud the mullein have covered the soil.— 
Seedling trees have also freely appeared of differ¬ 
ent kinds from any of the growth removed. But 
neither the garget, clover, thistle, or mullein were 
the offspring of a “spontaneous production''—all 
■were the legitimate plants of seeds of their kind. 
The removal of the primeval forest brought about 
the right conditions to insure tbe germination of 
the long buried seeds. These things are all the 
results of fixed and exact laws; were it not so, 
then, indeed, we might occasionally expect to 
gather grapes from thorns and tigs from thistles. 
April 21, 1867. B. 
dampness by its dark and dull color, as is tbe case 
with ears that have not been kept in a dry place. 
Yet, full one-lialf of it never came up. As the corn 
in my crib seemed unusually fair, BOino of my 
neighbors selected all their seed therefrom, enter¬ 
taining no doubt about its germinating, even after 
we bad expressed apprehensions that it would not. 
The result was, as it often is, not. more than one- 
half of it came up. A few hours' labor in saving 
seed-corn, at the proper time, will often pay a 
farmer at the rate of many dollars per hour; and 
those who plant corn from their cribs need not 
feel disappointed, if half of the hills in the corn¬ 
fields are missing, on account of poor seed. 
S. Edwards Todd. 
Luke Ridge, Tompkins Co., N. Y., 1857. 
BEAN CULTURE. 
Eds. Rural: —In several numbers of the Rural 
I have noticed articles upon the Culture of Beans. 
1 have tried the method of plantiug and curing 
therein recommended in one of the earlier com¬ 
munications by “B.,” aud think 1 have a way 
cheaper, and attended with less danger of injury 
from rains, and loss from shelling, Ac. For beans 
I prefer greensward, well and deeply turned over 
aud made fine and mellow with cultivator and 
harrow. This crop pays for extra care in prepar¬ 
ing the soil, that every stone, stick or obstruction 
of any kind be removed, so that in using the cul¬ 
tivator the young and tender plants may not be 
destroyed. 1 sow the beans in rows about two 
aud a half feet apart, at the rate of a bushel to the 
acre. This takes less time thau plantiug in hills, 
climate suits it well; it flourished exceedingly 
with me. But if all Spanish corn is such dry, 
chaffy Stuff as this, I do not wonder that they make 
so little account of it in that country for eating.— 
The ears are short and thick, the cobs large and 
completely covered with corn, and the stalk strong 
and tall. 
The “ Flour Corn” is a handsome and thrifty 
growing variety, but I never raised enough for a 
•- grist,” and so cannot say whether the luilf that is 
claimed for it is true or not. 
My “Wyandot Corn,” being planted in rather a 
hard spot, “ dried up” with the hot weather last 
summer. I do not mourn the loss, for I believe it 
WO rth much less than one cent a kernel—the price 
for which it was sold—aud would rather occupy 
the room with beans and quashes. 
— But I’ll close my “comments.” If such 
“common-taters won't agree with you,’ 111 send 
you a basket of my “Shermans,” or “Mercers,” 
next time. J ACK Bunsby. 
lural Holts Hull Items. 
Niaoara Go. Ag. Society. —This Society will 
hold a Spring Fair, in Lockport, on Saturday, May 
2d, at 10 o’clock, A. M. The Show is intended to 
be a free exhibition of Stock Animals, Seeds and 
Agricultural Implements. 
Trial op Reapers and Mowers.— Tbe Ohio 
State Board of Agriculture will have a trial of 
these implements at Hamilton, Butler Co., ou the 
1st of July. The Premiums are $50 and $30 each 
for Reaper, Mower, and for these combined. 
Chavtauque Co. Ag. Society. —The Officers of 
tl»ia Society have decided to afford an opportunity 
for the trial of the comparative merits of Mowing 
Machines, at Fredoniaou the 7th of July next.— 
Competition is open to all. Those machines made 
for ordinary 6ale only will be entered for trial. 
State Fairs kok 1857.—The following State 
Agricultural Societies have designated the time 
for holding their exhibitions: 
New York, at Uulrilo,...Oct. fi, 7, 8, 9. 
Ohio, at Cincinnati,...S^pt. 16,10, 17,18. 
C&nsula Kant, at Montreal,_Sept 10. 17,18. 
East TetiueM.ec, at Knoxville, _Oct, 20, 21, 22, 23. 
Illinois, at Peoria, __..Sept. 21, 22, 28, 24. 
Iowa, at Muscatine,...Oct. 0, 7, 8, 9. 
Kentucky, at llenilersoD,. ..Oct. 12,13,14, L>, 10. 
Maryland, at Baltimore,._Oct. 21. 22, 23, 24, 25. 
MdisaohUruOts, at Boston, ...Oct- 21, 22, 23, 24. 
New Hampshire, at Concord,.. 
Pennsylvania, * -__Sept 20,30 A Oct. 1,2. 
U. S. Ag. Hoc’tv, at Louisville, Ky.,.Scpt 1, 2, 3 4, 5, 6. 
Vermont, nt Montpelier,.Sept. 30 k. Oct. 1, 2. 
Virginia,__.....Get. 28. 29, 80, 31. 
West Tennessee, at, Jackson,_Ool 27, 28, 29, 80. 
AGRICULTURAL FAIRS. 
and can be more readily tended. The ground is 
marked out with a horse and heavy marker, that 
the rows may fie deep enough to make quick cov¬ 
ering; and great cave is taken to make them 
straight One man drops, another covers. On 
mellow ground this is quick work. The planting 
may be done with a wheat drill, or a machine for 
planting corn, sowing garden seeds, Ac. Most of 
the after cultivation is done with horse and culti¬ 
vator. 
Now for my method of harvesting. In work of 
all kinds, I find it advantageous to have method. 
I pull and set them in large handfuls, roots up¬ 
ward, in rows from 8 to 10 feet apart, running 
While the subject of fast horses and female 
equestrianism is on the carpet, please to let me 
take the “floor” a few minutes. 
Now, we do abominate of all animal nuisances, 
lazy horses. We think they show unmistakable 
evidences of bad management in the outset. If 
colts were properly trained we should hear less 
complaint about slow horses. The mass ol farm¬ 
ers—and these are more particularly benefited by 
Agricultural Fairs—require an animal that is, first, 
a good worker; after that the qualities of speed 
and beauty may be considered. Now a breed of 
horses possessing in the highest perfec tion a com¬ 
bination of these three qualities—strength, speed 
aud beauty— will best serve the wants and tastes 
of agriculturists. Therefore if we give a prize 
for fast horses, let us add to it a trial of strength 
and also include in the items grace and beauty of 
carriage. 
Of tho propriety of driving fast horses at ran 
and Cattle Shows, we remember an illustration 
that transpired not a thousand miles from St, 
Johnsville. A man (in his own private and indi¬ 
vidual opinion) with two bricks and a fragment in 
his hat,drove into the ring*i highly mettled single 
horse. After various feats characteristic of Ids 
How TO Get Good Seed.— There is a town Ag¬ 
ricultural Society in Andover, Mass,, which has 
been of great value, and tended more than any¬ 
thing else to beautify the town. One person be¬ 
longing to the society plants beets, another car¬ 
rots, others some other vegetables, for the purpose 
of supplying the members of the society with fresh 
aud surely-germinating seed. 
BttiRMEXT op Cattle to Canada. —English 
journals received by the last steamer state that a 
quantity of cattle selected from approved herds 
in Ayrshire, has been shipped from Liverpool for 
Canada. Besides the cattle there wus a pure bred 
Clydesdale horse, a selection of fowls and dogs, 
and some agricultural seeds aud implements. The 
shipment has been made for James Logan, Esq., 
of Montreal Mr. Thos. Irving, the purchaser of 
the stock, sailed in charge of it. 
Splendid Pair op Fat Cattle.—A. L. Elwyn, 
M. ])., Philadelphia, l’a., bought at Elmira, in 1855, 
of Hon. Jar. S. Wadsworth’s burner, a large pair 
of cattle which were entered as working cattle.— 
They were a very fine pair of red oxet, and the 
price paid for them at the time was considered 
very high. Bui the result hIhAvs that Dr. Llwyn 
was not deceived in his purchase. The cattle 
were fed during the past winter, on Indian meal 
three parts, oats one part, with hay. November 
26th, 1856, they weighed 4,5*7 lbs.; March 7th, ’57, 
weighed on same scales, 5,957 lbs.; having made 
the extraordinary gain of 470 lbs. The cattle when 
slaughtered, March 7ih, gave 3,020 lbs. ol beef, sold 
at thirteen cents per pound—$392 00. This pair 
of cattle were raised in Western New York. 
diagonally with the rows of the field. This course horse. After various feats cnaraciertsuc oi 
expedites the pulling, und leaves them in excellent particular “ state of grace,” he attempted a “ pi g- 
condition to he loaded upon the wagon when eon wing” at lull speed. Of course the curric c 
GOOD AND POOR SEED-CORN. 
11 One for tbe black bird, one for the crow, 1 
One for the cut-worm .wu four to grow." r 
Many fa, -aers in planting corn, make allowance 
for kernels hat will not grow, as well as for those ^ 
which may be destroyed by birds and worms; and , 
many, in making such calculations, sometimes 
fail entirely, of having one stalk in a hill, in conse¬ 
quence of planting poor seed. Scores, a id even 
hundreds of farmers, who raise corn, never think 
of saving their seed-corn, until they are about 
ready to plant it; and then they use the best their 
crib affords, providing it is near the top, where 
they can readily reach it. If it has been exposed 
very much to snow, which has blown into the crib, 
or to rain, which has found its waythrougb a poor 
roof, the best is sought. 
If seed-corn is selected in the fall, when husking 
is done, before the ears have been thoroughly sat¬ 
urated with water, and hung op in an airy and dry 
place, away from rain aud snow, if that corn was 
ripe, it is as safe to calculate on the germination 
of every kernel, as it is to calculate on the germi¬ 
nation of good potatoes; but, on the contrary, if 
corn was suffered to remain in the stook till late 
in the fall, even if it were thoroughly matured, it 
does not get dried out, as well as it should be, and 
if put into large ctibB, it does not always dry out 
well. If the ears are not husked early, aud put in 
a dry place, the moisture in the cobs and kernels 
will injure the germ; and, if good corn is exposed 
too much to tbe weather, the swelling and shrink¬ 
ing of the kernel will very soon injure the germ, 
so that none of it will grow. Many fanners make 
their cribs so tight, tlmt it is almost impossible for 
the ears to dry out; and the consequence is, the 
cob is very moist, and the kernels moist; and when 
there is moisture enough in the kernels to lie 
affected by the frost, the germ of every kernel is 
as sure to be killed as if it were kiln-dried. 
These considerations disclose to us the true rea¬ 
son why so many farmers, in the spring of 1850, 
suffered such great losses, in consequence of tbeir 
corn not coming up, even after planting the second 
and third time. We never remember of hearing 
such a universal failure in seed-corn. We well 
recollect of passing a large field that had been 
planted, and but one solitary stalk could be seen, 
the only one that ever came up. Wherever we 
have heard of a failure in the coming up of corn, 
we have alw ays inquired where the seed was kept 
since husking. And in every instance, we have 
been told that it had been kept in a crib, and was 
not selected at the time of husking. 
We are always in the bahitof selecting Beed-corn 
when the crop is husked—leaving a few husks on 
each ear, braidiug it in a bunch, and hanging it 
up in some room in the house, (it is no disparage¬ 
ment 'o a farmer’s chamber, to see a few bunches 
of golden corn hanging in it,) where mice and rata 
cannot reach it; and such corn we have always 
found as Bore in coming np as good potatoes, un¬ 
less planted under very unfavorable circumstances. 
In the spring of 1856, we lacked a few quarts of 
seed, and selected a supply from the best in the 
crib. The kernels appeared bright, and tbe cob, 
when broken, presented no appearance of unusual 
hauled to the barn, and besides if they happen to 
be caught, out in a rain storm, a few hours’ fair 
weather dries them. I do not wait for them to 
cure in the field, hut draw them to the burn after 
they have stood a day or two, or as soon as the 
leaves are partially dried, and spread them upon 
the tops of the mows of hay and grain, and upon 
vacant scaffolds over the threshing floors and sta¬ 
bles. I never have any trouble in finding room 
ior my beans even when I consider the barns al¬ 
ready full. If there is no water abont them, there 
is no danger of mould, and the vines and pods arc 
eaten as readily by cattle as good hay. Stacking 
around poles, as recommended in the above named 
article, is laborious and expensive, and if left to 
cure in the field there is a necessary loss by shel¬ 
ling, and great danger Ol serious Injury by storms, 
both to the grain and straw. I was taught that 
bean pods arc of no use except for manure; that 
sheep alone cau be made to oat them, and they only 
on compulsion, but my cattle eat them as readily 
as corn-stalks. This crop is generally suffered to 
remain in the field too long before it is harvested. 
l'Ue proper time is when the pods have mostly 
changed from green to yellow. The grain will 
then be plumper and the straw much moie valua¬ 
ble than if suffered to stand until completely dry. 
Watertown, N. Y-, 1857. J. B- S. 
was upset in an iustant, and the horse dashing 
like mad through the crowd ol spectators, bo 
much for horse racing in a crowded field with 
drunken and reckless drivers. 
Now about female equestrianism. If a lady 
chooses to exhibit herself ou horseback for a 
“ levy per head,” why, let her slide. We have the 
honor of knowing several ladies, and very skillful 
with the reins they are—but owing to their exces¬ 
sive modesty, (probably,) neither love nor money 
would tempt them to show their “agility” in the 
saddle at an agricultural horse race or auy other. 
St. Johnsville, N. Y., March, '57. E. G. Stores. 
Use of Plaster. —Gen. R. Harmon of Wheat- 
land, thinks every crop benefited by plaster, and 
that upon clover it is indispensable. An applica¬ 
tion of 100 lbs. of plaster will increase the hay 
crop one-third, lie sows early in spring on grass, 
and on grain, as soon ns it shows green over the 
ground. Potatoes, he says, should never be plant¬ 
ed without rolling the seed in plaster. Tt is bene¬ 
ficial on all bnt wet clay soils. Sandy, gravelly, 
loamy soils never fail to have their crops benefit- 
I ed by plaster. 
L ate String—Scarcity of Fodder. —Tbe cold 
and stormy character of the month of April, ap¬ 
pears to have nearly exhausted the supply of win¬ 
ter fodder in many sections. Hay, especially, bu* 
been very scarce, and many farmers have thought 
themselves lucky in having straw, which tho more 
provident have cut and wet, with a sprinkling of 
provender—ol uata, corn aud rye, ground together 
—at the rate of two quarts to a lu9hel of straw.— 
This, with roots or slops for milch cows, “keeps 
them along” very well. 
o unjj 
EXPLANATIONS OF HORTICULTURAL TERMS, 
SUNFLOWER CULTURE. 
Messrs. Eds:— Seeing an inquiry from a West¬ 
er,, leader, in a late Ilnui. in regard to tbe bun- 
flower, its culture and where the seed can be pro¬ 
cured, I concluded to give my little experience in 
its cultivation. A year ago last summer, a few 
seeds accidentally go. mixed with some pumpkin 
seeds, and when planting corn, Btmflower, pump¬ 
kins and corn were all mixed together. On hoeing 
Wool Imported into England. —According to 
the N. Y. Tribune, the imports of wool, partly from 
her own colonies, into England in 1853, is given as 
119,396,440 ponudB; in 1*54, 106,121,995 pounds; 
in 1855, 99,300,446 pounds; in the first ten mouths 
of 1856, 95,458,521 pounds. The homo product of 
wool in England ib estimated at 32,000,000 fleeces 
annually—averaging lour pounds each. This is 
not all manufactured in the country; France, Bel¬ 
gium and tho German States all buy English wool, 
and to our shautc ho it spoken, so do we here in 
this agricultural country of the United States. 
Another Sweetener. —The Imphy or the Afri¬ 
can Sugar Untie is commended by a Frenchman 
now in New York, to bo as serviceable as the Chi¬ 
nese Sugar Cane. It produces abont 18 per cent of 
sugar made by his process. It has the appear¬ 
ance of dry maple in small globular masses. The 
taste gives a decidedly pleasant flavor. Accord- 
the corn we destroyed most of the sunflowers, leav- jug to his statements, the most, hardy varieties of 
CORN COMMENTS. 
Editors Rural:— Some time since you pub¬ 
lished a peck of “Potato Paragraphs” from 
a correspondent.—I mean to give you, rathe same 
style, a basket ol' my notions and experience on 
the different kinds of com I have planted. 
The “eight-rowed yellow,” I think the best field 
jug, perhaps, a hundred plauts in the field, justfot 
the looks of the thing. These grew very rapidly, 
and looked splendid in the latter part of the sum¬ 
mer as they towered above the coin ptesenting 
their gaudy flowers in every direction, but the bill 
of corn in which one grew, was sapped of its sup¬ 
port, stalks small und corn smaller, scarcely got 
one 'full sized ear from the whole number of hills 
that a sunflower grew in. On cutting the corn the 
sunflowers were left to ripen. In October, 1 
gathered them atnl hud about two and a half 
bushels of seed,—I think, judging from the rate 
the Imphy have grown perfectly at Paris, hut not 
so well in England. Ho thinks it will grow per¬ 
fectly as far north as Canadq. He says the seed is 
valuable for bread, but more so for making starch, 
as the seed is very rich in the substance. He 
thinks the Imphy would be a valuable crop grown 
for seed and forage alone. He has seen it grow 
seven feet in a little over two months. 
Michigan Agricultural College.— The Lar.* 
sing Republican, in speaking of the prospects of 
this Institution, 6ftys:—“The buildings which have 
A UC CJ kU 14 PIUU J V •* I v nj a uui uu v* j v '/vvii uv«v w . . fi a 
corn we have had in this section. It matures ,nine yielded, if planted on good soiltan erectedIbj’the ** 
pretty promptly, yields first-rate, and the cobs are 
small and filled out from butt to tip, as a general 
rule—though, of course, late planting and early 
frosts will nip und shorten them. It is “ uo great 
trick” to grow 160 bushels of sound ears on an 
acre, and some extra attention will “elevate the 
average” to 125 or 150 bushels. 
The “White Red Blaze” has done nearly as well 
on our farm— but toe have a notion that Indian 
meal is sweeter the nearer it comes in color to 
“powdered gold,” as Barlow sings. So we went 
back to yellow, trying by the way— 
“Dutton,” or “Twelve-rowed Yellow,” and had we 
little longer seasons, I think we could grow more 
bushels of that than auy other variety. Some 
specimens raised this year would delight you, Mr. 
Editor—such long, big, w ell-filled ears. I’ll Bend 
you one. 
The “ Yellow Red Blaze” is well thought of by 
some of our neighbors. I have not given it much 
Of a trial. It is an eight-rowed corn, and the meal 
is yellow. 
“Improved King Philip, or Brown Corn,” is 
something like this, but a smaller and earlier va¬ 
riety, and though about the same color, there is no 
“ blaze” mark upon it. This corn ripened with me 
in about fourteen weeks, and produced very well, 
considering season and situation. I shall give it 
further trial, thinking it will mature on low ground 
—good for corn, only the frost falls there too early 
for common varieties. 
What there is about "Sto well’s Evergreen Sweet” 
to recommend it for garden planting, I have failed 
to discover, though I have given it several trials. 
As a forage crop—or making corn fodder—it 
would be oapital, for it grows a great many leaves, 
and cattle like them, green or dry. For thiB pur¬ 
pose, a rich, deep soil, like that of our gardens 
would be advisable. 
J never saw any one who did not like popped 
corn_but people with poor teeth are troubled to 
eat it, sometimes. Let them plant the “ Wee Pop 
Corn,” and this difficulty will be out of the way. 
It parches finely, is crisp and sweet, and so tender 
that it almost seems to melt in the mouth. There 
are other varieties which seem to possess “more 
body” that pop first rate, but none so tender as 
this. 
Last spring I got at the Rural Office a paper of 
corn labeled “White Flint—from Spain.” Our 
fi*et apart each way. one plant in u bill, and receive large brick edifices, one of which is designed lor 
* . s* __ -i t . :..u -.a « _ 1*ftp.1iAft jinn 
the same culture we give to corn, It would yield at 
least 00, perhaps 75 bushels per acre. I know of 
no market for it except at home. Horses eat it 
very readily, gives them a fine sleek coat, aud no 
doubt» but, that if groanrfwitb corn, or broom corn 
seed, would be an exeellem feed for fattening cattle. 
It is said to be ft sure cure for horses that are stif¬ 
fened in their fore legs. Hogs, sheep, turkeys and 
chickens will also eat it. I have seed enough to 
plant 12 or 15 acres, that I will let the Buckeyes, 
Hoosiers, Suckers, or Badgers, have to keep the 
shakes off if they wish. A. B. Cookinguam. 
East Avon, Livingston Co., N. Y., 1867. 
Will our friend A. B. C., send what he has to 
spare to the Rural Office lor distribution? 
BREAKING COLTS. 
Eds. Rural:— Perhaps my method of breaking 
colts may be interesting to your readers —should 
you think so; you may give it an insertion in its 
eolnmns. 
A colt should not be bandied any more than to 
halter-break him before he is three years old, then 
bit him with bridle made for that purpose. Alter 
bitting the colt sufficiently, put, the harness on 
and lead him about for a short time, petting aud 
feeding frequently a piece of an apple or anything 
he is fond of. This should be repeated until he is 
not afraid of the harness —then take him in the 
u hoarding house, dormitories and kitchen, and 
tbe other for Hall, Library and Lecture Rooms, 
were accepted by tbe Board of Education from the 
contractors. The boarding-house is now in pro¬ 
cess of being furnished for the reception of stu¬ 
dents, and will be in complete order and condition 
by the 13tb of May next when the institution will 
be open. Hon. Josai-tt R. Williams, who has been 
invited to fill the President's Chair of the Agricul¬ 
tural College, reached this place on Saturday, the 
18th ult, aud, as we understand, will, in all proba¬ 
bility, accept the position. The selection is pe¬ 
culiarly fortunate. Mr. Williams is a graduate of 
Harvard College, of tho year 1831. lie is a tho¬ 
rough scholar, a fine writer, an eminent statisti¬ 
cian, a man of varied scientific attainments, and a 
practical farmer of skill and success. He com¬ 
bines, (and a rare combination it is,) the qualities 
necessary to fill the station, not the least valuable 
among them being those of a prudent and good 
economist.” 
Scarcity of Fodder— Cattle Starving.— Our 
exchanges in the Western and Southern portions 
oi New York, speaking of the backwardness of tbe 
spring, state that, in many districts the cattle are 
dying for lack of lood. The Buffalo Courier learns 
front a gentleman from Concord, Erie county, that 
many cat tie are dying from starvation in that town. 
not at rata ot me -" Th Y t vulin . ly consumed, and none cau be 
-u* f ‘*“ * ’T’ “ tSf*? ?? h \’\T larchlairiSriMnU, « „«y prlc **, ol 
a pully, or anything that will keep it up tbe dtsli- h j uto ,|.e city for corn to 
. i. i.x .i_ nttiif.1i a weiclitto i‘*e uumcin u»r« v. p..- j 
ed height, then back him and attach a weight to 
the rope that he can draw easily by stepping for¬ 
ward. Increase the weight as you repeat the 
operation; but not so ns to strain him. 
By pursuing this course you will leant him to 
pull aud hang on (as teamsters term it.) Now 
hitch hint t.o a small log (one that be cun draw 
easily) with loug traces, frequently turning him so 
that the truces will draw lightly against, his legs— 
stopping and petting him often; them hitch to 
something heavier, get behind hint and drive. By 
thus working, you will make a strictly true and 
gentle horse of him; you can then hitch to a bug¬ 
gy or wagon. Me should not be driven fast at liist. 
In handling colts in this way, you will have no 
trouble with them; but will have a well-broke 
horse, and one that will be safe for a family. 
I B -tt, N. Y., April, 1857. J- P* 
keep tbeir stock alive. In several towns iiriCat- 
taraugus county, cows are said to be dying for 
want of food. The snow still lies upon the ground, 
the roads are almost impassible, and as hay, straw 
and grain are exhausted, there is no alternative 
for the farmers but to suffer their cuttle to die. In 
Wyoming county it is a little better. Ilte it atsaw 
Mirror says, there is a great demand for hay aud 
other fodder, among the fanners in that vicinity. 
Almost every body is “ out,” and the rest loar they 
will be. The backwardness of the season is se¬ 
verely felt by men in these circumstances, ami 
they ure earnestly wishing for warmer weather.— 
Our farmers will have to “lay in” a larger amount 
of fodder hereafter, and not depend so much upon 
early spring. Calculations should be made for 
foddering stock, at leuBt six montbs_of the twelve. 
There are many terms used in describing fruits | 
and trees not familiar to our young readers. A 
boy asks tbe meaning of two words, lor which he 
had searched the dictionary in vain. We there¬ 
fore give Borne of the more common terms used in 
fruit culture: which we have no doubt will be ac¬ 
ceptable to all of our young, and perhaps many of 
our older readers: 
Acute, sharp or angular. 
Acuminate, drawn out to a point. 
Alburnum, the sap-wood, as distinguished fiom 
the heart-wood. 
Apex, point, the part of a fruit furthest from the 
foot-stalk. 
Base, lower end, or that portion of a fruit, stalk, 
or part of a plant, nearest the supporting part or 
root. 
Basin , tbe hollow or depression at the apex or 
crown of u fruit, surrounding the calyx. 
Reurre, a buttery pear. 
Calyx, the outer or green leaves of a flower 
which, remaining on the apex of a pear or apple, 
arc often denominated the eye. 
Cams, long bearing shoots; applied to grapes and 
raspberries. 
Clipping, trimming down to some definite shape. 
Colniar-sluipe, pyriform* or pear-shaped, with a 
rather slender neck trad large body’. 
Conical, tapering regularly towards the apex. 
Cockscomb, applied to the form of strawberries 
when much compressed at the sides, and having 
I some resemblance to a Cock s comb. 
Crown, the part of a fruit furthest from the foot¬ 
stalk or base. 
Dwarfs, trees made diminutive by grafting or 
budding upon stocks of small growth. 
Espalier, a tree trained fiat upon a trellis. 
En quenonille, training to produce fruitfulness 
by tying the branches downwards. 
Fibrous roots , the smaller, branching, or thread¬ 
like roots. 
Forcing, the early ripening of fruits by artificial 
heat under glass. 
Head back, to cut off the entire limbs or branches 
of a tree, or to cut down to an inserted bud. 
Lay in by the heels, to bury the roots of trees 
I temporarily in a trench. 
Leading shoots, the longest or main Bhoot of a 
limb or tree. 
Lopping, cutting the branch down to the stem. 
Maiden plant, a tree of one year's growth from 
the bud or graft. 
Mulching, covering tbe ground about atreewith 
straw or litter to prevent drying. 
Oblate, flattened, so that the shortest diameter is 
i between the base aud apex, like a flat turnip. 
, Obtuse, rounded or blunt. 
I Petals, flower-leaves, usually colored. 
Petiole, leaf-stalk. 
Pippin, an indefinite term applied to various 
• apples. 
< Pomology, the science of fruit. 
Pyramidal, like a pyramid, usually nearly similar 
j to conical, bnt longer. 
b Ringing, the removal of a ring of bark round a 
t branch, to impede the descending sap. 
Serrate, notched or cut like saw-teeth. 
b Shorten-in, to cut off more or less of the outer 
f parts of shoots. 
o Spongiole, the minute spongy extremity of a 
L-1 fibrous root. 
r Sport, nit unusual departure or variation in a 
i, now seedling. ... 
pV Spur, a short stubby shoot bearing fruit or fruit- 
e buds. 
u Standard, a fruit tree in open ground, or not 
w trained to a wall or trellis. 
d Stock, seedling tree, which supports the inserted 
v. bud or graft. 
y Stop, to pinch or cut off the point of a shoot, to 
e- prevent its further extension or growth, 
id Strike, to emit. 
— 'lap-root, the main or central descending root, 
at Trellis, nn upright, flat frame, for training fruit 
m trees and grapes upon its face. 
ar Work, a term applied to the budding or grafting 
e. of trees. 
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