....... M.M. <»><»><»>, 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER 
AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER 
by which tley are to be transported. We have 
shown by fig. 4, one process whereby a plant of 
The accompanying drawing 
and description of the Church 
Pear, we take from the Report of 
the Native Fruit Committee of 
the American Pomological 
Society: 
The Church Pear is believed to 
he a seedling raised by an old 
Huguenot settler at New Ifochelie. 
The original tree stands on the 
premises of L. P. Miller, Esq., 
and is presumed to be nearly a A 
hundred years old. It bears, an- jm' 
nuaUy, from fonrteen to twenty 
bushels of fruit, is uncommonly JjjF' 
healthy and vigorous, having no /M 
decayed limb about it, and fflz 
spreads its lordly head over three /$-: 
or four square rods. The trunk, A/fj? 
two feet above the ground, is six /(jit 
or seven feet in circumference. 
Size, medium, 2 and 3-lGth 
inches in length by 2 and 5-lGths 
in breadth. Form, short-tnrbi- 
nate, largest in the middle, and 
tapering both ways. Skin, 
greenish-yellow, russeted at the 
base and crown, with occasion- 
ally russet markings on other por¬ 
tions of the exterior. Stem, long, from 1 to 18 
inches by 1-7 in thickness, of a cinnamon color, 
and inserted without depression. Calyx, closed, 
with short segments, set in a moderately wide, 
plaited basin. Core, medium. Seed, brown, ovate, 
with an angle at the obiuse end, one-third of an 
inch long one-fifth broad, one eighth thick. Flesh, 
of fine texture, and buttery. Flavor , mild, pieas- 
and, aod sufficiently saccharine. Quality , “very 
good.’’ Maturity , commences ripening about the 
middle of July, and continues till the end of Sep¬ 
tember. 
TRANSPLANTING LARGE TREES 
STRENGTH AND TEMPERATURE 
As a people we are so impatient that we are 
hardly willing to wait until a tree is fairly planted, 
before we want to partake of ifs fruit or enjoy its 
shade. The nurseries and the woods are ransack¬ 
ed for treeB of a large size and rapid growth, and 
they are planted and die, when the process is re¬ 
peated, and after several trials and failures, and 
loss of money, and sufficient loss of time to have 
grown good sized trees, almost from seed, the planter 
becomes convinced that, trees will not grow on his 
land, that If. must be too light or too heavy, or be 
destitute of some necessary element, and begins 
to talk wisely of silica and phosphates. We saw 
in one city, hundreds of large trees that were 
transplanted lastspving, at a cost, of not less than five 
dollars each, and nearly all were dead, or worse than 
dead, for a tree that lingers along a few years is 
worse than one that dies at once, as the loss of 
time is more to be regretted, than the loss ol 
money. We shall, probably, grow wiser as we 
grow older. As a general rule, the better way is 
to plant small, vigorous, healthy trees, and take 
such care of them as will insure their rapid 
growth. 
There are some cases in which it would he wise 
to transplant Inrgo shade trees. A lot is often se¬ 
lected entirely destitute of shrubs and trees, and a 
fine house built, wbieli stands alone without any¬ 
thing to relieve it, looking disagreeable and un¬ 
comfortable, appearing like anything rather than 
a pleasant rural home — the home of taste as well 
as wealth. Half a dozen large trees would add 
very much to the beauty as well as the comfort 
and value of the place. They would give it a 
home-look at once, which by planting small trees 
could only be acquired in a number of years. In 
such a, case, it would he wise and profitable to 
plant a few large trees. This, however, cannot be 
done without great labor and expense, and it is 
only a source of loss and disappointment to do 
thenvork in any half-way manner. For the bene¬ 
fit of our readers we give one of the best plans 
pursued in England for removing trees of large 
Bizo, and known as Mr Nab 1 s Method. Machines of 
great power are in nse in England for removing 
trees of great size; indeed McIntorii says “trees 
of any size may be removed; to do so most suc¬ 
cessfully is only a question of expense.” 
In preparing a tree for removal, the first thing 
is to mark out the ball of earth, which it is thought 
necessary to remove with it, which must be be 
regulated by the size of the tree. This bah is 
then carefully separated from the surrounding soil, 
with us many of its roots preserved as poBBible, 
the stronger being cut off close to the surface of 
ball, while Hie more flexible are tied up in bundles, 
enveloped in soft fifty or straw, and covered with a 
double mat, to keep the whole together. A piece 
of cord is then placed loosely round it, between 
which and the cord are set upright pieces of thin 
boarding, from 2 to 3 inches broad, of equal length, 
and 3 or 4 inches apart all round, like staves, the 
cord keeping them in their proper places. These 
boards being adjusted, a strong half-inch rope 
doubled is put round the upper part of the ball, 
making it fast in front, but not too tight; the re- 
The strength of different materials differs very 
greatly, not only in regard to absolute cohesion, 
bat also in ability to resist different kinds of strains. 
When quite juvenile, we were once thrown upon 
quite intimate terms with a very distinguished 
civil engineer, and were much struck with bis 
answer to an inquiry as to what was «the most 
important point to be attained in preparing for 
the profession ?” The answer was simply “a 
knowledge of materials.” The strength of some 
materials is affected very’greatly by temperature. 
Copper, for example, grows weaker with every 
elevation of temperature above the coldest ever 
yet tried, while iron grows stronger by warming up 
to a certain point, a change which, by the way, as 
is much to be regretted, has never been attended 
to in the long and careful experiments on this ma¬ 
terial made at the expense of our government a 
few years 3ince. 
Common consent,, based on experiments made 
many years ago, has assumed the maximum 
strength of most varieties of iron at about 500° 
Fah., but some recent experiments by Fairbairn— 
Win. Fairbairn, Manchester, England,—indicate a 
point much lower, or somewhere between 200° and 
300° Fah. At all events, it is well established that 
this metal loses much of its strength—probanly at 
leastone-third—by intense cold. In almost every 
material alow temperature adds to its rigidity and 
liability to break by sudden impact, if it does not 
detract from its cohesive strength —Scientific. Am. 
Figure 3. 
considerable weight maybe so elevated, that the 
transplanting machine may he set under the ball 
with great ease, and that without injuring the 
plant or straining its roots. The ball being pre¬ 
pared as before recommended, two chains are 
drawn under two flat pieces of iron, previously 
placed under the ball, from G to 12 inches In 
breadth, and of a thickness equal to the weight 
they are likely to have to sustain, and also in 
length corresponding to its diameter. The chains 
having a strong ring each at one end, through 
which the other end is made to pass, this, being 
furnished with a hook, enables the planter to 
tighten them up as close as possible. These chains 
are kept in their places by another smaller chain, 
which is passed round the hall, and taking a turn 
This Pear has lately been brought into notice, 
and is very favorably received, being declared 
“ very good ” by all who have tasted it It is the 
opinion of some of onr best Pomologists, that a 
pear identical with this has been giown in Roch¬ 
ester for nearly a quarter of century, the origi¬ 
nal tree was obtained from Prince’s nursery as 
Vtrgnuleuse: on fruiting it proved to be a good 
pear, but not that variety. It has been propagated 
to some extent, bnt has never been identified, or 
received a name, and has not, therefore, been sent 
out by our nurserymen. 
Most persons when they go into a store to pur¬ 
chase paper for the walls of their houses are never 
satisfied unless they overhaul a great number of 
patterns. Their object is to select the prettiest 
style they can find—the best among the lot—and 
this oonrse, in ordinary business, has a common 
sense appearance about if. But a rule of conduct, 
excellent and correot in tbe pursuit of one object, 
may be totally wrong in following after in that of 
another, and this is tbe case in examining a great 
number of samples of printed paper at ouce. Many 
are so liable to get bewildered when a great variety 
of patterns are passed before them, that they fre¬ 
quently choose the poorest design of the lot. This 
is not surprising; indeed, it is in exact accordance 
with the laws of vision. 
It has been conclusively shown by M. Chevrenl, 
the distinguished chemist in Paris, that the eye, in 
looking at color after color, is gradually undergo¬ 
ing change, so that the character of each color is 
altered; in short, the color is vitiated. An analo¬ 
gous result is unquestionably produced in tbe form 
of the patterns, as well as in their colors and pro¬ 
portions. The best way to select good and agree¬ 
able patterns of paper, therefore, is to examine 
only a few at once. 
CARE OP TRANSPLANTED TREES, 
Isabella Grapes—Pruning Pear Trees. —T 
would like a close description of the Isabella Grape 
through your valuable paper, as I have one that I 
am suspicious of. The fruit on my vine is uot 
much larger than the common grape that grows 
in the woods, and is a little acid. Also, I 
would like to know if I should cut my dwarf 
pear trees back so as to out away any of the obi 
wood to bring them into 6hape?— Subscriber 
Otsego, N. Y., May, 1857. 
Remarks, — The hunches of the Isabella are, 
rather large, though not so large as Catawba, and 
shouldered; berries large, not quite as large as tbe 
drawing we gave of the Concord, even with the 
best of culture; skin thick, dark purple, and when 
fully ripe nearly black, covered with a bluish 
bloom; tender with some pulp, which lessens aa it 
ripens; when completely ripe, juicy, sweet and 
rich, but slightly musky.-When pear trees 
have been neglected, or badly pruned, it is often 
necessary to cut back some of the old wood to 
bring them into shape. 
Thousands of dollars worth of trees have been 
planted this spring, and many of these will die for 
want of proper care in planting. Others may be 
injured by unnecessary delays, bad packing,&c., be¬ 
fore coming iuto the bands of the planters. Many 
that do not die outright wilt linger aloog mote 
dead than alive, for several jears, and never make 
healthy trees. All newly transplanted trees re¬ 
quire to be cut back, so as to keep up the balance 
between the tops and the roots. In transplanting 
much of the root is destroyed, and if the top is 
left nnpruned, too great a drain is made upon the 
remaining roots, and as soon as the weather be¬ 
comes warm and dry the leaves wither, and finaUy 
the bark shrivels and the tree dies. 
In the writings of the late A. J. Downing, we 
find the following interesting remarks on the sub¬ 
ject:—' If you find some of your transplanted trees 
flagging, and looking as if they were going to say 
•good by' to you, don’t imagine yon can save them 
by pouring manure water about their roots. You 
might aa well give a man nearly dead with debili¬ 
ty and starvation, as much plum-pudding as he 
could make a hearty meal of. The best thing you 
can do is, first to reduce the fop a little more (or 
a good deal more if needful,) for the diflSculiy 
most probably is, that we have more top to exhaust 
than root to supply. Then loosen the soil, and 
water it if dry, and laatly, mulch the ground as far 
as the roots extend. This yon may do by cover¬ 
ing it with three or four inches ot straw, litter, tan- 
bark, or something of that sort, to keep the roots 
moist, so as to coax them in m new growth. Water¬ 
ing a transplanted tree every day, and letting the 
surface dry hard with the sun and wind, i 3 too 
much like bast ing a joint of meat before the kitch¬ 
en fire, to be looked upon as decent treatment for 
anything living. If year tree is something rare 
aud curious, that you are afraid will die, and would 
not lose for the world, and yet that won’t start out, 
in spite of all yonr wishes, syringe the bark once 
every night after sunset. This will freshen it, and 
make the dormant buds shoot out,” 
Figure 4. 
round each of the upright chuius, is fastened by a 
hook in manner ns above. The ends of two strong 
levers are then introduced under the chain, on the 
top of the ball, and a fulcrum of Btone, wood, or 
some other resisting material is placed quite level 
at each side of the bank, as shown in our cut,— 
The ordinary operation of the lever will elevate 
the ball, if the fulcruins be high enough, sufficient¬ 
ly to allow a low truck or transplanting machine 
being pushed under it. Should, however, the ma¬ 
chine be mounted too high, two stroug wooden 
trestles can be used. If the tree be high, guide- 
ropes should be attached to keep it in a perpen¬ 
dicular position. Where the convenience of a 
tree-transplanting machine is not at hand, the 
plant may thns be easily set ou a hand-barrow, and 
that, with the plant upon it, may bo placed on a 
common cart, and so removed to Us destination. 
For plants of moderate size, a hand-barrow will 
be found useful, both for placing it in a cart, and 
also for taking it from thence to the pit prepared 
for it. 
HYDRO-STEAM ENGINE 
A large silk manufactory is being constructed 
in Newark to he driven by a water wheel, the 
water for which is pumped in a continuous circuit 
by steam. The pressure maintained on the jet of 
water is very great, and the wheel is a small and 
exceedingly well fiuished turbine, the diameter of 
which is only about one foot. The revolutions are 
consequently so rapid that instead of multipying 
the speed in transmitting it to the shafting, as is 
usually necessary with all machinery of this de¬ 
scription, whether impelled by water or steam 
power, it has in this case actually to be reduced. 
It is claimed by the inventor, Mr. Wm. Baxter, that 
the simplicity and economy of the steam pumping 
machinery employed, is such as to more than bal¬ 
ance the waste in transmitting the power through 
the water wheel, and that consequently the power 
is produced and given off to the machinery, at 
a less cost for fuel, and with less wear and tear of 
the machinery, as well aa also more steadily, than 
in the ordinary steam engines. We shall watch 
the result, and refer to it again.— Sci. American. 
•You have favored your 
Peas in an Orchard, 
readers with your views of the effects of most 
crops upon the fruit orchard ; but I am not aware 
that you have as t.o the effects of the pea crop.— 
Lewis Crandall, New Baltimore, N. Y. 
Remarks. —We can only repeat what we have 
before said, that nothing but low, hoed crops 
should be permitted to grow in a young orchard. 
We once knew an orchard where several crops of 
peas were grown without apparent injury to the 
trees, but they were not sown within about six 
feet of the trees, and the ground was well manured 
every season. _ 
Salsify, or Vegetable Oyster. — Will yon, 
or some of your readers, inform me the best way 
to prepare Salsify, or Vegetable Oysters for use.— 
S. W. U., Hillsboro, Pa. 
Remarks. —This vegetable is cooked in a num¬ 
ber of ways. They are, after cleaning and scrap¬ 
ing, cut up into small pieces, and boiled with 
butter, milk, crackers, &e., making a soup little in¬ 
ferior to oyster soup. Another plan is to boil 
them until tender, then gTate them down and 
form into balls, which are covered with batter, 
made of rolled crackers and eggs, and fried brown. 
THE ORCHARD AND GARDEN, 
Tnus far the present year we have endeavored 
to crowd as much information as possihle into the 
space appropriated to this department. The sea¬ 
son of planting is at hand, and in some places will 
be almost over before Ibis number of ihe Rural 
reaches its readers. It Is fitting at this time to 
speak of what we have done, and what we intend 
to do. On all the subjects treated of we have been 
plain, practical and thorough, never leaving a 
matter until it was f illy explained and illustrated, 
so as to be intelligible to those most, unacquainted 
with it. We doubt whether aa much Information 
on the Vegetable and Flower Garden, the culture 
of Small Fruits, the Grape, and other branches of 
Fruit culture, can be found in two volumes of 
any Agricultural Journal as in the Rural for the 
last lew months. Bo anxious have we been to 
make every line of practical value, that, with few 
exceptions, we have laid aside the communications 
of our readers, unless they gave or sought lufor-, 
matlon. Among these are several very good arti¬ 
cles on the importance Of fruit culture, as we 
thought it more important to give information to 
those who were needing or seeking it, than to dis¬ 
cuss tbe importance of any particular branch, or 
even Iruit culture generally. Many are fully con¬ 
vinced on this point, bnt want of information has 
discouraged them. They look upon it as a kind of 
mystery, and beyond a few apple trees they dare 
not venture. 
By the course we adopted, of commencing at tbe 
beginning, the very alphabet of Horticulture, we 
have been compelled to repeat things previously 
given iu this ami other journals, and familiar to 
many of our readers. This, however, we know 
they will uot complain of, for we have always ob¬ 
served that those who have the most knowledge 
are the most willing to have “ liue upon line, and 
precept upon precept.” Now that the planting 
season is about over, we shall be able to pay more 
attention to the favors of our correspondents, aud 
hope to make this department more interesting to 
the general reader, without sacrificing its charac¬ 
ter for utility. 
Varnish for Rustic Garden Seats.—F irst 
wash the woodwork with soap and water, and when 
dry do it over on a hot sunny day with common 
boiled linseed oil; leave that to dry for a dav or 
two, and then varnish it once or twice with what 
Is commonly termed “hard varnish.” If well doue 
it will last for years, ancl will prevent any annoy¬ 
ance from insects. Now is the time for varnish¬ 
ing such seats. 
Figure 1. 
maining portion of the rope is taken down the 
front, and is made to surround the hall again near 
the bottom, after which the ropes are to be tight¬ 
ened up by means of a rack-pin, so that the whole 
may be kept tightly together. The ball is then to 
be undermined on one side, n3 near to the centre 
as possible, and a piece of strong board, say S or 
0 inches broad, is to be Introduced under it, and 
the tree drawn gently over to the side under which 
the board is placed, while the operation of under¬ 
mining the opposite side Is going ou; and when a 
similar board is placed under that side, the tree is 
to be brought to the perpendicular again, resting 
on the two boards, which may be called the lifting 
boards. Two strong ropes are then brought under 
the lifting boards, as shown in fig. 1. The ends of 
these ropeB arc then brought up and secured to the 
handspikes or bearers, as shown in fig. 2, and, to 
prevent the ropes from slipping oil the lifting 
boards, notches are cut in them, into which the 
ropes lit. For plants which two, six or ten men 
can easily carry, this apparatus is quite sufficient 
if the distance be not great to which the tree is to 
he removed. When ten men are employed, two 
The I. alliope Improved. —We find, in the New 
Orleans Picayune , the following item in reference 
to the Calliope, a description of which we gave 
the readers of the Rural a short time since. The 
Picayune says:—“We witnessed on yesterday af¬ 
ternoon, at Lowber’s Southern Machinery Depot, 
98 Magazine street, the performance of the Cal¬ 
liope, as improved by Mr. A. L. Peney. The im¬ 
proved instrument does not produce those harsh, 
grating sounds which was so much a source of 
annoyance to tender ears, the pressure being re¬ 
duced from 150 to 50 pounds. It is furthermore 
so arranged that instead of playing only a given 
number of pieces, like a street organ, it has a key¬ 
board on which, like a piano, the performer can 
play all and any compositions, Mr. Den y, we 
learn, has taken out a patent for his improvement.” 
Eds. Rural:— I wish, through your valuable 
paper, to call tbe attention of the fruit growers to 
the ravages of the apple borer. It was very 
prevalent in this neighborhood last summer, and 
notwithstanding the frequent warnings by differ¬ 
ent Horticultural Journals, there may be some 
fruit growers that are not aware their trees are 
suffering from its ravages. A very intelligent far¬ 
mer Called on me last summer, and wished to select 
some apple trees, saying “ mineure all destroyedby 
the borer, and I did not know it until I read of them 
iu my paper, and I went out and examined the 
trees und found they were nearly ruined, some of 
them broken clear off.” Most writers recommend 
destroying them by running a wire into the hole, 
but I prefer following them with a sharp knife re¬ 
moving and paring the bark and injured wood 
1 find that they make so many turns around the 
tree that the wire often misses them, and I do not 
uso it except where the borer euters the woody 
part of t lie tree to a good depth. It would be ad¬ 
visable lor those that have not examined their 
trees to make no delay and examine them closely 
and when done, draw the earth round the stem t.r> 
the depth Of six or eight inches, which will be a 
means of preventing the beetle ( Superda bevilata) 
from depositing the larva. An acquaintance of 
mine who has an orchard ol some four or live 
hundred young trees, says lie procured a quantity 
of old roofing tin and took it to the tin-smiths and 
had it cut tuto pieces from fifteen to eighteen inch¬ 
es long and of a sufficient bredth to form a cylin¬ 
der from three to four inches in diameter, aud had 
it rolled in the machine (the cost of which ho says 
did not exceed fifty cents per hundred) and put 
round his trees Iho two last winters, and he had 
not a tree destroyed with that pest the field mouse; 
aod if kept on until the latter part of June, I am 
of opinion this would prevent the beetle from de¬ 
positing the larva. It is cheaper and easier done 
than treading the snow round the trees. 
Troy, N. V., April, 1857. J. C. 
Growing a Sugar Bush. —Permit me to inquire 
of some of your correspondents how to take care 
of young maples? I have a young maple grove of 
200 trees, and wishing to make a sugar bush of 
them, I would like to inquire which is the best 
season of the year to cut the tops off, and how to 
perform the process? Would it be best or not to 
cut the tops off when they stand in the field? My 
trees are from five to ten inches through. When 
will they do to top, and which is the best method 
of topping, so that it wilt not injure the treee.— 
I would like also to know the best season of tbe 
year to cat timber to keep it from powderposting. 
—A Young Farmer, North Camden, Ohio. 
The Paris Invention says that there has recent¬ 
ly been invented a mode of casting type with the 
same letter at each end, which it is supposed will 
be particularly applicable to daily journals print¬ 
ing large numbers. The compositor works exactly 
in the ordinary manner, but composes a double set 
of characters, which, placed In appropriate forms, 
are printed in a double-leeding platen machine, 
two sheets being thus printed at once, and one 
composition only being necessary. 
To Destroy the Eggs of the Caterpillar in 
Orchards. —My plan for destroying the eggs of 
the common orchard caterpillar is as follows:— 
Prepare a long pole, with two or three nails driven 
into one end of it (resembling a fish-spear.) ancl 
break or twist off the cocoons or balls, which con¬ 
tain the embryo caterpillar. These are mostly on 
the lateral branches of the lrult tree, and within 
six Inches of the end of the twig. An hour spent 
in waging war against this enemy before they 
“hatch out,” will save a day’s time, for they are 
now defenceless, aud can be completely extermin¬ 
ated. I have taken off nearly one hundred nests 
in three or four hours time, and not a worm is left 
to tell of their destruction.— Orlin P. Fay, Pratts- 
burgh, iV. Y,, 1867. 
Figure 2. 
additional handspikes are placed across tho others 
at the right angles, which wiLl afford lifting power 
for four men more, six being employed upon the 
others, in the way in which masons carry large 
stones upon their hand-barrows. Fig. 3 shows the 
tree ready for removal. If the tree be too large 
for six men to carry with perfect case, it will be 
better to employ a wheeled machine or truck. A n 
inclined plane is formed in the side of the pit, the 
machine or truck is pushed down close to the ball 
and a plank placed under each wheel, to prevent 
them sinking iu tho soft earth, and so lesson tbe 
resistance iu pulling it up again. 
The ball is lifted on the machine, or often slid 
upon it, by sinking the machine lower than the 
ball, and placing it us far under us possible. The 
machine must be strongly built, mounted on low 
broad wheels, and having its top or floor project¬ 
ing u liitle over tho wheels to prevent the loose 
earth falltug down aud impeding the operation of 
the axles. 
One ol the most difficult operations in the pro 
cess of transplanting large true or shrubs la lifting 
them from their original positiou to the machine 
There is now one Examiner in the Patent Office 
whose entire attention is give to Harvesters, 
(Reapers and Mowers,) aud another whose whole 
time is devoted to Sawing Machines, for which no 
less than two hundred patents have already been 
issued, while now ones are constantly applied for. 
A Curiosity. —While trimming my apple trees 
a few days ago, T found two large Limbs about one 
foot apart, at the distance of five or six feet from 
the body, joined by a limb about three-fourths of 
an inch in diameter, and growing handsomely to 
both. It is just a little smaller at the ceuter than 
at its junctiou with each limb, and apparently bore 
fruit last year. The tree has never been grafted, 
and I cannot tell what kind of apples it bears, as I 
have recently come into possession of the land on 
which it grows. — R. C. Norton, Guilford, Chen. 
Co., N. Y. 
American Balance Docks in Austria.— The 
Austrian Government, convinced of the superior¬ 
ity of onr balance and sectional docks, intend to 
erect such structures for Ha navy, aud J.S. Gilbert, 
of New York, inventor of the balance dock, is em¬ 
ployed at Trieste iu building one. 
Architecture ranks as a connecting link be¬ 
tween the useful and the tine arts. As the former 
it advances the strength, economy and comforta¬ 
ble qualities of buildings; while as the latter it has 
been beautifully defined as " frozen music.” 
Iruit. l'he press and horticulturists in Cleve¬ 
land, Louisville, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, and other 
places in the \\ eat, predict a large yield of peach¬ 
es and other fruit, the ensuing season. 
