TWO DOLLARS A YEAR.] 
[SINGLE NO. FIVE CENTS* 
SATURDAY, JUNE 20, 1857 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
grand modifiers of climates—that, in the natural 
mnt. a\, ^ t . «« 
way, they perform offices towards the modification 
of climates similar to those performed by glass 
and fire in the artificial way. These researches 
have revealed to ns the processes by which the 
Gulf Stream softens the climates of Iceland and 
the Orkneys—how the heat of summer is not so 
great, nor the cold of winter so Intense there as it 
it is in Canada and Minnesota, although the ave¬ 
rage daily readings of the thermometer for the 
year may be the same. Going a step farther In 
this chain of reasoning and deduction, the intelli¬ 
gent farmer need not be told that while the snnio 
Iceland is not warm enough to matnre many fruits 
that do well in Canada, the winter of the latter 
will destroy many kinds which never softer from 
cold in Iceland. 
Again, climate depends more npon elevation 
above the sea level than it does upon distance 
from the Equator—for the top of Chimborazo, 
though close to the line, is covered by its cap of 
perpetual snow. The length of the night, the in¬ 
tensity of the light, as well as of the heat of the 
day, the average proportion of clear and cloudy 
sky, are all functions in the climatic conditions of 
countries as adapted to this or that vegetable 
growth. Not only these; for before the farmer 
can arrive at any safe conclusion concerning the 
kinds of crops which may be cultivated with most 
advantage in a new country, he must also know 
something of its hygrometry, as well as of its sea¬ 
sons of drouth, with the times and quantity of rain. 
We have more rain here than in England, yet the 
climate of England is damp and this dry.* Many 
kinds of vegetables depend quite as much for 
healthful and vigorous development upon the 
amount of moisture that their leaves suck up from 
the air as upon ttie amount which their roots de 
r!vo from the Boil. 
'1 heiefore, in order to determine what plants 
and vegetables the emigrant to Kansas, Nebraska, 
or Minnesota should carry with him, we should 
refer to some old country where the climate may 
be found repeated, if possible,—not only in quan¬ 
tity of sunshine, length of summer and winter, 
distance from the Equator, height above the sea, 
and the range of the thermometer, bnt also as to 
dew-point, and precipitation, clear sky, and cloudy 
weather. To find such a country we must go far 
away from the sea-board; with this condition an- 
nexed we are bronght to the conclusion that we 
may look for another snob nowhere but in Asia.— i 
Fiist, it must be between the isotherms of 44° and 1 
3<r. It is between these isotherms that, that great * 
and remarkable » divide” is fonnd which encircles i 
the earth, and which, in Europe, Asia and Ameri- t 
AS ORIGINAL WXZKLT 
Agricultural, Literary and Family Newspaper, 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
WITH AN ABLE CORPS OF ASSISTANT EDITORS 
SPECIAL CONTHXBCTOHS. 
EWEY, T o. PETERS, 
MAURY, H. T. BROOKS. 
A PITCH. KWD. WEBSTER, 
ARTHUR, Mrs. M, J. HOLMES, 
LYMAN B. LANOWORTHY. 
pernaps been the primary cause of the change 
which has been and is being gradually adopt- 
ed, but is not the only reason as many prac- 
tical and observing cultivators can affirm.— 
The deterioration of the soil—consequent ===! 
upon continuous or almost uninterrupted _ ■ - 
cropping with wheat for many years, without 
returning sufficient of the elements of fer- —= 
tility in the form of manures and fertilizers, ^ 
or maintaining the richness of the earth by 7 1 
deep culture—has alone, in some localities, i.” 
largely diminished the average yield of wheat ‘If-i 
and rendered its culture comparatively un- _ 
profitable. These two causes—insects, and Sj§§ 
deterioration of the soil—are, in addition to 
the changes of cljmate alluded to in a recent 
number, producing serious results in some V 
sections, and unless obviated by change of crops, 
or proper culture and enrichment, wilt ere long 
lessen the value of oar farming lands and induce 
emigration to the rich and fertile regions of the 
West, where land is cheap, and the country invit- 
especially to those who may be somewhat 
discouraged, and to whom “distance lends en¬ 
chantment to the view.” 
But we are not of the number of those who be¬ 
lieve a change of location from Western New 
York to the’great, growing and almost Illimitable 
West Is necessary or advisable. On the contrary 
weare of opinionthatsuchaa possess,.he fee simple 
of well-stocked and pleasantly situated farms, 
would not find the change an improvement—that 
the supposed pecuniary advantage obtainable 
Tbm Borax Nbw-Yorsrb Is designed to be mumrpo9sed In 
Value, Fnrity, Usetaluess and Variety ot Contents, ami unique 
and beautiful to Appearance. Tts Conductor devotes his per¬ 
sonal attention to tho supervision of Its various departments, 
and earnestly labors to render tie Ktm.lt an eminently Reliable 
Guide on tho lmpnitsuil Practical. Scientific and other Subjects 
intimately oonuccted with the business of those whose Interests 
tt sealonslv advocates It embraces more Agricultural, Horti¬ 
cultural, Scientific, Mechanical, Literary and News Matter 
Interspersed with appropriate and beautiful Engravings, than 
any other Journal,— rendering it the most complete AOkicol- 
TOlUt, Lotrart and Fjunxr Journal in America. 
t3F*AlI communications, and business letters, should be 
addressed to D. D. T. MOORE, Rochester, N. Y 
Fob Terms, and other particulars, see last page. * 
At the N. Y. State Fair, Elmira, 1855, the then 
juvenile member of a noble family of Short-horns 
above portrayed, attracted no little attention from 
the judges of good breeding and points of excel¬ 
lence who were favored with a formal introduction. 
The Duke won the first prize in his class on that 
occasion, and at the Madison Co. Fair, szme year. 
^ Roan, calved July 27th, 1855; bred by Col. L. G. 
Morkis, Fora ham, Westcnester Co., N, Y., the 
property of S. P. Chapman, Mount Pleasant Farm 
Clookville, Madison Co., N. Y., — got by Duke of 
Gloater, (11382); dam [Oxford 17th] by Lamar¬ 
tine, [11662); g. d. [Oxford 10th] by 3d Duke of 
York, (10166); gr. g. d. [Oxford 5th] by Duke of 
Northumberland, (1940); g. g. g. d. [Oxford 2d] 
by Short Tail, (2621); g. g. g. g. d. [Matchem Cow] 
by Matchem, (2231); g. g. g. g. g. d. by Young 
Wynard, (2859.) 
BY LIEUT. MAURY, 
Before Humbolt suggested his isothermal lines, 
or Dove drew them on maps of the world, it was 
generally supposed that the climate of any place 
or country might bo told by its Litiludo. Led by 
this idea, Mr. Jefferson argued that, as the olive 
grows in Italy and in Spain, we had only to project 
across the Atlantic the parallels of latitude be¬ 
tween which it grows in Earope, to ascertain in 
wliau parts of America it would grow equally as 
welL The part of the country included between 
the olive-growing parallels or Europe would, it 
was supposed, be found to comprise the olive re¬ 
gions of the United States, Experiment and trial, 
however, did not sustain this view of the case — 
rage yield of the staple product of the country. 
The intelligent reader i3 of course aware that 
lime will not prove alike benefbMal 
on all soils, 
yet we believe its application would be vastly and 
permantly useful on many farms in almost every 
wheat-growing locality of Western and Central 
New York. Mr. Johnson avers that if now a 
young man, he would lime bis whole farm liberal¬ 
ly, especially as the beneficial effects of one good 
application lasts nearly a life-time,—and if a sec¬ 
ond liming is necessary, a light one will answer.— 
On wet land lime will be of little or no benefit,— 
and its application would also probably be nearly 
or quite useless on soils based npon limestone. In 
the former case underdraining would first be 
necessary,—ami in the latter deep plowing would 
be the best remedy to restore or bring up the lime 
and other elements of fertility taken from the sur¬ 
face soil by constant cropping. 
— Bus we have already written more than we 
intended, and leave the subject for the present 
We shall, however, be glad to hear from those who 
are prepare !, from experience, to say whether 
Lime is the Panacea, and to what extent and on 
what soils, it has proved beneficial. 
other branches of industry. It is becoming the 
common resource for profit, or pleasure, or both, 
of artizans, tradesmen and professional men._ 
Many, who do not choose to altogether abandon 
their old pursuits, divide their attention between 
them and the tillage of the soil. Merchants me¬ 
chanics and manufacturers, who have accumulated 
capital beyond the requirements of their business, 
are very generally investing in land, on a larger or 
smaller scale to suit their means or fancy. The 
so-called intellectual classes, glad to escape 
for a portion of the time from the drudgeries of 
the office or study into the open air, find health, 
freedom and enjoyment in cultivating a few acres 
or even rods of ground. If the preacher mast not 
speculate in his pulpit, he may do so on bis farm 
with impunity; while the lawyer or doctor, vexed 
by the forms and rules of legal or medical practice, 
can retire to his garden with full discretionary 
power to hill up his corn and potatoes or uot, and 
experiment with fertilizers to his heart's ci ntent. 
It is (born such as these—men who have gained 
wealth in other pursuits, and, for the gratification 
of their taste, or pride, or whatever else, expend it 
in a generous system of farming, and others, who, 
on a small area of ground, resort to the more or¬ 
namental branches of the business for relaxation 
from in-door labor, that progress in practical ag¬ 
riculture is receiving its strongest impulse. They 
mainly compose the class of what we term fancy 
or amateur farmers. From them the inventor or 
improver of agricultural implements receives his 
earliest encouragements. The novel hint or dis¬ 
covery of the agricultural chemist meets, with 
them, a far readier hospitality than with the long¬ 
time, professional farmer. 
But if the amateur class, as pioneers of the great 
agricultural army, assume the trouble and pecu¬ 
niary risk of experiments, they do uot monopolize 
the benefits of success, though they must bear the 
total loss in case of failure, 
Ir is not easy for men to originate revolutions 
in the particular callings to which they were 
brought up. The prejudices of education and the 
cramping infinence of habit often stand in the way 
of their recognizing and adopting important im¬ 
provements ia the instruments and processes of 
their business; but, perhaps, the fact of their de¬ 
pendence on the practice of any art, trade or pro¬ 
fession fur asupport in early life and a competence 
in later years, and the consequent wish to make it 
immediately and constantly remunerative, is a still 
greater hindrance to the introduction of doubtful 
or costly changes. The cautious, practical man 
sees his true policy lies in conducting his busiuess 
after long-tried and well-approved methods; and 
success in the established course is not likely to 
create an inclination to depart from it. 
But whatever reproach of timidity and 
conser¬ 
vatism justly attaches to men in the prosecution 
of the several pursuits to which they were bred, 
U is, in general, most emphatically disclaimed 
when they come to turn their attention wholly or 
in part to some other department of effort. There 
is no reformer so confident as he* who has had little 
or no previous experience of the difficulty of re¬ 
moving the abuses he proposes to abolish. If, to 
the zeal such confidence inspires, be joined the 
additional advantage of pecuniary independence 
of results, so that the failure of oue attempt does 
not hinder further trial, we may see the man who 
has habitually managed his affairs with the wisest 
prudence and the nicest calculation suddenly ills-1 
play, in his ventures, a liberality often amounting 
to extravagance. 
Society evidently owes a good share of the pro¬ 
gress it is making, in both spiritual and material 
things, to occasional exchanges of place between 
laborers in the different fields of industry. The 
lawyer, the doctor, and the divine are, by educa¬ 
tional influences and by prudential consideration^ 
—me ume in neaps oi a bushel or more, 
allowing it to remain a sufficient length of time 
to become air-slaked, and then spreading and har¬ 
rowing in with the wheat. 
By this means Mr. J. is of the opinion that he 
has gieatly and permanently enhanced the wheat 
producing qualities of his soil—his average pro¬ 
duct of wheat for the last eight years being as 
large as that of any equal period in the hist thirty 
yean, in addition to liming, however, he has nn- 
derilrained most of his farm, and made liberal use 
ot oarn yard manure, (an important Item, as con¬ 
siderable stock has been kept and fattened on the 
larrn,) so that Iris large crops are not attributable 
to Unto alone, though it has proved a highly remu¬ 
nerative fertilizer. He believes, however, that lime 
i* the great need on most of the wheat soils of 
New York, and that Its application would prove a 
source of marked and lasting benefit—restoring 
the fertility of wheat farms which are deteriorated, 
and so increasing the crops in sections where the 
midge prevails as to maintain the former ave- 
grc.uiy above it in summer; and we may infer 
as a consequence that the sun has not power suffi- 
cmnt to ripen many fruits and grains in the Ork¬ 
neys which the warm Hummor of Minnesota and 
other inland districts brings to great perfection.— 
n ar ’ * "-‘•efore, as the husbandman is concerned. 
OZ; ' Z 0t , l * ie cro P a Uiat are grown in the 
urknoys or Iceland would give him no just idea as 
•i.u»T,u Z 1 T ll “" ' ,tmld * ro » «*j 
Jield most in Canada or Minnesota. 
tan ir), t ,i ,1°’ d Physical researches have 
taught us that the seawater and its currents are 
The generosity with 
which they patronize the inventor and apply pro¬ 
posed means of increasing the productive power 
of the earth is equalled by the readiness with 
which they communicate the resets of their ex¬ 
perience; and heroin they do immense service to 
the great body of farmers. Quietly pursuing old, 
time-honored methods, while an enterprising class 
are testing the value of new ideas—when the pol¬ 
icy of change is fully established, the mass of cul¬ 
tivators stand ready to avail themselves of the 
