■ Ylrv.. 
TWO DOLLARS A YEAR.] 
[SINGLE NO. FIVE CENTS, 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
•AN ORIGINAL WEEKLY 
Agricultural, Literary and Family Newspaper, 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
WITH AS ABLE GOBI’S OP ASSISTANT EDITORS. 
The great remedy, however, is in the amount of 
muscle laid out upon the land. Stir the soil if 
you would find the panacea for the ills proilnaed 
by late seasons and foul seeds. This is the 
genuine mode of treatment, and it alone will tally 
make amends for the depressing influences of the 
one, or stay the ravages of the other. 
it transforms and renders the starch soluble, so 
that the yonng vessels can take it up and convey 
it to the point of growth. When the starch is ex¬ 
hausted its functions cease. It 13 then itself trans¬ 
formed and carried into geaeral circulation. Its 
presence is necessary only until the leaves and 
roots are fully formed, and if. as in the potato, 
more starch is present than is necessary, it remains 
unused. 
Perhaps there are other functions of diastase.— 
It seems to be more abundant than this simple 
change of starch into dextrine, etc., would require, 
and nature seldom allows waste in her operations. 
It contains nitrogen—derived from the gluten or 
vegetable albumen of the Beed—and may be in¬ 
tended to contribute directly to the nourishment 
and growth of the plant. 
These statements—condensed from Johnston’s 
Agricultural Chemistry —will interest our yonng 
readers, and, we hope, induce them to give some 
attention to the science. He concludes his re¬ 
marks as follows: 
“ How bountifully has natnre provided In the 
seed for the nourishment of the young plant, how 
carefully the food is stored up for it, and in how 
imperishable a form—now safely covered also and 
protected from causes of decay! For hundreds of 
years the principle of life will lie dormanr.and for 
as many the food will remain sound and undimin- 
ished until the time of awakening comes. Though 
buried deep in the earth, the seed defies the exer¬ 
tions of cold and rain, for the food it contains is 
unaffected by cold and absolutely insoluble in 
water. 
SPECIAL CONTI! IBUTORS « 
Prop. C. DEWEY, T. C. PETERS, 
Lt M. F. MAURY, H. T. BROOKS, 
Dr. ASA FITCH. KWD. WEBSTER, 
T. a ARTHUR, Mrs. M. J. HOLMES, 
LYMAN B LANGWORTUY. 
WHEAT CULTURE.—PACTS AND INFERENCES. 
In 1850 the wheat crop of Maine was less than 
in 1840 by more that 500,000 bushels—that of New 
Hampshire was less by more than 220,000 bnshela 
—of Massachusetts by 120,000 bushels—of Con 
necticut it was less by more than one-half, being 
87,000 in 1840, and only 41,000 in 1860. In Rhode 
Island it dwindled from 3,000 bushels in 1840, to 
40 In I860. In Vermont alone, of all the New 
England States, it was greater in 1850 than in 1840, 
being in 1840, 495,000 bushels, and 1850, 535,000— 
an increase of 40,000 bushels. 
Tbb Rvtul Nbw-Youker is (Idelgned to bo ntunirimssed in 
VaIuo, Parity, Usefulness and Variety of Contents, and nntque 
and beautiful In Appearance Its Conductor devotes bln per* 
ional attention to tho supervision of its rations departments, 
and earnestly labors to render the Rural an eminently Reliable 
Guide on the important Practical, Scientific and other Subject# 
Intimately connected with the business or those whose Interests 
it tealoutly advocates. It embraces more Agricultural, Horti- 
cultara), Sclentillc, Mechanical, Literary aud News Matter, 
interspersed with appropriate and beautiful Engravings, than 
any other Journal,—rendering it tho most complete Agricultu¬ 
ral Litkuary asp Family Journal in America. 
All communications, nnd business letters, shoald be 
addressed to D. D. T. MOORE, Rochester, N, Y. 
For TFRjt8, and other particulars, see last page. 
The whole wheat 
crop of New England, Vermont included, was less 
in 1850 than 1840 by more than 720,000 bushels— 
or a diminution of more than one-third in a single 
decade. Ohio raised less wheat, in 1850 than in 
1840 by more than 2,000.000 bushels. Yet the 
three States, New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio, 
raised more wheat in I860 than in 1840 by nearly 
1,000,000 bushels. Kentucky raised less wheat in 
1850 than in 1840 by more than 2,500,000 bushels. 
Virginia, on the other hand, aud Maryland and 
Arkansas, and all the newer Western and North- 
Western StateB and Territories, grew so much 
more wheat in 1850 than in 1840, that daring these 
ten years the annual aggregate wheat crop of the 
United States was increased from 84,000,000 to 
100 , 000,000 bushels—an advance of nearly 20 per 
cent. 
The inferences we draw from these facts we pro¬ 
ceed to state in a few words. They are abundant¬ 
ly confirmed by experience: 
1. In the older States the wheat culture is on the 
whole greatly on the decline. Climate in the 
North-Eastern States, and careless culture, with a 
general disregard of the demands of the soil, al¬ 
most every whete, are among the most active causes 
of this decline, 
2. In all the newest States the wheat crop is 
greatly, for the present, on the increase. The 
reasons for this fact will be obvious when it is re¬ 
membered that the virgin soil of the new country 
is still rich, and that large tracts of lands are still 
annually cleared or broken np and brought under 
cultivation. 
3. In the Middle States, where a favorable soil 
has been supported by careful culture and suitable 
manures, tho wheat crop has “ held its own” quite 
Portable Gate Post and Panels, connected with whole real- 
“This is a straight fence, thus economizing ground and lumber. It is all made of inch boards 
or flat rails in separate panels, (10 to 16 feet long,) with double battens 1 S 4 inches, except the middle 
one, which with the cap, need he but 3 inches in width. These are connected together by haviDg an 
upper rail project, in whole or part, 8 or 10 inches beyond its own battens, and pass through the brace 
and between the battens of the adjoining panel, as No. 1 and 2, or connected by short boards or 
keys, No. 6 . At the bottom it is connected by a short board or key as in No. 4, or the end of 
bottom rails, may project and lap or meet in the notch in the base of the brace. The support 
The excessive moisture daring the months of 
May and June, together with the lack of warmth 
usual at this period of tho year, has retarded the 
growth of the corn crop, and therefore a few 
words upon its culture, applications for “hnrryiug 
np.” and the various meanta that, can he called 
iut i ope ration to c.:-.-: «t nature and insure the foil 
development of thia cereal, are still timely and, 
we hope, will prove of value to those most inter¬ 
ested—the growers thereof. 
Hilling, although bearing the patent of antiquity, 
is falling into strange disrespect—a great number 
of our agriculturists perform no longer this labor— 
and between those who have abandoned the 
method, und those who still cling to ancient forms, 
there is a strife of words. The disputation is 
ass tuning an importance that earns for it the title 
of “National,” and we should not be surprised to 
see a plank hereafter inserted in political platforms 
—to hill, or not to hill, becoming the test question 
Would that a majority of those now forming the 
basis of political parties, had one-hall the vittne of 
this. We should then hear less concerning “uusea- 
wortbintBs,” und less frequently would arise the 
necessity of “ casting overboard ” 
Bat no sooner is the sleeping germ re¬ 
called to life by the access of air and warmth, and 
duly tempered moisture, then a new agent is sum¬ 
moned to its aid, and the food is so changed as to 
be capable of ministering to its early wants. The 
first movement of the nascent germ—and how it 
moves, by what inherent and impartial force, 
who shall discover to ns?—is the signal for the 
appearance of this agent— diastase— of which, pre¬ 
vious to germination, no trace could be discover¬ 
ed in the seed. At the root of the germ, where 
the vessels terminate in the farinaceous matter, 
exactly where it is wanted, this substance is to be 
found; there and there only, resolving and trans¬ 
forming the otherwise unavailable store of food, 
and preparing it for being conveyed either to the 
ascending sprout or to the descending root And 
when the necessity for its presence ceases—when 
the green leaf becomes developed, and the root 
has fairly entered the soil—when the plant is fitted 
to seek lood for itself—then this uiastase disap¬ 
pears, it undergoes itself a new conversion, and is 
prepared in another form to contribute to the 
further increase of the plant. 
“How beautiful and provident are all the ar¬ 
rangements!—how plastic the various forms of 
matter in the hands of the All-Intelligent!—how 
nicely adjusted in time and place its diversified 
changes!—what an apparently lavish expenditure 
of forethought and kind provision, In behali of 
even the meanest plant that grows.” 
One Form Wire Fence, with, straight rail halved. 
is by the Triangular Brace, B, which binds the fence in every direction, bracing it to the very 
top, and effectually prevents it being bloxcn over. The base of the brace for a fence 4 to 5 ft- 
high shoald be from 3b to 4 ft long, and is made of inch stuff slightly wider than the bottom board 
of the panels, as in No. 4, or with a short piece of inch board nailed on it, as in No. 3; or of 2 X 4 in. 
stuff, as in No. 1 and 2. The side braces are nailed on to the opposite sides of the end of the base, 
which brings them together at the top, where they are nailed. 
some exploded 
idea—of throwing aside a certain portion that has, 
unfortunately, been deprived of its “availability.” 
There is but little doubt that, if billing w benefi¬ 
cial, there has olteu been in the constructing 
procesa “too much of a good thing ’’—and here, 
we are inclined to think, is to be found one cause 
of failure. The peculiar benefits attributed to 
hilling, are not derived from the elevation of a 
greater or less quantity of earth around the stalk, 
but from the manner in which it is done, and the 
loosening the soil receives. If the soil is cast up at 
all, it should be in such a way, that descending 
moisture will be carried to, not from the roots ,— 
instead of acting us a watershed, keeping dampness 
frum tho crop, it should be a hasiit, receiving aud 
guaranteeing a supply equal to the area it occupies. 
Our summer rains are generally short, rapid fall¬ 
ing showers, and these cones destroy, or operate 
directly antagonistic to, what the growing crop 
well. 
We hope these facts will not fail to impress their 
obvious lesson on the farmers of our new Western 
States. The example of Great Britain proves that 
old lands, if properly managed, may continue to 
grow abundant crops of this most coveted of all 
the cereals. 
BUCKWHEAT—ITS ACTION ON SOULS 
Wk have had several inquiries relative to the 
peculiar action of Buckwheat upon the soil, and 
while a large number of farmers do not seem to 
possess any definite knowledge upon the question, 
those who have formed an opiuion differ mate¬ 
rially iu their views. At a late meeting of the 
Conn. Legislative Ag. Club, the subject for discus¬ 
sion was — "Buckwheat, — does it poison the laud 
for other crops, as for Corn?”—and we purpose to 
condense aud lay before our readers the remarks 
of those taking part therein: 
Mr. Ralph R. Phrlps, of Manchester said he 
had found buckwheat less exhausting than oats.— 
He cited a case where it had been plauted on one 
piece of land for twelve years in succession; and 
then the field was sown to rye, and the crop was a 
first rate oue. Plaster was used on the rye. He 
would also say of buckwheat, that it did better with 
guano for manure, than any other crop he knew of. 
Mr. Grkucs, of Tolland, knew a piece of land ou 
which buckwheat had been planted for twenty-eight 
years couseeutively, and the last crop was better 
thaiu the first. Mr. G. had found that this crop left 
the soil too light. It would do well enough for 
corn if the land was first rolled down hard. But 
people neglected this. 
Mu. Foot, of Guilford, had had a very different 
experience with buckwheat. The crop was fair the 
first year, less the second, and very poor tho third. 
His soil was dry aud light. With corn as an after 
crop, the case was still worse; there was no sort 
of a crop of corn after buckwheat. 
The President gave his experience, which was 
just the opposite, in every particular. His soil was 
a good loam. He manured it with barn-yard iua- 
unre, and got 28 bnshela to the acre of good buck¬ 
wheat, aud after five years of cropping with 
buckwheat, he tried corn, and had a great crop, 
contrary to general expectation. The President 
further mentioned that he had found buckwheat an 
excellent thing to keep out weeds in an after crop 
among tne constituents of plants—as shown by 
chemical analysis—is oue called diastase, possess¬ 
ing peculiar properties and acting an important 
part in vegetable reproduction. It j 8 formed du¬ 
ring the process of malting in barley, and of 
sprouting (which is the same thing) or* germina- 
tiouiu wheat, potatoes, &c. But experiment shows 
that it resides iu a particular part of the 
gram or 
potato—that it is formed only at the base of the 
germ, and there remains during its growth. When, 
however, the leaves are fully formed, this substance 
disappears. This shows that it performs a function 
necessary to germination, but temporary ouly, and 
uncalled for by the perfect plant. What its uscb 
are will appear from a detail ot' its properties. 
Diastase (like sulphuric acid) possesses the 
property of transforming starch, first into gum 
and then into grape sugar, but (unlike sulphuric 
acid) there is au intermediate stage when dextrine 
is produced—a substance having the same compo¬ 
sition as starch—and is merely starch soluble iu 
cold water. Tbns diastase first makes the starch 
soluble, then converts it into gum, and then to 
sugar. One part, of diastase will convert two 
thousand parts of starch into sugar. A solution 
of diastase, when allowed to ataud, is soon decom¬ 
posed* and boiling destroys Its effect upon starch. 
Though it lias never been analyzed, it is known to 
contain nitrogen, for in decomposition it evolves 
ammonia. 
One function of diastase, one reason why it is 
produced iu tbo living seed, and situated at the 
base ot the germ, may now be explained. Starch 
forms a large part of every seed; it is the food of 
the future germ, prepared and ready to minister 
to its wants whenever heat and moisture concur 
in awakening it to life. But starch is itself insol- 
ul-li in water, and would not, therefore, accompany 
the fluid sap when it begins its circulation. For 
this reason diastase is formed at the point where 
the germ first issues from the mass of food. There 
As on uneven ground. Compound Triangular Brace. Strong Comer, at any angle- 
turn the panel over, and clinch if tenpenny nails are used, (the hardnesa having been removed by 
heating.) Drive another nail into each crossing, and the panel is ready to be removed and capped if 
desired. Make a pattern of the base and sides of the triangular brace, according to the size of the 
fence, saw out the lumber and nail as before directed. The notch shoald be slight or none at all — 
error in the cut. 
“The Portable Gate Post has a mortice to receive the projecting rail of the panel, and strips to 
fill the spaces between the battens and rails, (see No. 1,) and when pinned, cannot sag. Cattle Fence 
made by leaving out all except two upper rails.” 
lowed in the whole crop, after having grown 
ew soil, lately broken up. 
Bullock, of Putnam, never did sncceed 
, r u after buckwheat. His soil was a heavy 
In the neighboring town of Thompson it 
of corn. 11 not only killed the weeds, but did not 
come op itself among the corn. 
Mr. Colburn, of Union, spoke well of buckwheat, 
so far as he had tried it. He gave a sketch of the 
plan followed in Berkshire County, Mass., where 
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