MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER 
FRUITS AND FLOWERS IN SEASON 
the object, the trees should he planted at the 
proper distances in rows, where they will have nil 
the benefit that can be derived from the soil and 
from the sun and air. This is very simple. Oar 
correspondent, if we understand him, wishes a 
pleasant rural home, where he can gratify a refined 
taste in the cultivation of fruits and flowers. The 
arrangement of such a place is more difficult, and 
requires care and skill. Pleasure and not profit is 
the object songht, and this calls for a wise ar¬ 
rangement and combination of the fruit, flower 
and vegetable garden, as well as the shrubbery and 
lawD. On bo small a piece of ground a gardener 
would not be kept, and therefore it should be 60 
laid out and plauted that, any person, with proper 
knowledge and a few leisure hours, could keep it in 
perfect order, with the occasional aid of a few 
Nothing is so unsatisfactory as fin nn- 
Fbuit Trees from Cuttings.— The success 
that attended my experiments, last year, in grow¬ 
ing grape vines from cuttiDgs, in the shade, this 
year, has been repeated with increased success, 
and it also oocured to me with like advantages, 
fruit trees could also be grown from cuttings, and 
carrying into practice the thought, (in fact the 
only way onr thoughts ever become useful,) I stuck 
out, in like manner, apple, pear, plum and cherry 
cuttings, the apple, pear and plum, putting forth 
leaves and Borne shoots, (while the cherry did not, 
the season being too late for them,) and now re¬ 
tain their foliage with a fair prospect of adding 
in time, their luxuries to the delicacies of tue 
table.—S. N. Holmes, Syracuse, N. Y,, 1857. 
The earlier varieties of plains are now ripening, 
and this season we have a fair crop here in all 
cases where the trees have received proper at¬ 
tention. 
Tub Peach Plitm is one of the most beautiful 
plums grown, very large, brownish red in the 
shade, and a reddish purple in the sun, and cover¬ 
ed with a most beautiful blue bloom. It is juicy, 
sweet, and the flavor is good. Ripe this season 
about the 20th of August The tree is a strong 
grower and hears welL 
Roval Hativk is a medium sized plum, dark 
purple iu col ir, spotted with yellowish brown.— 
The fleBh is teuder, juicy, and of fine flavor. Ripe 
25th of August 
• Royal de Toxjes is rather smaller than the pre¬ 
ceding, of a reddish violet color. Flesh rather 
firm, juicy, and of fine flavor. Ripe Ang. 29th. 
Eds. Rural Please inform me what i'b the 
power of a water-wheel 8 feet high, 13 feet wide in 
the clear and rims or shrouds, and 11 inches deep, 
over-shnte with 9) feet total head and falL Give 
me the rale for calculating the number of horse¬ 
power in water-wheels. Also inform me if a cast- 
iron water-wheel-shaft which is hollow is not dou¬ 
ble as strong as one of the same weight which is 
solid—and why?—W, N. Martin, Parisburg, Va. 
Remarks.— The power of your wheel will depend 
upon the quantity of water which falls upon it.— 
If the velocity of the stream be 250 feet per min¬ 
ute, then for a stream 13 feet wide and 11 inohes 
deep, with 9| feet fall, 11 x 150 x 250 a 12-1-1728 x 
62i + 9j+-3300=53.C horse-power. 
The rule upon which the above is calculated, is 
to multiply the number of pounds of water passing 
per minute by the height of the fall and divide by 
3300. 
A hollow cast-iron, shaft is not necessarily doa¬ 
ble the strength of a solid one. The ratio will 
vary as the outside and inside diameters of the 
tube are varied. It would be difficult briefly to 
explain how and why this is so. But If you con¬ 
sider that while one side of a shaft which supports 
a weight is compressed, tho other is extended and 
that the further you remove the resisting power 
(the material of which the shaft is made) from the 
neutral axis between these sides the greater lever¬ 
age do you give it to oppose^the bending force, 
you will get some idea of the cause. 
Every day brings us evidenoe that our labors 
are not iu vain nor unappreciated. Many write ns 
of success in horticultural operations far exceed¬ 
ing their most sanguine expectations. Tho stub¬ 
born soil yields before their untiring labors, diffi¬ 
culties that seemed almost insurmountable are 
overcome, and delicious fruits and fragrant flow¬ 
ers repay they intelligent toiL Others are still 
working and hoping; situation, soil, climate, or 
other circumstances, are against them. Some say 
we teach them to love the beautiful in nature, cre¬ 
ating a taste, for horticulture which they have not 
the power to gratify, tbuB making them restless 
and uneasy. Had wo some magic Bkill—had we 
power equal to our will—how soon these little city 
lots would enlarge, giving their owners room for 
small but beautiful gardens. How speedily would 
wo surround the exposed orchards and gardens of 
our friends on the prairies with a belt of magnifi¬ 
cent Norwaya that would effectually shelter them 
from the destructive winds. We migbtbe tempted 
even to say to the thermometer when it had got 
down to zero, “so far shalt thou go, but no farther.” 
As wc possess no such power, all we can do is to 
teach how difficulties may be beRt overcome, and 
the most made of the circumstances in which the 
cultivator finds himself placed. One gentleman 
writes us as follows: 
“You bare learned mo to lore flowers, and long for 
fruits. I have a great fever to go to work and raise them 
fortnyscll. Although I have had no experience, 1 think 
there must be great pleasure in raising fine fruit. I have 
always noticed that those who were engaged in it were 
quite enthusiastic. I only desire to grow enough for fami¬ 
ly use, and for the enjoyment of the thing. My business 
is snoht hat 1 have to live iu town, and I have a lot towards 
tho suburbs, though near enough for business, 00 feot front 
by 160 feet deop. Could 1 build a cottage on this and have 
enough ground to make the thing pleasant? This seems 
to be my only hope, as to procure more ground, I should 
have to go further than my business would permit." 
Although truly quite small, yet a very pretty 
place may he made of it, and many flowers and 
shrubs and much fruit it will produce with proper 
management. Those who commence horticultural 
operations generally try to do too much on the 
start, and become discouraged at the labor and 
expense before they begin to reap the fruit of their 
toil and money.- A nurseryman's catalogue is ex¬ 
amined, and as they propose to have as fine a place 
as anybody, everything that is noticed as good 
muBt be procured; and as it would be pleasant to 
get the start of their neighbors, of course every¬ 
thing new and rare is chosen. In this way a mis¬ 
cellaneous collection of trees and plants are put 
out, many of them new and untried, others of very 
difficult culture, requiring the greatest care and 
skill in their management, and others entirely un- 
suited to the soil and climate. Among the collec¬ 
tion of course there are many things suitable. As 
the trees arc very small, and it is difficult to real¬ 
ize that they will ever be very large, and the pro¬ 
prietor is anxions to get everything good in bis 
lot, enough is put on an acre generally to well 
plant three, and if the greatest half did not die 
from mismanagement or unsuitableness during 
the first or second summer, many would have to 
be removed. 
Many gardens are so arranged as to require a 
great amount of labor to keep them in order, and 
even then they never have a tasteful appearance. 
How often do wo see narrow strips of grass bor¬ 
dering flower beds, which, even with the greatest 
labor, it is almost impossible to beep neat, and 
such a miscellaneous collection of flowers of all 
colors as to give the garden the appearance of a 
patch-work quilt In answer to our correspondent 
we will give our views of the best manner of ar¬ 
ranging and planting such a garden to produce 
the moet pleasure and profit with the least amount 
of expense and labor. 
Gathering and Saving Fruit.— You gave ns in 
the Rural last week a few hints on “ Gathering 
Fruit" Ripening Pears." Will you please to 
give a little farther information on this interest¬ 
ing Bubjeot? Farmers and fruit growers need in¬ 
formation about picking, packing, marketing fruit, 
&c., I think. Such information will much oblige 
at least— One Reader. 
Rbmarks. —In our next number we will give the 
information desired on this subject. It is next to 
useless to grow good fruit unless it is properly 
cared for at maturity. 
day’s labor, 
tidy garden. Everything about it Blionld be as 
neat as a parlor. The great difficulty in this case 
is want of room. Every inch of ground therefore 
must be occupied, and to the beBt possible advan¬ 
tage. Without further remarks we introduce the 
plan we recommend for such a piece of ground, 
sixty feet front, by one hundred and fifty deep. 
The house for such a lot, where a garden is want¬ 
ed, of course oannqt be large, and we have made 
the ground plan 23 feet front by about 45 deep. It 
is placed 45 feet back from the front line, leaving 
a space for ornamental grounds of CO feet broad 
by 45 deep, besides 18J feet on each side of the 
bouse. Tho entrance gato is placed C feet from 
the line of the lot and a winding walk 5 feet wide 
is made to the front door, and from this another 
branches off, 4 feet wide, leading to the back door 
and the garden. These, which should be graveled, 
are all the walks necessary, and it leaves the space 
for the lawn as unbroken as possible, and makes it 
appear much larger than if cut up with small paths. 
Some may think the walks broader than necessary, 
but a good broad walk adds much to the appear¬ 
ance of the place, giving an expression of free¬ 
dom and boldness. We despise all narrow, con¬ 
tracted walks. On the front is a belt of shrubs 
aud small trees, which will serve as a screen from 
the street, and a similar belt iB seen on one side to 
hide the fence. On the left side iB a row of dwarf 
apple treep, which, in addition to the fruit, are as 
beautiful as most of our ornamental trees and 
shrubB. These belts will not ouly screen the 
fences and afford a variety of ornamental and 
flowering trees and shrubs, hut they will in appear¬ 
ance add much to the extent of the little lawn, as 
no abrupt fence or termination to the ground will 
be seen, and the imagination will perceive bean- 
ties beyond, hid by the shrubbery. The ground in 
front of course should be in grass, and the flower 
beds, as shown iu the plan, are made by cutting 
out the turf. A few shrubs will also be noticed 
where the side road branches from the main walk. 
A border of fruit trees is continued around the 
back garden, commencing on ^.he right with four 
cherry trees 20 feet apart, then five peach 15 feet 
apart, two apricot the same distance, two quince 
10 feet, and 18 dwarf pear, 9 on each side of the 
walk. These are placed only six feet apart, which 
is quite close enough, and eight feet would be 
better. Inside of the fruit border is a walk, which 
should be about three feet wide, and inside of this 
arc currant and gooseberry boshes, there being 
room for about three dozen plants. Near the back 
part of the house we have placed four plnm trees. 
Here they will afford shade, and will be convenient 
for fighting the corculio. 
The remaining gronnd we have divided into 
beds with narrow paths between. A is a rasp¬ 
berry bed, 8 by 35 feet; B, strawberry bed, the same 
size; C, asparagus bed, 4 by 35; D rhubarb, same 
size; E is a space for small vegetables, such as 
radishes, lettuce, and such little things as may be 
desired, 11 by So feet. The front and right side of 
the house should be covered with running roses 
and honeysuckles, and the left side and back part 
may be occupied with grape vines. A portion of 
the fence on the left it is also intended should be 
covered with grape. A small hedge is seen on the 
right, dividing the garden from the ornamental 
grounds, and in front of this two Siberian crab 
trees are planted. They are very pretty trees, very 
beantifal when covered with fruit, and will by no 
means disgrace the lawn. 
By this arrangement, while the most is made of 
the ground, nothing is crowded. The trees are at 
proper distances, and so arranged as to shade as 
little as possible the part left for the small fruits 
and vegetables. The plan will furnish some idea 
at least of the method of laying out small places 
to the best advantage. 
Colored Drawings of Fruit.— Can you tell 
us in the Rural where those instructive fruit al¬ 
bums, such as are used by Ellwanger & Barry 
and others, can be got, and the price?—* 
Remarks —Those plates are drawn and colored 
by Joseph Prbbtele, of Ebenezer, near Buffalo, 
N. Y. The coat is about fifty cents for each plate. 
Mr. Prbstele draws and colors fruits and flowers, 
much better than any other artist in this coun¬ 
try, and is not excelled, if equaled, by any in 
Europe. 
MAMKLONNE PLUM. 
Mamelonne is a curious and distinct fruit, with 
a prominent neck. About as large a3 Green Gage, 
and of fine flavor. A greenish yellow, with a tinge 
of red on the sunny side. This season it rots 
soon after picking, and we don't know but this is 
its regular habit; if so, it is a very bad one, and 
will prevent its general cultivation. Ripe 28th 
August. 
Early Orleans is a good, productive red plum. 
The Pbecocb dk Bsbtdoi.d iB a very sweet early 
yellow fruit, from France, hut as it is not much 
larger than a cherry, it will not become popular. 
The Green Gage we picked the last of August, 
Peaches grown here (Early York) first made their 
appearance in our market, on the last day of Au¬ 
gust. The crop is very good. 
The Dahlias are beginning to show their beau¬ 
ty, aud in a week or two will be in perfection.— 
The nights are cold, and we should not be surprised 
at an early frost, thoagb we hope to escape all this 
month, 
Beds filled with flowers of one color have a very 
fine effect, where two or three, each with flowera 
of one color, can be seen at the same time, A few 
days since we saw a bed of Scarlet Verbenas, near 
it one of the White Candytuft, and a little farther 
off another bed of the Purple Candytuft, all 
coming under the eye at the eye at the same time. 
We never observed anything more beantiful and 
brilliant. The effect was much better than though 
the colors had been mixed in the same bed. We 
hope our readers will try this plan another season. 
We give an engraving of the Purple Candytuft, 
than which there is nothing better for forming a 
bed with purple flowers. 
PRESERVING FRUIT IN TIN CANS, 
Eus. Rural: —I have been reading a number of 
pieces in your paper, from time to time, on pre¬ 
serving fruit, aud you shall have the results of my 
experience. I have known fruit to be put up in 
tin cans, in great quantities, and have never heard 
of one instance of the slightest injury from their 
use. I have put up fruit myself for eight years— 
currants, peaches, plums, tomatoes, and whatever 
I could get and wanted to preserve;—Ad I have 
opened them after remaining in the cans for three 
years, and they were as good as when put up. Acid 
fruits will sometimes change their color a little, 
but when exposed to the light and air. they assume 
their former color, very nearly. Last year I put 
up 100 quarts of different kinds of fruit, and I 
have a few cans unopened still. I have not had 
one spoiled. Two that were only half full were 
-acting the cans slightly and one can of apple 
sauce that was put up rather dry, was some mould¬ 
ed on the surface, yet when that waa removed the 
fruit underneath was good. 
I have used the same chub every year, but I am 
careful to have cans perfectly tinned, and then to 
cleanse and dry thoroughly as soon as the fruit is 
removed. The fruit should be turned out very 
soon after the can is opened. I have tried stone 
jugs, but prefer the cans. I feel confident that if 
good tin cans are filled with boiling fruit, and 
soldered air-tight, while at boiling point, they will 
not corrode or poison the fruit so as to injure any 
one. Nineteen quarts of the cans I kept last win¬ 
ter, were filled with wild grapes. They were de¬ 
licious to those who are fond of them, yet what 
fruit is more acid? A Subscriber. 
Packing Eggs for Winter.— Will you please 
inform a punctual reader of your valuable paper 
the best and most practical method of packing 
eggs, in a manner that they may retain their fresh¬ 
ness for winter use, and oblige—J. W. W., Oran, 
Aug., 1857. 
Remarks.— We always pack them between lay¬ 
ers of sail, and have no difficulty in saving them 
good for winter, if put down in the fall, and kept 
in a cool place. If put down daring warm 
weather they will not always keep well.— 
Some years siifte a gentleman of Yorkshire, Eng¬ 
land, obtained a patent for the following process 
which at the time it was said had kept eggs per 
fectly good two years:—Take one bushel of quick 
lime, thirty-two ounces of salt, eight ounces of 
cream of tartar. Mix them together with as much 
water as will reduce the composition to a consis¬ 
tency that an egg when put into it will swim. The 
eggs may uow he put into it, and be kept down by 
a board with a gentle pressure upon it Perhaps 
some of our readers can recommend a good plan, 
which they have proved. 
A New Fire Ladder. —A Cincinnati mechanic 
has invented a new description of ladder to he 
used at fires. Its utility was practically demon¬ 
strated iu that city a few days ago. It is made on 
the extension principle, occupying but a small 
space, but can be extended to the length of 75 feet 
Itwasdriven to the south-east corner of Sixth and 
Walnut streets, placed in position, and by simply 
turning a crank, it shot out one reach after ano¬ 
ther, and in a minute or two, its hooks were 
hitched over the five story building there located, 
and persons were passing up and down the whole 
distance. To the upper eud of the ladder a pulley 
is attached over which runs a rope with a baaket 
at one end, which is easily raised to any window 
underneath the ladder, and persons taken from or 
put into the building. Its advantages are, that it 
is light; easily drawn by one horse, is readily ex¬ 
tended; is longer than any ladder now in use; 
and is adapted for easily removing persons from 
burning buildings, a ter escape by stair and door 
is removed. 
TUBPLB CANDYTUFT. 
The Asters are now in bloom and were never 
finer. The cool, damp weather has been very fa- 
vorifble. The new French varieties are as perfect 
and as beautiful as a well formed Dahlia 
Myatt’s Ljnn.eus Rhubarb. — Charles 
Downing, writing iu the Horticulturist of this 
fine rhubarb, says:—“We have tried many kinds, 
none, however, have proved equal to this; Col- 
lossus was a favorite for a long time, (and still is 
a good sort,) hut the Linnaeus is much superior to 
it, or any other variety we have yet seen. It is 
free from the extreme acidity, coarse and stringy 
pulp, which by many is the great objection to 
Victoria, and other large sorts. It possesses a fine 
brisk, aromatic flavor, requires much less sweeten¬ 
ing, and forms, when cooked, a fine, uniform pulp, 
aud it needs no peeling or strippiug to fit it for use. 
The plant is hardy, very vigorous, with long, 
heavy stalks, and more productive than any other 
variety we are acquaiuted with. It is the most valua¬ 
ble kind for family use, and should have a place 
in every private garden. For profitable market¬ 
ing it is unsurpassed." 
Eds. Rural:— I*would like to inquire of you, or 
some of the contributors of the Rural, the best 
way to train the Yellow American Raspberry to 
protect it from the cold? Is it well to cut off the 
ends dnriug this month? Will it have a tendency 
to harden them, so that they will endure the cold? 
The ends of the vines are apt to die. 
There has been much said about the Curculio. 
I should like to relate my own experience. About 
three years ago I read in some paper that sulphur 
and annff, mixed with lard, and applied to the bark 
of the tree, would keep off the troublesome iusect, 
I had a fine yellow gage plum tree that had always 
cast its fruit. That year it blossomed full, and I 
applied the sulphur and snuff as directed, ana had 
an abundance of delicious fruit, but the summer 
was extremely hot, and the heat of the sun upon 
the lard seemed to rqast the bark of the trees.— 
There was some leaves upon it the next season, but 
no fruit, and the present year there is neither 
leaves or fruit, hut the tree is entirely dead. A 
horse plum waa titled in the same way. I am in¬ 
clined to think that sulphur applied to the tree 
will preserve the fruit. The best way of applying 
it is the question. This season I mixed it with 
clay, which 1 thought would not injure the tree, 
and applied to the border and lower limbs of two 
Damson and some wild plum trees. The fruit thus 
far hangs on and promises well. L. A. Weed. 
Hendon, ILL, Aug. 24,1S57. 
Remarks —The heat way to protect Raspberry 
canes is to lay them down and cover with a little I make lips smack as the; 
earth. 1 similar influence, before.' 
Rapid Photography. —Experiments were made 
in Bombay in November, 1856, for the purpose of 
estimating the limit of the photogenic action of 
the direct solar rays, and also, if possible, to meas¬ 
ure the diameter of the sun within a BniaU frac¬ 
tion of a second of angular measurement, by com¬ 
bining the photographic and the electric tele¬ 
graphic processes, employing photography to esti¬ 
mate the element of time. The general result of 
the first experiment is. that it requires an exposure 
to the direct light of the sun for only one twenty- 
thousandth part oi a second in order to obtain on 
a plate coated with collodion an impression, which 
may be completely developed by the ordinary 
processes. 
Exhibitions of Fruit. —Our County and State 
Agricultural Societies hold their Fairs during the 
months of September and October. We urge all 
who grow fruits to present them for exhibition, as 
these public shows of fine fruit tend greatly to 
awaken an interest on the subject Those who 
desire information should examine carefully the 
specimens shown. Interesting and profitable dis¬ 
cussions should be had at all the principal exhi¬ 
bitions. 
Interesting to Dentists and their Patients. 
—D. J. B. Francis,of Philadelphia, has invented 
what he calls a galvanic forceps, which is intended 
as a relief to the pain of extracting teeth. It is a 
combination of the ordinary forceps, with a gal¬ 
vanic arrangement attached, whereby the nerve of 
the tooth may be charged with the galvanic influ¬ 
ence, and its sensibility be suspended. In this 
condition the extraction will be without the pain 
usually accompanying the drawing of a tooth in a 
high state of inflammation. 
Fall Sown Lettuce.— How can fall sown Let¬ 
tuce be protected so that it will make a strong and 
early growth in the spring ? S. 
Remarks.— Put a simple board frame aroand the 
bed, aud cover with boards, or a few sticks laid 
across and covered with an old carpet, will answer. 
A few dry leaves thrown over the bed does pretty 
well without any frame. 
PLAN OP SMALL GARDEN, CO FEET WIDE, 150 DEBT. 
In arranging the gronnd for a garden, we must 
first determine on the object desired. If vegetables 
are wanted the gronnd should be laid out for square 
beds, and all that would shade the ground or im¬ 
poverish the soil should be excluded. If fruit is 
Reaping Machines have been introduced into 
New Zealand with deoided success. 
