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TWO DOLLARS A YEAR.] 
[ SINGLE NO. FIVE CENTS, 
ing, culture, &c., and much information imparted. 
When we attend a fair and see superior articles 
exhibited, we want to know how it was done, and if 
we cannot obtain this information, we leave dis- 
satisfled and disappointed. Every possible means 
should be used at these exhibitions for the diffu¬ 
sion of knowledge; for no matter how successful 
in a financial point of view, or how numerously 
attended, or how fast the horses or the people, or 
how fine the stock, or how delicious the fruit, or 
beautiful the flowers, unless knowledge is increas¬ 
ed, and those who attend are made wiser or bet¬ 
ter, they fail to accompli^ the object for which 
they were designed. 
The Autumn is the best time for draining. 
Waste and useless ground can now be drained, 
which, if left nntil the Spring would be unavaila¬ 
ble for another year. Many have been astonished 
at their own success in this work. Two years 
since a farmer near this city drained an ugly 
swamp, thinking it might answer for willows the 
following spring; but failing to obtain cuttings, 
the land became so dry the last of May, he was 
induced to try corn, and raised an excellent crop. 
Digging stumps, grading and all out-door jobs of 
this nature can be done now better than at any 
other season. Oar springs are short, unsettled, 
and generally very unpleasant. Our autumns are 
glorious; all foreign travelers agree that the 
beauty of the American Autumn is unequaled.— 
Let it be well improved. 
Hogs for early killing should now receive atten¬ 
tion, and be put on full rations. This matter is 
delayed generally too long. The fine weather in 
the fall is the very best time for making pork 
cheap. It will cost much less to manufacture it 
now than during the cold weather of early winter, 
when the pigs will have all they can do to keep 
warm. 
This is the best time for sowing timothy, and it 
is a question worthy of consideration, whether the 
growing of timothy and clover seed might not be 
made profitable in the “Genesee country,” now 
that our great staple, wheat, has failed. 
Manure is much more easily made in the fall 
and winter than in the warm weather of summer, 
and the quality is belter. Decomposition takes 
place more slowly and regularly, and the valuable 
gases are more easily retained. Then there is 
less danger ot loss by burning, or becoming “flre- 
fanged,” as this burning is generally termed.— 
Muck from the swamps, the remains of old straw 
stacks, all refuse and coarse stuff that cannot be 
made available for feed, should he gathered to 
gather, with the view of turning it into manure by 
spring. Many farmers in some sections of onr 
country, spend hundreds of dollars for guano, and 
other fertilizers, that they might save if they would 
give more attention to making manure at home, 
lu “these parts,” Little guano is used, but many 
crops are starved down to half their natural pro¬ 
portions for want of proper feeding. 
Above all things, save the fodder. Let nothing 
be wasted that will help the stock through the 
winter. Don’t sell anything in the fall that yon 
may have to buy buck again in the spring at 
double the price you obtained for it. It you have 
too much stock for your feed, procure more at 
once, or sell off part of the stock. A small number 
well fed will be more profitable than a large num¬ 
ber badly provided for. Dnring the first part of 
the winter, feed well, but not lavishly, and improve 
as the spring approaches. This will be found the 
better way. We do not suppose, of course, any of 
our subscribers will need many of these hints, but 
they may be beneficial to some borrowers of the 
Rural. 
author of the work “ Philosophy of Land Drain¬ 
age,” from which we have pri viously quoted, 
speaking of this property, s ye:—“The drains 
were twenty-four feet asunder, the pipes one inch 
in diameter, and each pipe a foot in length, so 
that each lineal foot had to receive the water fall¬ 
ing on twenty-four square feet of surface, equal to 
sixty lbs., or six gallons; and as the time which 
this quantity occupied in descending through the 
soil and disappearing was about forty-eight hours, 
it results that one and one-fourth pounds, or one 
pint per hour, entered the drain through the cre¬ 
vice between each pair of pipes. Every one 
knows, without having recourse to strict experi¬ 
ment, how very small a hole will let a pint of water 
pass through in an hour, being only one-third of 
an ounce per minute, or about twice the contents 
of a lady's thimble. 
41 The weight of rain per acre which fell during 
the twelve hours amounted to 108,900 lb?., or 43.5 
tuns, which, on the whole piece of nine acres, is 
equal to 137,4 tunB; and each drain discharged 
nineteen tuns, equal to about four-tenths of a tun 
per hour, on the mean of about forty-eight hours; 
but when the flow was the greatest, I found that 
each drain muBthave discharged at the rate of five 
times this quantity per hour, which affords proof 
of the faculty of the pipes to receive and carry oil 
a fall of rain equal to two and a half inches in 
twelve hours.” 
Of the various forms of tile, that known as the 
horse-shoe—since the benefits of drainage became 
known aud a thoroughness of the system advo¬ 
cated—has been longest in use. These have been 
and are still used without a sole, and are laid upon 
the ground without anything to form the bottom 
of tbe drain but the soil upon which the pipes are 
laid. The plan is a bad one. Soil, no matter how 
hard, will soon soften under the action of mois¬ 
ture, and the tile, of ncnewdty, sink ami ’ha drair 
is destroyed. FlaDges, with which the edges of 
the tile are sometimes provided, are often repre¬ 
sented as preventing such an occurrence, hut this 
i9 not true. Even if they did, there is still serious 
objection to their employment. Running water will 
loosen and in time carry away so frail a founda¬ 
tion, and, iu addition, the very part of the drain 
that ueeds protection is exposed to the entrance 
of all the animals that burrow. Never should the 
drainer, by false notions of the theory of drainage 
or economy, permit the construction of a drain 
that is not well protected in every part In laying 
tile of this description, you most “break joints," 
that is, let each tile rest upon two soles—the joints 
of the soles being at the middle of the tile. The 
cylindrical form of tile has many favorites, and. 
in some situations, if not in all, it is superior.— 
The oval form also has its advantages, but we hear 
complaint in reference to the difficulty of setting 
them. 
The size of the pipe to be used is a question of 
much importance, and one upon which we could 
not give a decisive answer. The amount of the 
fall of rain and the quantity of moisture to be dis¬ 
charged obtainable therefrom, is not the only mat¬ 
ter needing consideration. The naturul dampness 
of the soil is another question — the farmer lo¬ 
cated in a “wet district,” must have larger water 
courses than he who possessesa high and compar¬ 
atively dry soil. This much we can nay, however, 
that we believe, in nine cases out of ten, one inch 
pipes will ultimately prove a failure—that one and 
one-half inch are sufficiently minute, and those of 
two inches capacity are much to be preferred. 
Stone Drains. —These are of various forms, 
either on the plan of open culverts, or of small 
stones, in such quan- 
\ / tity as shall permit 
\ / speedy filtration o f 
\ / water from the sur- 
\ r — / rounding soil. Fig. 1 
vyTP represents a box drain, 
Vf jV io which the larger 
u) g flat stones are reserved 
•/ for the top and bottom 
—the smaller answer 
I0, ‘ forthesides,whichare 
backed by spherically-shaped stones. Fig. 2 is a 
drain of the same description, except that the lar- 
/ ger stones are reserved 
for the sides, which ex¬ 
tend some distauce above 
the top. The top is fitted 
wedge-like aud is kept 
in position by the weight 
of earth upon it. In both 
of these drains care must 
__be exercised in laying 
Fio •> the aDder 810 n e — 
throughout the whole 
drain these must be neatly arranged at the bottom 
of the trench, 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
AN ORIGINAL WEEKLY 
Agricultural, Literary and Family Newspaper, 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
WITH AN ABLE CORPS OF ASSISTANT EDITORS. 
SPECIAL eONTKinuTOHSi 
Prop- o. dkwey, t. o. peters, 
1,t. M. V. MAURY, H. T. BROOKS, 
Dr. ASA FITCH, KWD. WEBSTER, 
T. 8. ARTHUR, Mai. M. J. HOLMES, 
LYMAN B LANGWORTHY. 
Tiie Rural New-Yokkeu is designed to l>o unsurpassed in 
Value, Purity. Usefulitfcs and Variety of Contents, and unique 
and beautiful in Appearance. Il< Conductor devotee hi* per¬ 
sonal attention to the supervision c.f its various departments, 
and earnestly labors to ronder the Rural an eminently Reliable 
Guide on the important Practical, Scientific and other Subjects 
intimately connected with the business of those whose interests 
it lenlonsly advocates. It embraces piure AKricultural, Tlortt- 
cnlturnl, Scientific, Mechanical, Literary and News Matter, 
interspersed with appropriate and beautiful Engravings, than 
any other Journal,—rendering It. the most complete Agricultu¬ 
ral l.rntftABY and Family Journal In America. 
tT' All communication-, aud business letters, should be 
addressed to D. D. T MOORE, Rochester, N. V. 
For Terms and other particulars, see last page. 
SEBRIGHT BANTAM FOWLS 
The different varieties of fowls have peculiar 
qualities which render them valuable. The Asiatic 
fowls, represented by the Shanghais are prized for 
their weighf, and quietness of disposition. The 
Bantams are remarkable for the haughtiness of 
their carriage and their diminutive beauty. The 
most beautiful variety of Bantams is the Sebright, 
of which we give a very correct engraving. They 
derived their name from Sir John Sebright, who, 
after experimenting twenty years succeeded in 
producing this variety which he considered “the 
very prettiest of all domestic fowls.” 
The gait of the Sebright Bantam is the very ex¬ 
treme of self-eBteem, vanity, and self-assurance 
and when silently walking on a lawn in search of 
insects in the grass, or harrying with the most 
agile and noisy impatience from the too near ad¬ 
vance of your favorite dog to some friendly covert 
of evergreens, it is impossible to conceive a more 
lovely ornament to your grounds, or one that 
claims more general admiration and nsionisfiment 
from those who thus see them for the first time.— 
The feet are raised in walking much more than in 
any other of the Bantams, and planted again with 
the greatest deliberation and precision. When 
abimvd, their deportment is most striking: the 
wings droop to tbe ground, uot listlessly, but as if 
determined to make the moat of their troy pro¬ 
portions; while the head is thrown baca, and the 
tail raised, ao t,hat they all but meet. 
One of the most remarkable characteristics of 
the Sebright cock is the total absence of both 
hackle and saddle feathers; he is also perfectly 
11 hen tailed,” that is, devoid of sickle feathers; the 
principal feathers being straight and farming a 
square tail, like that of the hen, perfectly upright 
and not inclining to either side. 
There are of the Sebrighta two distinct varieties, 
well known, one as the “ Gohlen-laced,” the other 
as the “ Silver laced” Bantam, the markings in each 
precisely similar, the great difference beiDg in the 
ground color; that of the Golden is a purely clear 
bright bay; the Silver colored on the other hand, 
it decidedly a perfect bird, is a clear bright frost¬ 
ed silver, which, from the very great contrast with 
the ‘’black lacings,” gives it a decidedly superior 
appearance to itsless conspicuous neighbor. Every 
feather from the head to the tail of a well-bred 
Sebright is “laced" or bordered all round the edge 
with a line of pure black, about one-sixteenth of 
an inch in width. 
The chickens are hardy to excess, if kept in a 
perfectly dry place the first week or two; and it is 
quite necessary to enforce this, as the least damp 
at this early age is certainly fatal alike to your 
hopeB and your chickens. 
Tbe Bantams are excellent layers, sitters, and 
mothers, and perform all these duties with very 
little trouble. As mothers, iudeed, they appear to 
the greatest advantage; for their activity, courage 
and gentleness with their chickens place them 
above all other fowls. Four or even five eggs per 
week each, during a laying season, extending over 
seven or eight months, is ao unusual production. 
For the engraving of these fowls we are indebted 
to Bsmbnt’s Ptulterer's Companion. 
AUTUMN HINTS, 
Each season ha3 its peculiar advantages and 
beauties. Others may sing the praises of Spring, 
of its buds and blossoms, of its foliage and flow- 
err; but we love tbe mellow, goldea Autumn. It 
is the season of joy and gladness. The heart of 
tbe farmer is made to rejoice as be gathers the 
fruits of his toil, and hia soul rises in thankfulness 
to Him who has declared that “seed time and har¬ 
vest shall not fail.” 
The autumn is the season for improvement; as 
the tree is kuown by its fruit, so the value of all 
crops must be judged by the produce, and many 
interesting questions are now to be examined 
carefully and decided. Tbe Chinese Sugar Cane, 
about which there has been so much difference of 
opiuion, must now bo brought to the test, and 
Byrup or no syrup, will soon be decided. That 
new variety of potatoes raised from the seed, and 
which farmer A. thinks will prove superior to 
most other sorts, has had a fair chance this sea¬ 
son, and can now show ita merits. The patch of 
carrots, the first ever grown, are dug aud measured, 
and some interesting calculations made as to the 
value of the carrot, as compared with other crops 
for feeding stock. The turnips, too, sown as sug¬ 
gested by the Rural, where the corn failed, art- 
now showing their large white bulbs above the 
ground, and these must be measured, to ascertain 
if next season it will answer to sow turnips more 
largely, or their culture had better be abandoned. 
Another crop of wheat, another year's experience 
with the midge, will enable farmers in the infected 
districts to decide better whether to continue to 
grow wheat or for a time to devote their attention 
aud land to other crops. A thousand experi¬ 
ments, tried by the farmers of the country the 
present season, are brought to an end; much in¬ 
formation has been gained, which should be com¬ 
municated freely, so that all may participate in the 
oeuelita to be derived from an increase of knowl¬ 
edge. 
One very important means of improvement, the 
selection of the best seeds for plauting, Bbonld not 
be forgotten. Aa long as it remains true, aa a gene¬ 
ral rule, that “like produces like,” so long will the 
farmer be inexcusable in planting anything but 
the very best seed that can be procured. Few 
who have not given especial attention to the sub¬ 
ject are aware how much depends upon saving or 
procuring the very best seed. Gardeners and 
florists understand this, and save the earliest and 
finest vegetables, flowers, &e., with the greatest 
care; and nothing grieves the good gardener so 
much ns the loss, by any casualty, of the speci¬ 
mens he had reserved for this purpose. Perhaps 
wo are mistaken, but we havo thought that farm¬ 
ers were rather thougbtles-a ou this point. Visiting 
each other during tbe gathering of the crops to 
note the results of d Cerent modes of culture and 
different varieties of seeds la beneficial, and should 
be practiced as far as circumstances will admit— 
Exchanges of seed may be often made with decided 
advantage. 
The Town and County Fairs afford, perhaps, the 
best aud cheapest means of improvement, at this 
season of the year. Here is brought together the 
finest stuck and grains aud fruits, aud the farmer 
can see and compare the products of his neigh- 
bora with hia own. The owners, too, are generally 
present to answer such questions and give such 
information aa may be needed. The object of 
these fairs is, or should bo, improvement, and not 
display, and we bope the time la not far distant 
when one day of each fair will be devoted to the 
discussion of subjects interesting to farmers. In 
this way questions might be asked aud ftuswered 
about the various articles exhibited, mode of feed¬ 
the channel of the coupled drain inverted, flat 
stones, laid as in masonry, supporting the sides._ 
tance, and tile can be obtained, we would recom¬ 
mend the employment of the latter. Tn this con¬ 
nection, and for the benefit of our readers, we give 
an engraving from Morton’s Cyclopedia of Agri¬ 
culture, of a screen, which those making stone 
drains, or performing any labor with such material, 
where distinction in size is a requisite, will flud a 
valuable article. It is composed of fouruprights > 
and the screen is capable of having its angle of 
inclination altered by means of screws. Under¬ 
neath this is another screen, with the bars close 
together, the mouth of which is over a barrow.— 
By using this screen three sizes of stone are pro¬ 
vided. The screen is placed at the side of the 
drain, and pat in operation—tbe coarser stones 
falling to the bottom of the trench, the middle 
sizes into the barrow, and the small gravel and 
rubbish finding the ground. Here we have the 
stone as needed—coarse for the base of the drain, 
medium for the center, and fine for the top. 
Fig. 3 , Fig. 4 . 
Iu fig. 5 we have the trench as dug by a machine, 
and here two flat stones extend up the side, a cap 
is fitted in wedge-like, and the whole liberally fill- 
Shai.i they be threshed with a machine or with 
a flail? Mr. Jons Sanfikld says, with a flail— 
that it is cheaper and better every way. But let 
us see. “Circumstances alter oases.” When barns 
are swarmiog with rate aud mice as they were last 
year, is it beat to let the oat mow remain over till 
winter to be eaten and made foul by them? I trow 
not. Would he not rather hurry his grain into a 
good tight granary fof coarse he has one,) and let 
the vermin work in tbe straw till they find it a 
bootless enterprise? But u it as cheap ? I tain to 
last year’s account, as follows: 
Machine, Sept. 24th, Dr. 
To threshing 650 bu-hels of oats, ....$9 75 
Six extra hands one day, (nearly,).•... 6 00 
Tvro span of horses,...... 4 oO 
Board of uine tntiu,.'.. 2 25 
Do. five warns. . 2.0 
Total,.$24 50 
or less than $4 per hundred bushels instead ot the 
$5 he says it costs, with the straw nicely stacked 
and all doue with. 
How would the account have stood after bear¬ 
ing “thump,” “thump,” in the bat 1 iseveral weeks? 
The old rule was every eighth bushel for threshing, 
but wo will allow only a tenth 
Mr. Flail, s Dr. 
To 65 huahela. 50 (rents. .$32 50 
Fig. 5 . Fig. 6 . 
ed with small stone. In fig. 6 we have a combina¬ 
tion of the open drain, and also of the one formed 
entirely of small stone, and the mode of construc¬ 
tion finds especial favor with many of those who 
construct drains of this material. 
Having considered the theory of the Mechani¬ 
cal and Chemioal advantages of draining, and also 
the preliminary practical labors connected there¬ 
with, we now come to the dosing portion of our 
subject—the different styles of drains, aud the 
manner of constructing them. 
Tile Drains. —As materia! for draining purposes, 
wc think nothing has yet been brought forward 
We find in them at least two of 
superior to tile, 
the requisites to the formation ot a good drain_ 
durability and portability—and when they are ap¬ 
preciated among the farmers of our country, and 
their manufacture becomes more extensive and 
wide spread, we bave no doubt that other deaider- 
ufcuw—cheapness—will not be wanting. The iu- 
gresa to water lo free and the passage of all mois¬ 
ture is equally ready. Vermin cannot injure them 
as readily a3 almoBt any other kind of drain.— 
They can be used where all attempts to bring into 
service stone or other weighty materials would 
prove futile. Again, the expedition with which 
they can be laid down is an important item with 
us where wages are high. 
Many persons seem to entertain the idea that 
tile are only fit for draining springs or bodies of 
water—that no positive advantage can be obtained 
Fig. 3 represents a coupled drain 
made by placing a flat stone at. the bottom of the 
trench, upon which are placed two other stones 
with their lower edges close to the sides of the 
STONE BCREKN. 
Where stone are plenty and of the required kind 
and the farmer can work to double purpose— 
erecting drains and clearing his land—this variety 
of drain may be advantageously constructed. If, 
however, stone must be broken, or drawn any dis- 
from them by the land through which they pasa 
The water filters through each I aud to secure them their surface iB liberally cov- 
trench, their upper edges roatingupon each other, 
This Is an error. 
opening or joint and passes into the drain. The ] ered with small stones and gravel. Fig. 4 presents 
V WWW WUVVI 
