OCT. 3. 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL A > FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
319 
®Jjc ©tcijari) anil (Barton. 
POND’S SEEDLING PLUM. 
No fruit exhibited at the late meeting of the 
Fruit Growers of Western New York attracted 
more attention than a moat heantifnl dish of 
Pond?s Seedling Plums, ahown by Ki.lwanokk & 
Harry. Many could hardly believe them to be 
be natural fruit, and Home even went ho far as to 
express the opinion that they were a very good 
imitation. We have, therefore, taken an en¬ 
graving of this plum, the exact bizo of a me¬ 
dium specimen, from which the drawing was 
made. There were many very much larger. Tim 
skin is thick, Of a beautiful bright reddish violet 
color, and covered with a bloom, which given it a 
very delicate aud waxy appearance. The flesh is 
yellow, a little coarse,like most of the large plums, 
but abounding in a sugary juice, and very pleas¬ 
ant, but not rich. Tbs tree grows vigorously. 
-- 
NEW EARLY GRAPES. 
What we have long needed, and much desired, 
Is some varieties of grapes, as good ub that old 
lavorite sort, the Isabella, and several weeks ear¬ 
lier, so that it would be sure to ripen here In all 
seasons, in other than favored aspects, and in sec¬ 
tions of our country further north, where the 
Hummers are not ho warm nor so long as here.— 
This defliro seems now about to bo gratified. The 
Delaware, a beautiful, sweet, line flavored grape, 
was shown by Cuas. Dowmno, at the meeting of 
the Fruit Growers, on the 18th nit., perfectly ripe, 
aud sweet, as any one could wish. Mr. J). inform¬ 
ed ns that the Isabellas in tho same situations had 
only begun to color. Fine clusters of the Rebecca, 
a fine white grape with a shade of amber, was also 
exblbltod at the name time. These did not appear 
to be fully rlpo, though they were sweet and fine 
flavored, find wc have no doubt a week more would 
have made them excellent. Both these varieties 
are represented to have withstood cold that ma¬ 
terially Injured the Isabella. We recoiumoud 
these varieties with confidence. The plants are 
now Bcarce and dear, but in a year or two we hope 
to see them so cheap as to bo within tho reach of 
every lover of good fruit. 
TO BENOVATB AN OLD ODCUAKD. 
Messrs. Eds.:—I wish to lr.qaire through the 
Rural, hew to manage an orchard of apple treCB. 
My trees have been set out about twenty years, and 
the grouud has been plowed occasionally, but the 
moat of the time has been mowed. The trees, 
some of them, aro dying, and the most of them 
are unthrifty. Now what shall be dono to nave 
them from decay—when is the best time to trim 
apple trees, and how can manure bo applied to the 
best advantage? Ib paflturing better than mow¬ 
ing an orchard?—Y ouno Farmer, Plymouth, N. 
Y, 1857. 
Remarks.— Yonr trees, very likely need a care- 
fnl pruning. The trunks ahould bo washed, and If 
rough and mossy, scraped. Then give the whole 
ground a thorough manuring, with well-rotted 
stable mature, and if you were to add somo ashes 
and brokeu boncB, it would be all tho better. Then 
plow ft under, and spado around the trees where 
the plow cannot reach. This might be dona in 
the fall or spring, to suit convenience, though the- 
best time for pruning and washing the trees would 
ho about the first of March. Next Hummer, culti¬ 
vate tho soil ho that no weeds can grow, and to 
keep the soil well pulverized. Any trios that aro 
badly decayed or dying, replace with young ones. 
This is tho coarse we would adopt, and wo have 
no donht one season will hIiow a great Improve¬ 
ment in yonr trees. Pasturing would be better for 
tho land than mowing, where the trees wore bo 
large that they would not bo injured by cattle.— 
Both is bad for a young orchard. Young trees 
are benefittod as much by cultivation as any crop. 
BTItAWUEimiES WITHOUT llUNNEUU. 
Eds. Rural:— 1 am very anxious to know if you 
can Inform me, as well as many others, if a kind 
of strawborry can he obtained that is free from 
runners—one that will hear good large fruit, us do 
many other kinds. I set—two years since—eight 
different varieties, and have found so much labor 
in trying to keep them within bounds, that I have 
nearly exhausted my patience. By answering 
these questions, you will oblige—A. W. Roiunson, 
Binghamton, N. Y., 1857. 
Remarks. —The Hush Alpines aro tho ouly varie¬ 
ties without runners, and they are a beautiful lit- 
tie berry, of uioHt exquisite flavor, and bear all the 
summer, almost. At the last mooting of' tho Fruit 
Growers’ Association, on the 18th of September, 
wo saw a dish of White, and another ol tho Red 
Alpine. It is very little trouble to dig under or 
hoe up the runners of a new bod, hut when the 
weeds and runners become matted together, It is 
best, to dig the whole bed up and start a new ono. 
FRUIT IN EASTERN NEW YORK. 
A pules, cherries and plums an nearly a total 
failure; the "oldest inhabit,ant” does not recollect, 
a season when there was less in this section of the 
State. More than all, the trees themselves are 
badly injured t.y the unusual severity of the two 
past winters. The ebony trees blossomed lu a 
promising manner, but in a few weeks the leaves 
of many began to shrivel, and soon presented the 
appearance of having been Bcorched by Are; In 
some the whole head of the tree, but, In most oases 
the mischief spread Irregularly in varions parts of 
tho branches, and thousands are entirely dead.— 
The language of one of your correspond* nix up 
plies here:—“We had only quarts where last season 
wo had bushels of cherries.” One thing, however, 
is apparent—that the common Held cherry trees 
aro injured as much or more than the better kinds 
of garden varieties—establishing the fact that the 
latter arc qnite as hardy as those that grow in the 
hedge rows. Cherry trees cost but little when 
young, grow quick, and by planting two for every 
one lost, we can insure a constant supply of this 
desirable fruit We may expect more moderate 
winters in future; so if we plant the trees next 
spring, we may realize much from them before they 
will bo again frozen. 
Apple trees look sorry, and It Is rare that a tree 
is Been full of applee; what there Is are poor, gnar¬ 
ly, and nearly worthless. An orchard cannot bo 
found in this or Dutchess county, wc think, that 
will yield a full crop of apples; the foliage is yol- 
low and looks sickly, the trtes make scarcely any 
growth, and Nature BeernB to be making a despe- 
rato effort to keep them alive,—the past wet and 
favorable season baa revived them very much, and 
I believe that most young orchard* will be in a 
condition to vield full cropB next year. 
From some cause not rightly understood, apple 
orchards have become very unproductive of late 
years. About tlio iiiBt of Juno a klud of mildew 
comeB on the leaves of some kinds, and checkH the 
growth of the tree. If there be fruit on, it attacks 
that, producing the same deformity often seen on 
the Virgalieu pear; by the first of July many of 
the leaves turn yellow and fall. Those that drop 
are nearly fall grown, and from the interior of the 
tree. This disease is not new to me; I saw it on 
the Pippin more than 20 years ago, and it has since 
gradually become more prevalent, attacking the 
early Harvest, the Spitzenberg, and some other 
kinds. Under good or bad treatment the result is 
the same. 
Another serious evil is the apple borer. This 
insicthaa been widely disseminated by some care¬ 
less nurserymen, and is silently working ruin to 
huudreds of orchards; in many cases tho owner is 
not even aware of its existence. 
Pear trees, contrary to the expectation of many, 
have received little or no injury from the exten- 
tenBivo cold of last winter. They are In a thriv¬ 
ing condition, and those who have planted the 
Bartlett, Bloodgood, Dearborn Seedling and Flem¬ 
ish Beauty, and Buch like pcarB, have the satisfaction 
of eweing their trees bending with fruit. I have a 
lot of trocH that formerly produced nothing but 
rusty, cracked Virgalieua. Three year* ago they 
were grafted with Bartlett?, now they are well la¬ 
den with superb fruit. Somo have from two to 
three bushels each. Il any one has pear treeB that 
are barren, or bear a poor quality of fruit, let me 
Buggist that he do likewise, and in a few years 
ho will reap a rich reward. 
Grapes promise well, just begin to color, are 
about 10 days behind time, and if not cut oil' by 
an early frost will bo an abundant crop. I have a 
vineyard of about 2,000 bearing vines, of which I 
may apeak some othi r time. 
The Rural is steadily increasing in circulation 
and popularity. Previous to 1857, it was almost 
unknown here; now, there are about 20 subscribers 
iu this, the smallest town in the Union. Much credit 
is due our worthy post master, who loses no opportu¬ 
nity of pointing out its merits to an appreciating 
public. To any one desirous of beautifying and 
improving his home, the horticultural department 
alone, is worth many times the cost of the paper. 
Germantown, Col. Co., N. Y., Sept. 6, 1867. W. T. 
PRODUCE OF AN ACRE IN URAPEB. 
Eds. Rural:— The question having often been 
asked " How many pounds will an aero of grapes 
produce,” I will attempt to reply by giving the 
amount produced by one acre for the last six years, 
Including the present year, at tho lowest estimate 
that can bo put upon it: 
1852,. 
tbs 
1863. 
(6 
186-1,. 
.12,000 
tc 
1865,. 
.. J,000 
*4 
185(1. 
U 
1857,. 
u 
I suppose that tho last five years may bo consider¬ 
ed a fair sample of any other live years, as it has 
produced both the largest and the smallest crops 
that cau well bo raised on the Hame amount of 
land. It will be perceived that the crop has aver¬ 
aged very nearly (5,000 lbs. each year, tho surplus 
one year being balanced by the deficiency the 
next. Wo will, therefore, assume that aa the basis 
of our calculation. No good grapes need now lie 
sold for less t-hau fifteen centB per pound at home, 
when well prepared for market, and at that price, 
0,000 lbs. will bring $900. The expenses of the 
only year in which we have hired, wus two and a 
half cents per Ib. wheu prepared for market, hut 
as that was the year 1 when wo had 12,0u0 lbs., tho 
coat per Ib. was, of course less than usual. 1 con¬ 
sider three cents as the uBua’ cost. This, of 
course, includes only tho manual labor and inter¬ 
est on Investment, as wo oversee and do all the 
business and tusume all tho earn ourselves, aud 
take tho prollls as our pay. 
While we often meet with obstacles, in the way 
of insects and mildew Ac., wo And no serious ones 
except from the lawlessness of both day and noc¬ 
turnal visitore. The last are, of course, subject to 
no law but that of foioe, but the former cause us 
much trouble by their thoughtlessness iu handling 
aud frequently picking the choicest specimens.— 
On this subject, an enlightened public opinion is 
my only hope—of course. H. F. M’Kay. 
Naples, Ontario Go , N. Y., 1807. 
—- 
Buliiouh Flo win Roots, such as Tulips, Hya¬ 
cinths, Crocuses, Lilies, Ac., should be planted as 
soon us possible. Bee advertisements in this No. 
THE CHURCH PEAR. 
Eds. Rural: —I am a little surprised to And by 
your paper, of the 12th ult., that so acute an ob¬ 
server, and so accomplished a connoisseur as our 
friend, L. E. Bekckmans, should be found at fault 
in regard to tho so-culled "Church Pear,” It, 
however, only serves to prove that our connois¬ 
seurs of modern varieties aro not eqnally conversant 
regarding the ancient varieties , and that, they began 
their study of this fruit, with Van Mons, without 
first, studying the initiatory developments from 
the time of Dk La Quintinye, Evelyn, Abrk 
Rosier, Langley, Miller, Duhamel, Forsyth, 
and Poitkau, down to the advent of Van Mons. The 
" Church Pear,” ho called, far from being a new 
seedling as Mr. B. insists, is ono of the oldest with 
which I have been familiarly conversant from very 
childhood. It. was brought from France by Col. 
Pi, att, of this town, and preaented to my lather, and 
for lack of a name, it was called "Platt’B Berga¬ 
mot,” and has ho figured in the Catalogues during 
that period. It has also been called Carr’s An 
tumn Bergamot, and In some parts of Connecticut 
is called "Clark Pear.” 
The original tree was growing on the property 
formerly belonging to Col. Platt— now subdivid¬ 
ed— and is probably standing there now. An¬ 
other old variety of pear from New Rochelle was 
exhibited last autumn under a new name, at the 
same time as tho one 1 have specially referred to. 
We have a sufficient number of pear varieties in 
all conscience, without rechristenlng the obi one?. 
Flushing, N. Y., 1867. W. R. I’fuN'OS. 
SAVING GRAPES FOR WINTER. 
Eds. Rural :—You often publish notes of yonr 
correspondents’ method of cooking varions kirn's 
of vegetables. I should like to have you give a 
short note of the best method within your knowl¬ 
edge of preserving grapes for winter use; In bo 
doing yon will oblige your friend and some thous¬ 
and of yonr subscribers, as this Is near the time of 
grape ripening.— E. Howland, Mcchunicvi/le, Sejit, 
21, 1867. 
Remarks.— It is with great pleasure we answer 
the above from an old and respected friend. Our 
usual course is to pick the grapes on a dry day 
wheu fully ripe, and after laying down some old 
newspapers on the floor of an unc coupled room, 
lay the bunches down carefully so as not to bruise 
aoy berries. After they have lain a day or two we 
examine each cluster, as we have leisure, picking 
oil' all unripe or bruised berries, and pack them 
away In boxes, or old tea chests. First pnta sheet 
of cotton wadding at tho bottom of the box; then 
put In carefully a layer of clusters of grapes, al¬ 
lowing thorn to lay us close o» possible f.ogether 
without, crowding so aB to become bruised. Then 
cover with a sheet of wadding, on which put an¬ 
other layer of grapes, and so on, until the box Is 
filled. It Bbould bo then put away in a cool, dry 
place—tho cooler tho better, only it must be safe 
from frost. We have had no difficulty in keeping 
grapes in this way fresh and good until long after 
New Years. Some persons recommend covering 
the end of the Btem with sealing wax, but we have 
never found any benefit from it. We have some¬ 
times used paper Instead of the cotton batting 
between the layers, aud succeeded very well, but 
prefer the cotton. 
Another plan Is to suspend them on hoops, as 
shown in tho engraving, in some toolroom. This 
Ib the French plan. In this way tho bnnehea can 
be readily examined, aud if any show signs of de¬ 
cay they can be used first, or removed. If any of 
our readers know a better plan, wo hope they will 
inform us, as this Is an interesting question, partic¬ 
ularly at this season of the year. 
R. F. Hkndrb, Esq., of Webster, writes ns, Sept. 
28tb, as follows: — "In No. 22, of this year, you 
told us howto save the grape for winter use.— 
Last April the 20th, the writer saw Mr, Charles 
Cahpknteb, of Kelley’s Island, he told luo that at 
that time ho had tho Isabella grape In bis cellar, 
aa fresh us when picked; his mode of keeping 
them, was as follows:—Pick them very curefully 
and put them iu boxes or baskets, the same as ap¬ 
ples, and there was no further trouble. Care must 
be observed not to bruise or start them from the 
stem while picking.” 
VALUABLE HINTS BY A LADY. 
Drains.—Manure tor thk Garden.— Every 
dwelling having a fruit yard and garden attached 
should, if convouiont, have the necessary placed 
on a little lower ground than the kitebeu, so #a to 
have it conductor put a little under ground to car¬ 
ry and empty all tho slops of the house into the 
ptivy vault, und thou construct an under-drain 
from the bottom of the vault on a trifling -tm-ent 
through tho fruit yard to the garden, say from two 
to four or flvo rods, and prepare at. the eud to pat 
in a pump to get the liquor into pails, so as to give 
all parts ol the ground a portion. The drain 
should be partially filled with straw pounded down, 
ami finished with dirt; the straw will become sat¬ 
urated, which will serve as a feeder for all the 
trees, grape vines, Ac., located within from ono to 
three rods of tho drain. It is about the cheapest 
and best, way to manure such a piece of land.— An 
Old Gardener. 
Fall Planting. —The season for fall planting 
is now at hand. Where the ground is well drained, 
so that water will not lay on tho Burfacc, as all 
soil for an orchard should he, trees may be safely 
planted in the fall, unless in extremely cold and 
exposed situations, like the prairies. 
Eds. Rural:— Allow me through yonr columns 
to tell your thousands of lady readers one of the 
many beauties of giving. Often have I seen them 
toil through tho weary, short summer for flowers, 
und then, by their own niggardliness or RelfishtieHs, 
have not realized one-half the benefits they might, 
from their labor?, had they only been whole-souled 
with their treasures. 
There are only a very few of onr ladles that seem 
to ho aware that the whole end and aim of the 
vegetable world is to produce a seed by which its 
species may be propagated. Now, In many in¬ 
stances, mb my lady friends well know, the Beed is 
not gsthcred or cared for, (as for Instance roses,) 
and were they to pinch off every blossom as soon 
as it begins to lade, or pick their flowers with a 
lavish hand, the strength of the plant that would 
have gone to ripen and perfect the seed, will Bend 
oat new buds and blossoms, and so you may con¬ 
tinue to do till yon will bo surprised at the great 
quantity of flowers you may have from the Bame 
amount of labor and the same Hpace of ground.— 
Each succeeding crop will be smaller, but blend 
most beautifully Into bouquets for friends, as I have 
found by experience. And what is a more beauti- 
fnl memento oi friendship than flowers? Does it 
not pay the heart of the giver to Bee the love-light 
sparkle In the eye of man, woman and child, when 
you give them a beautfal bouquet of flowers or 
even a small handful? Then, bo lavish of yonr 
flowers, for giviug them will not Impoverish, but 
rather enrich thee. 
In the case of annuals, where you desire the 
seed, you must either plant a few apart for seed, or 
select some of your best roots for seed, and pick 
none of those, but let the first and best bloBsomB 
goto seed; so shall you have many flowers and 
good seeds. 
In the case of roses, if early in the spring, yon 
will pinch off three or four buds on each stem, or 
even mote where they bud very full, you will thus 
insure perfect roses when all your neighbors 
around you will have blasted ones. In some sea¬ 
sons, on some kinds of roses, there are each a world 
of buds, there seems not to be strength enough to 
bring any to perfection. 
Many blessings to you, dear Editor, for the good 
your paper is scattering broadcast in onr land, 
DelaUoid, Wis. Sara. 
Trimming Apple Trees. —The trimming of ap¬ 
ple trees is a matter of considerable importance^ 
more at any rate than has heretofore been noticed, 
aa there is a large share of the old trees In the 
country which are hollow by means of the top 
being allowed to branch out too low Jowd, and 
after the branchos became large, the lower ones 
had to be Hawed off, being in the way, which made 
rotten places in tho body and eventually made 
the tree hollow and nearly spoiled it. The top 
should he carried high enough in the first place so 
as to prevent having to saw limbs larger than one 
inch in diameter. If occasion should require cut¬ 
ting larger limbs, or any wound occur on a tree, it 
should he plastered over in the spring every season 
until the wound heals. Leached ashes will do for 
plastering. Lime mortar is belter; it will keep 
out the grubs which c ause tho tree to become hol¬ 
low.—A n Old Gardener, Sept., 1857. 
Acknowledgment. —We aro indebted to many 
friends, who have remembered us in the distri¬ 
bution of their fruit, Thos. Button, of this city, 
sent ns a basket of fine Green Gage Plums, and 
H. Robins, L. B. Lanoworthy, and R. H Buown^ 
baskets of lnscious large Peaches. 
idjaiiif Arts it- Srirntf. 
Large Onions.— P. Golden, of Chili, in this 
county, presented ns with a fine lot of yellow 
onions, grown from Beed. The smallest specimens 
measured four inches in diameter. 
Domestic Qtoonomn. 
HOW TO COOK RICE, SAMP, &0. 
h 
YOUNG AMERICA CORN SHELLER. 
Eds. Rural:— I have adopted a method of cook¬ 
ing rice, samp, hominy, Ac., that deserves to be 
known to all yonr readers. There is nothing new 
in the principle, but my method is more conven. 
ient than any application of it I have seen, and 
workB to perfection. 
I have ft kettle, rather wido in proportion to its 
depth, and with a tin cover a little rounded up in 
the centre. This is partly filled with boiling water 
aud set on the stove to keep boiling. I then have 
a tin pail, (which I had made for the purpose, cost¬ 
ing 38 cents,) just as wide on the bottom as a com¬ 
mon two-quart pail, one inch wider at the top 
and oue Inch and a quarter higher. It comes up 
about half an inch higher than tho top of the ket¬ 
tle—has a cover to fit tight, and so constructed 
that the cover on the kettle will shut down over It 
I put the rice, samp, Ac., in tho pail, with the’ 
proper quantity of water, (to he ascertained by ex' 
periment,) and It will cook to admiration, without 
burning or sticking so as to make hard work to get 
It off. I have ascertained that one quart of water 
to a pint of rice Is just right, and it wilt cook In 
thirty minutes. 
We use it for Btevving apples, without any water 
tn them, and of course they can’t burn. Our folks 
think this is the way to cook all these things, und 
it will do lor many kinds of paddings. 8. n. 
TOMATO CATSUP. 
Eds. Rural; —Please inform me through the 
columns of your valuable paper tho best mode of 
putting up Totnato catsup, and also of putting To¬ 
matoes in cans for winter use. — W. T. M. F„ 
Trivoli, UL, 1857. 
Take ripe tomatoes and scald them just sufficient¬ 
ly to allow you to take off the skin. Theu let them 
stand for a day, covered with salt. Strain them 
thoroughly, to remove the see ls. Then to every 
two quarts, add J ounces of cloves, two of black 
pepper, two nutmegs and a very little cayenne pep¬ 
per, with a little salt. Boil tho liquor for half an 
hour, then let it cool and settle. Add a pint of 
the best eider vinegar, after which bottle It, cork¬ 
ing and scaling it tightly. Keep it always in a 
cool place. 
For preserving in cans, scald and peel, and then 
pnt, them in the cans, and place the cans in boil¬ 
ing water for a few minutep, us recommended in 
previous numbers of tho Rural for fruit 
Tnia is one of the most perfect and compact 
hand shellcrs we have ever examined. It sheila 
very rapidly, requiring far less power than any 
similar machine, and is withal cheaper than any 
other shelter. It shells both small and large ears 
without change of gearing. The proprietors 
claim that. “ It can be propelled with perfect ease 
by a boy eight or ten years of age, and shell bb 
fast as the ears can poiRiVdy bo supplied by hand 
—and this, too, for hours without intermission.” 
They “ challenge the world to produce its equal 
for durability, simplicity, cheapness of construc¬ 
tion, and ease by which If. Is propelled.” 
The proprietors of the patent, Messrs. Collins 
A vVuyte, have these shellers on exhibition and 
in operation, in Balter’s Block, this city, and will 
exhibit one or more at. the State Fair in Buffalo. 
- , 
New Method ok Plating.— Dr. Slayton, of 
Madison, Ind.,haa communicated a new method of 
planting to the Dental News Letter, which we con¬ 
dense as likely to lie interesting to our readers.— 
He takes a set of teeth of silver, copper or brass, 
and after first carefully removing all grease, rubs 
one side witli mercury until It bus assumed the 
mirror appearance, and then with a pair of twee, 
zers lays on the gold or other foil out in small 
strips; he then carefully presses it into the teeth 
rubbing it well in, and treats another Bide tho same 
way and so on. He can lay aa many thicknesses 
of foil aa ho likes, only taking care that one is 
firmly fixed before the other is begun. By placing 
the whole in a small oven, and applying a spirit 
lamp, the mercury iB driven off, and burnishing 
with a bloodstone or steel burnisher, at first not 
leaniDg very hard, he obtains a rich gold plating ( 
which will not even melt off, and can only be re¬ 
moved by a file.— Scientific American. 
Dyking Wools and Woolens. —R. A. Bruoman, 
of the London Mechanics' Magazine, has secured a 
patent for a composition intended to be used in 
dyeing wooIb and woo'eus as a substitute for tar¬ 
taric acid, cream of tartar, and argol. The patan- 
tee prepares stannic chloride by mixing about 1$ 
oz. of bay salt, 8j Ihi. muriatic acid, 2f lbs. nitric 
acid, and dissolves tin in the liquid thus obtained. 
The composition for dyeing is manufactured by 
dissolving one part of oxalic acid in ten parts of 
hot water. It is then stirred. One part of the 
stannic chloride is next dissolved in ten parts of 
cold water, and then stirred, lie then adds, for 
every part of the stannic chloride, two parts of 
sulphuric acid, stirs again, and when the two solu¬ 
tions are cold, mixes them together, stirs and 
leaves them to settle for about twenty hours before 
using. 
■ 4 1 ^ - - 
Bronze Powder.— The London Builder Bays 
that Herr Konig has made a series of experiments 
to ascertain the method of preparing this sub¬ 
stance, hitherto a secret. From the result, it ap¬ 
pears that the several varieties of bronze powder¬ 
ed leaf are each composed of nearly the same pro¬ 
portions of copper, zinc, and tin, and that the 
variation of color is owing to different degrees of 
oxydation, which have been prodneeu by heating 
the alloy at different temperatures. 
There are in New York 392 establishments 
I where clothing is manufactured. A number of 
leading houses do business to the amount of over 
$2,000,000 a year. Fulton street, where there are 
only four bouses that do a wbolesulo business, but 
where a lurge amount of retail trade is done, has 
four shops, employing each 200 persons, four em¬ 
ploying each 300 persons, aud four houses that 
each employ over 100 poisons. Thus, twelve es¬ 
tablishments In Fultou street give employment to 
over 3,COO persons. 
♦ - — 
Tin Plates.— Tin plates—that Is, tin plates of 
iron dipped into molten tin, which covers tho iron 
completely—are manufactured in South Wales and 
Staffordshire, to the extent now of about 900,000 
boxes annually, equal to 50,000 tuns, and valued at 
over five millions of dollars. In England, almost 
every article of tinware is formed from these plates. 
Nearly two-thirdH of the total manufacture are ex¬ 
ported, principally from Liverpool to the United 
States. _ __ 
Salt. —An improvement iu the manufacture of 
rock and sea salt has been patented in England, 
which consists ia fusing tho raw salt, and keeping 
it for some time in a state of tranquil fusion, de¬ 
canting It into hot molds, or letting It cool slowly; 
in this manner all tho imparities are separated 
from the mass ia fusion, and are eliminated by 
crystallization by the dry process, which corres¬ 
ponds with crystallization by tho wet one. 
--- 
Thk lecture hall oi the Smithsonian Institute at 
Washington, D. C., is built iu the form of a speak¬ 
ing trumpet; tho lecturer stands, as it were, in ths 
smaller end, and the slightest whisper can be 
heard all over the room. It was constructed un¬ 
der the direction of Professors Henry and Baohe, 
and ia a triumph of acoustical Hcienoe applied to 
public buildings. 
