STOiSE 
; I CULTURE 
ROCHESTER, N. Y—FOR THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, JANUARY 
! WHOLE NO. 733 
MOOEE’S EEKAL NEW-YORKER, 
AN ORIGINAL WEEKLY 
RURAL, LITERARY AND PA JULY NEWSPAPER. 
PROCESS OK CHEESE MANUFACTURE. 
This subject was discussed. Mr. A. Bart- 
i.ktt, of Ohio, by request, talked at length on 
the subject. 
Want of Fade, —Mr. B. said no man could un- 
derstand the art of cheesotnaking except by 
putting his hands into the vat. We were as yet 
very deficient in facts. No one could tell what 
proportion of milk was solid matter. He was 
satisfied that nil the chemical analyses of milk 
were incorrect, and we could not tell whether 
wo ought to obtain teu, twelve or fifteen per 
cent, in cheese of the weight of the milk. 
Some claimed we should obtain fifteen per cent.; 
lie generally obtained about ten per cent, in dry 
cheese—sometimes a little more. Milk, it was 
well known, was composed of three substances 
—butter, casein and milk sugar. The two for¬ 
mer should be incorporated into the cheese; in 
his opinion, the milk sugar should not be. He 
believed the usual waste 
CONDUCTED BY D,. D. T. MOORE. 
OIIAiiLE& W. lll{A(!DON) ICslitor. 
HUSBANDRY 
HENRY 9. RANDALL. XL. D„ 
Editor Department of Sheop Husbandry 
SPECIAL CONTRIBUTORS: 
P. PARRY, C. DEWEY, LL. D., 
H. T. BROOKS, L. B. LANGWORTHY 
OHIO WOOL-GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 
[The Editor of this Department being absent, 
we condense from the Official Report, published 
in the Ohio Fanner, what follows, concerning the 
meeting of the Wool-Growers at Columbus, Ohio, 
January 5th inst.j 
President 8. D. Harris called the Convention 
to order, read the call for it, and after indulging 
in a word of congratulation, proceeded to -ketch 
the history of the present wool movement in 
Ohio, and the formation anil progress of the 
Ohio Wool-Growers’ Association, from its meet¬ 
ing in Cleveland on the 15th of April last to the 
present time, and to congratulate the wool- 
growers of the State upon the success which had 
attended their determination to obtain a fair 
and equal price for their wool, ns compared with 
other articles of such prime necessity. 
The wool interest of the country is p.owjp the 
ascendant, and it becomes us so to deal with it as 
to promote the present profit and future stability 
of this branch of production. Wool-growers 
•should exercise a wise foresight in their busi- 
ucss, so that when the present excitement in the 
wool market, stimulated by the demand to sup¬ 
ply the wants and wastes of war, -hall have 
passed, they may not be crippled by a burden 
which is now a fortune in their hands. You 
will doubtless inquire what legislation is possi¬ 
ble to meet your present necessities as wool- 
growers; and here comes up the never-to-be- 
settled question of tho destruction of dogs for 
the protection of sheep. From having watched 
the course of legislation on this subject for the 
last fifteen years, during my residence at the 
Capital, I am of the opinion that we have got all 
we can get under the Constitution of Ohio, in 
the shape of practical legislation on this subject, 
and it remains with the farmers of the State to 
resolve to put our pixswuL laws in force or look 
to the General Government for further legisla¬ 
tion. Under our present laws—with very few 
exceptional eases—e\ ery dog in Ohio is outlaw -il 
ami liable to be destroyed without recourse, 
almost at any time. After further remarks on 
the subject of self-protection, the speaker con¬ 
cluded by saying: 
According to the terms of the call which I 
have read, this Convention is open to all. The 
men of the farm and of the flocks, the men of 
the mill and the loom, the merchant, the dealer, 
and all who feel interested in this present ques¬ 
tion of the production, handling and consump¬ 
tion of wool, are cordially invited to participate 
in the deliberations of this Convention. 
DOG LAW'S. 
Air. Greer, of l’ainesville, in behalf of the 
Committee on Programme, reported the follow¬ 
ing resolution for discussion: 
Resolved, Tlmt wo petition the Congress ol'the United 
Status to so amend die Internal Revenue Laws as to 
impose a tax upon dogs, with u view of protectin ' 
sheep—by the dost motion of dags. 
Mr. Greer said that in regard to the subject 
of the first resolution, experience had proved 
that legislation had been wholly inadequate to 
prevent the destruction of shpep by dogs; that 
Ute tax levied was so small in almost every case 
os to reader its collection impracticable; and 
that a specific tax under the Internal Revenue 
Law would be alike beneficial to wool-growers 
and the Government. 
Mr. Montgomery was aware that this sub¬ 
ject did not come up first because of first import- 
mice, but It was a plain matter which all could 
understand and in which all were interested. 
Sheep owners must have some remedy for this 
growing evil. It had been estimated that they 
sutler a loss in sheep killed by dogs of *100,000 
annually, no was satisfied that further Investi¬ 
gation would show that they Buffer more than 
$100,0*10 additional in curtailing wool-growing. 
In many parts of the State dogs have, the ascend¬ 
ency and drive out sheep, compelling farmers 
to devote their farms to other branches of agri¬ 
cultural industry. We sometimes think our 
taxes burdensome, and so they are, but we pay 
them cheerfully because necessary to support 
the Government. When we are called uuon to 
W. T. KENNEDY, Jr., Assistant Olflce Editor. 
For Terms anil other particulars, see last pane, 
in making cheese was 
sufficient to pay tho cost of manufacture and all 
expenses incidental thereto. There were im¬ 
portant questions yet to be determined. What 
proportion of the milk is cheese? Is any por¬ 
tion of the cheese milk sugar? What propor¬ 
tion should be water? 
Cause of Waste, — A chief cause of waste was 
ignorance in regard to the process of manufac¬ 
ture, Milk can be baudlcd so as to throw away 
from tw i to ten per cent, of the cheese substance, 
av.tl jfct fiend judges say it has boewirtnue right. 
He bad not been able to prevent waste, but he 
thought it might be done. There, were two 
kinds ol waste — one of curd and end of butter. 
The curd passes olf with the whey iu minute 
particles. The butter is contained in little sacs, 
which become mechanically entangled in the 
curd, and any disturbance of the curd tends to 
set them free and allow them also to pass off. 
Any process of manufacture which divides into 
very minute particles wastes both the curd aud 
butter. So long as the globules .if butter re¬ 
mained unbroken they could lie mixed w ith the 
milk. Cream should he mixed with the milk 
cold, an heating bursts the globules. After tho 
rennet is put in, the milk should be stirred until 
it thickens, in order to properly entangle the 
butter globules. The less agitation after coagu¬ 
lation the better, and the process of dividin'? the 
CHEESE MANUFACTURERS’ CONVENTION. 
We regard these gatherings of gentlemen 
engaged in a specific industrial pursuit, to dis¬ 
cuss matters relating thereto, as significant 
Golems of oroyre >, prenir «ri of. the good 
dme coming to agriculturists. Aud we read 
such records as are made by such Conventions 
with great 'interest. We condense from the 
reports that have come to us concerning the 
action of the Convention at Rome, the 5th inst., 
what foUows: 
t>AIRIKS nEl’ resentkd. 
• One private and thirty-three associated dai¬ 
ries, embracing a total number of 15,433 cows, 
were represented from Oneida Co. One aseth 
tinted dairy of 000 Cows from Chenango Co.; 
seven, embracing 4,950 cows, from Madison Co. ; 
five, of 1,755 cows, from Herkimer Co.; four, of 
I>058 cows, from Erie Co.; four, of 2,097 cows, 
from Lewis Co.; six, of 1,«73 cows, from Chau¬ 
tauqua ( o.; two, of 2,300 cows, from Cortlaud 
Co.; one, of 000 cows, from Pulton Co.; one, of 
000 cows, from Montgomery Co.; two. of 750 
cows, from Oswego Co.; and one, of 500 cows, 
from Warren, Mass,,—a total of over 38,000 
cows. Wo notice, that in the list of dairies 
given, the largest is that of Kenney & Fra¬ 
zer, of Cortland Co., embracing 1,400 cows. 
At New Woodstock, Madison Co., there is a 
dairy of 1,200 cows. The Collins’ factory, in 
Eric Co., has the milk or a thousand cows; also 
that of II. L. Rose, of Oneida Co. But the 
bulk onhese dairies consist of 600 and GOO cows. 
THE ADULTERATION OK MILK. 
A committee of five, consisting of Geo. Wil¬ 
liams, a A. Bunch aud W. II. Comstock, of 
Oneida ( o.; L. R. Lyon, of l.r«i« tv, u 
with the rest of the ohoese. His opinion wus 
that fermentation should be completed in such 
eases before the cheese is taken from the press. 
In bandaging tho cheese ho put it on a stool a 
little smaller than itself, and used the "sticking 
machine.” Ho rubbed the cheese over with oil 
when it was taken from tho press — whale oil; 
lord oil was probably as good. From that time 
the cheese was turned every day, aud if it 
showed signs of dry neats was rubbed with oil 
again. This proee* was continued until a good 
mud was formed, lie w as careful to keep off all 
signs of mould until the cheese was highly cured. 
In preparing coloring matter ho used lye, the 
first run from the leach. He placed tire unnuto 
iu this over a fire and boiled until it was thor¬ 
oughly incorporated. Then it was allowed to 
settle, and only the clear portion was allowed, 
the dregs being carefully avoided. He pre¬ 
pared the rennets by soaking in water, being 
careful to use an abundance of salt. Was able 
to make GOO or *00 pounds of cheese from a single 
rennet. Others say t hey can make uo more than 
four or five hundred pounds from a rennet. 
Considered it absolutely essential that the calf 
for rennet be at least rive days old— teu days is a 
better age. It should have full meals regularly' 
until sixteen or eighteen hours before killing. 
Take the rennet out, turn aud salt it, turn it 
back and salt it, lay it in a pickle till thoroughly 
pickled, then dry it and keep it dry. Had never 
used hog’s rennet. 
Answers to yuestitvis, 
Mr. Defoe, of Carroll Co., spoke of the im- 
j portative of the wool interest in the North-west, 
j of the vast population to be clad in woolen 
there, and -aid this dog question was one that 
affected the safety of flocks by night and by day. 
He had thought that this mode might meet the 
difficulty. Let the Assessor enumerate the dogs 
and report those not cared for properly, for it is 
hunger and bad training that cause dogs to at¬ 
tack sheep. If this were done there would not 
be one iu a hundred as many sheep killed as 
now. How would he get at the owner? Let 
the Assessor report the fact that A. B. or C. did 
not take wire of his dogs, and let the law pro¬ 
vide for the destruction of the dog aud the titling 
of the owner. 
Mr. Griswold, of Vermont, said there was 
a gotxl deal of force iu what Mr. Mi. Clung had 
said in regard to the farmers taking the matter 
into their own hands. Let each community 
form a dog-killing league and the sheep would 
have protection. 
Mr. Bell, of Muskiughum Co., was very 
much in favor of the spirit of the resolution, 
but thought that the State ought to manage such 
affairs without bothering Congress, We have 
a very good dog law upon the statute books now, 
and if fanners would only put it in force there 
was all the protection required Worn dogs. Any 
law not put in force was a dead letter, anil lie 
hoped this Convention would resolve, to enforce 
the law T . As tor himself, he always kept a gun 
loaded al home for stray dogs, and he could 
recommend that to wool-growers as an excellent 
remedy for the dog raid. 
Mr. Cunningham, of stark county, opposed 
the resolution. Levying the tax proposed was 
equivalent to licensing all men to keep dogs, and 
it would conflict with the State law which 
authorizes the destruction of dogs when wan¬ 
dering in the uight. He thought that such 
tiou. lie had seen arid or sour whey applied to 
the milk with advantage. As to the length of the 
entire process, he had mode a cheese in two hours, 
and again had consumed six hours aud wanted 
more time; there could bo no rule here. Milk 
that had been carried two miles was in a better 
state for manufacturing than if poured Into the 
vat immediately after-drawn from tho cows. 
Ho did not think it possible to make good cheese 
from milk newly drawn from the cow. While 
the animal heat is in the milk It is Injured but 
little for cheese by agitation. 
Mi, Forth tt s IVooosct.— As soon as the milk 
was received at uight and drawn into the vat, a 
stream of cold water should bo admitted to cool 
it if the weather is warm; agitate while cooling, 
Wheu cooled below 70 degrees leav e it. In the 
morning fiot mix the cream that has risen 
during the night with the milk. Add tho morn¬ 
ing’s milk, which will generally be sufficiently 
cooled by the night’s mess. Apply boat until 
the temperature is raised in warm weather to 
In answer to questions, 
Mr. Bartlett said: lie had tried cooling the 
eunl in the vat with the whey, instead of dip¬ 
ping out, and did not like it because the cheese 
Was likely to become moist on the surface, which 
tended to produce mould. When the curd was 
too warm, cooled it a little before dipping into 
the sink In mixing the cream with the milk in 
the morning, he dipped it up with a portion of 
the milk, and poured through a strainer. 
My experience loads me to discard the use of 
ice-water in milk. Ordinarily threw his surplus 
curd into another hoop, let it lie until next day, 
throw it into the draining sink, and dipped it 
out with next day’s curd. 
[We shall conclude the publication of the 
proceedings of this Convention next week.] 
