little known, but is superior to any in general 
use, being simple, powerful, and, withal, the 
cheapest of any that has ever came uuder my 
observation. It is capable of raising a great 
load at but small outlay of strength, and is also 
easily made and very durable. 
its stand before taking it from the milk; how 
long after skimming before churning; what 
kind of a churn is used; what kind of tubs sin 
packs in; where she keeps her butter. It if 
interesting to know that our readers are suc¬ 
cessful in their husbandries; but it is far mon 
interesting and profitable that they detail theii 
practice; tell us how they succeed. That if 
what we want, For instance, the writer was 
talking with a dairy woman recently who sold 
her spring, summer and autumn butter for 27 
cents per pound. And she said the buyer could 
not tell which was the summer butter, so neath 
was it kept. How did she keep it? In a cool, 
dry cellar? Yes. But she had good tubs. 
What are good tubs? Why, very heavy, tight, 
asli firkins, made from kiln-dried lumber, and 
made perfectly water and air-tight. They must 
not leak. And they must be of staves so thick 
that air can not penetrate them. And then it is 
no trouble to keep butter. She had lost a 
large per cent, on the value of her butter, one 
season, by putting it in thin, green, leaky tubs. 
And so we want the details, because they are 
important. 
considered below an average one. Yet the IJ. 
S. Internal Revenue officer, whose business it is 
to ascertain the revenue of the farms in said 
county, told me that “he had not found a single 
farmer who kept anything like a correct debit 
and credit with Ids farm, and did not believe 
there was one iu the county 1” Allowing this 
to be an average sample, what a deplorable state 
of things are brought to view, where so many 
thousands of millions of capital are invested! 
Now, to remedy this great evil, with the inev¬ 
itable losses that must of necessity attend it, all 
that is required is the outlay of barely a few 
shillings in account books, and perhaps 15 
minutes' time each day. And what better in¬ 
vestment could any man make for bis sons or 
daughters than get each a book, and let them 
emulate each other, stimulated by the oiler of a 
valuable prize at the end of the year for the one 
that could show (lie nicest and most correct 
book, even should it be necessary to employ the 
services of a professional book-keeper to give 
lessons for the first quarter? How many, in 
after life, might be saved from indigency and 
want, and from being the sport of fortune and 
of fate by such a course; and what assurance of 
and two over stand for No. 8. Three under 
stand for No. 9. One notch over right ear 
stands for No. 10. The intermediate numbers 
between this and No. 20, are made by the mark 
for No. 10, and the marks already described on 
the left ear, added together. 
We have ourselves abandoned Yon Tbaei’’s 
system of marking as troublesome, and leading 
to a disagreeable mutilation of the ears. But it is 
highly approved of by some careful persons. It 
has one decided advantage. It cannot be 
changed to suit anybody’s purposes, without an 
amputation of the whole ear, or of a portion of 
it, which would plainly give notice of the fraud. 
Keep Com..—Some of oiir subscribers are very liot- 
icaded, eudd-eem the puliliahor card ess, because 
ucy do not get the paper. If some of these cnniplnin- 
uits fonld sec their orders, by which the English Ian- 
;uage Is tortured, into moaning precisely what we sup- 
>nse they did not intend it should mean, their feathers 
if Indignation would droop. Notwithstanding all our 
mportnnilies in the matter, n large number of letters 
■re.daily received wherein the post-office is uol given; 
orif given the name of the Stale is omitted; or if all 
hrtse are furnished, the writer forgets losign hits own 
in me. And scarcely 60 per cent of the letters received 
at this post-office have a legible post-mark on the en¬ 
velope. We. also receive, as v\e have before repeatedly 
«oiled, letters addressed to New York c ity, Albany and 
■mutlry other places where no Rural New-Yorker is 
irtntod. Many letters are doubtless lost by ntlsdireo- 
iiuu. We know that we nre liable to make mistakes; 
nut a long experience 1ms taught us that we are not 
done in the world in this respect—that our subscribers 
ue, unfortunately for them and us, quite as liable to do 
the same thing as other people. Now the best way to 
•actify error, is lo write plainly and distinctly the name 
of each person, the full post office address—t onnty and 
State included—and state in ns few words as possible, 
and do it clearly, wlmt. you want. If Ihu error is with 
its, we will cheerfully correct it; if with you we will 
do what w« can to make 1 lie crooked straight. And 
remember, time is required in which lo do all wotk. 
P. s.—Since writing the foregoing, onr chief mailing 
clerk has handed us a package of documents proving 
what we Inn o said. We have, only space lo give one or 
two samples. For instance, pnun afier ttic llrsl of Jan¬ 
uary we received a letter containing $16 50, and a list 
of names to whom the Rural was to be sent, iho whole 
signed \V N. G-it. But there was no post office 
address given, nor any posi -mark on the envelope. Of 
course the leuer want whore all of a similar character 
do, on a hook to wait development" A fortnight, after, 
this correspondent was “ struck forcibly" with the idea 
that he did not send us bis address—n remarkable phe¬ 
nomenon, for few correspondents believe it possible 
Din) could have made a mistake—and sent it to us, 
reaching oa the last of Jim nary. Meantime hundreds 
of letters had accumulated ahead of his order. Early 
in February he “ pitches in " to us moderately because 
he has got. no papers. lie will get them, but not quite 
as soon as if he had been careful in the outset We 
have other samples, wherein $2 came inclosed with no 
signature, no post-office address, no legible post mark 
on t lie envelope. The letters which are “sound” are 
attended to first. Those which require “huntingup” 
because of the carelessness of their writers, wait a 
tnoie convenient season, but arc attended to as prompt¬ 
ly as possible. It. Is proper to say that, we hnve been 
compelled, by circumstances over which wo have no 
control, to go to press Inter than usual, and that is the 
reason, together with mi unlocked for enlargement of 
our subscription list, Lhal papers do not reach our read¬ 
ers at the usual lime in the week. A little patience on 
your part, and hard work on ours, and we shall 
“ sU'uiglitcu out.” 
The figure represents the Jaek in the position 
to be placed under the axle of the wagon to be 
raised; which is done by depressing the handle, 
the end of the main lever, C, anil 
To Corrksfoxdents. —A number of inter¬ 
esting communications are on file which will 
appear as rapidly as our space will permit. 
Those persons who continue to address the 
editor of this Department in regard to the sale 
of the Practical Shepherd: in regard to agencies 
for that work. Ac.; are informed that all such 
letters should be directed to the publisher, I). D. 
T. Moore, Rochester, N. Y. We have no con¬ 
cern whatever in the sale of the book. 
II, thus raisin; 
carrying the upper end of the standard, A, for¬ 
ward under the lever, until the two bolts con¬ 
necting the whole together pass each other, in 
which position it will remain, no matter how 
heavy the load, until the handle is again ele¬ 
vated. The upright standard is two feet six 
inches long, and three by three square, mortised 
to receive the handle, the mortice extending 
three inches on one side and fifteen on the oppo¬ 
site. The handle is two feet ten inches long, 
one inch thick and seven wide at the point 
where it connects with the standard. The 
lever is six feet six inches long, three by four 
inches at one end and tapering to two by two 
inches at the other. 
In conclusion, I suggest to every person 
having use for an article of this description, to 
construct one during the leisure of the present 
winter, and they will find it of more benefit 
than the cost of the Rural. 
Avoca, N. Y., 1864. Dick Reaper. 
^Inquiries ami Stnsu’trs 
tHommunicaticms, (Etc 
Ton a con Ctn.TrrR*.— Will some nr your readers who 
have had experience, give the results of their tobacco 
culture the past year; and a statement of profits pei 
acre. Any suggestions resulting from experience nil 
be gratefully received by—A Subscriber 
CHICORY, AND ITS CULTIVATION. 
Eds. Rural New-Yorker,- —The high 
price of coffee, since the commencement of the 
war, lias induced the use of a largo number of 
substitutes, and mixtures. Prominent among 
these, if not entering into every preparation 
sold by the package as coffee, is chicory. As 
the demand is largely iu excess of the supply, a 
large amount is annually imported from Europe, 
where it has for years been grown for that pur¬ 
pose. In England, according to Dr. Johnston, 
its cultivation has been confined to the counties ot 
Surrey, Bedford, and York. On the Continent, 
it is grown extensively in Prussia, Belgium and 
France, and is considered superior to that grown 
in England. It has thus far been grown with 
us incidentally aud in small quantities for pri¬ 
vate consumption, though it may he a matter 
worth)' of attention for farmers to grow chicory 
as an article of commerce. 
Plan op a Cheese Factory Wanted — I desire 
io build a cheese factory the coining spring. Will some 
of your readers who have had experience, furnish a 
plaii of one. and state wlmt is the most approved appa 
ratus.—S. D. B., Rock Oo. } If is. 
Ledger with double entry; for this constant 
checkmate of accuracy could not fail to influence 
the young to be exact in other things. It would 
give more practice in writing; and when one is 
competent in double entry, single entry will not 
occlusion much embarrassment, and no one who 
is taught book-keeping should be taught or al¬ 
lowed to learn it in a slipshod manner. But if 
you are going to keep your own books, it will 
be more convenient if your Journal and Ledger 
are one and the same book, kept in Ledger form, 
with pages of sufficient breadth to enter items 
in full. The common form of Journal, say 6jx 
15 inches, with from one to two hundred pages, 
and an A B C index, will in most cases be all 
that is required for each year, taking one page 
for Dr. and the opposite for Or. 
Having your books ready, number each field 
in your farm, commencing With the garden and 
leaving off with the wood lot; then your teams, 
cows, breeding mares, colts, young cattle, hogs, 
sheep, poultry, the three latter in flocks or lots ; 
next your carriages, wagons, farming imple¬ 
ments, by proper classes; and so on until every 
considerable item about the farm is included: 
and last of all, a miscellaneous item or place 
where sundries can be placed. And with the 
several items proceed as follows- 
Lot Number One.—(Ten Acres.) 
1864. Dr. 
April 36 .—To 50 loads manure,.$25 00 
May 1. “ 1 tun fertilizers,... 35 00 
“ 1. “ putting in same,. i 00 
July 15. “ 3 day man, ream and mower,_ 5 00 
“ 16. “ 4 days pitching,. K 00 
“ 16. “ 2 teams one day each,.. 4 On 
“ 16. “ 1 day man, horae and rake,. 2 50 
Name or Queen Victoria's Eldest Daughter — 
Will some one please inform an ignorant person tin* 
Christian name of Queen Victoria's eldest daughter! 
—A Rural Reader. 
Uer name is Victoria. She was bom in 1810, and 
married January 25th, 1858, to Prince Frederick Wil¬ 
liam. Crown Prince Of Prussia. 
(flficmflfWfl (ffomspontUntt 
An Eighth of an Acre of Corn. 
M. D. Cole, of Otsego, w rites that he fur¬ 
rowed an eighth of an acre of ground with a 
corn plow, 3j feet apart, dropped a single kernel 
every foot in the furrow, cultivated it as soon 
as he could see the row s, kept the weeds down 
through the season and husked from this fraction 
of an acre 28 bushels of ears—at the rate of 224 
bushels of ears of coni per acre. 
Swiss Cheese.—C an you, or any of your readers, In¬ 
form me how Swiss cheese is manufactured f And, 
are there any factories where this cheese is made?—T. 
W., Taburg, N. r 
We know of no fiictoi ie*> where Swiss cheese is made. 
Shall we Hear from our friend Charles II. Rosenstikl 
in response to the first question? 
Chicory grows with 
a large white tap root similar to the parsnip, 
and will grow with the same cultivation, sown 
in drills and thinned out, to four to six inches 
in the rows. Intelligent German cultivators, 
with whom we have conversed, represent the 
foliage as a very fine food for some kinds of 
slock, horses, especially, being very fond of 
them; but possibly sheep were not included. 
This root abounds in a bitter substance, which 
has led to its use for coffee. To ensure its good 
qualities in their greatest perfection, the root 
should be taken up before the plant shoots into 
flower, washed, sliced and dried. The drying 
is best done in an airy chamber or loft, where 
the extreme heat of the sun does not dry them 
too suddenly. It is the practice in roasting to 
add two pounds of lard to the hundred weight 
of root, roasting it until of a fine chocolate 
color. 
How far the homegrown can be made to take 
the place of the imported, can only be known 
after trial, but the expense of importation is 
now- so great that the experiment is worth the 
trial. The sale could be made by cont ract with 
the coffee mills in the different cities, or by 
sending direct to New- York, to be sold to the 
trade there. x. 
Buffalo, N. Y., 1864. 
Remarks.— Chicory has been considerably 
cultivated in some localities in the West during 
the past two or three years, with great profit, 
it has been found so profitable that cultivators 
are preparing to extend its culture largely. Its 
greatest value as a forage crop, is obtained by 
cutting the foliage and curing it as hay is cured. 
Sheep eat it with the greatest relish. It is a 
root easily grown, and so long as people will 
purchase the vile stuff called “ground coffee,” 
it will be profitable to grow- it. 
Tail Sickness in Cattle —What will cure a cow of 
the tail ill which is common in spring?— D. II., Gouver- 
near, A' }'. 
If the end of the tail is hollow, which you can easily 
determine by feeling of it, sharpen your knife and epiil 
it open, or cut off the end and let it bleed. We prefer 
lo slit it; for it injures the looks of the animal to cut 
off the tail. 
To Relieve Choked Cattle. 
David Hill, of Gouvcrneur, writes that 
his method Is “ to get a rope five fept. long, hard 
twisted, one and a half inches thick, take a small 
cord and tie very tight about one inch from the 
end, then untwist the end so as to make it feel 
like a knot, grease it. with lard, so as not to hurt 
the throat of the animal. Steady the head and 
down with the rope; this will give relief imme¬ 
diately. Wash the rope when done, or the 
grease will cause the rope to rot. Every farmer 
who feeds largely w-ittfy Vegetables should have 
one. Wo used to buy the rope ready made in 
Scotland.” 
Beware of Sheer I’kddlkus. —The West, especial¬ 
ly, is being overrun by flocks of these cormorants. 
They are selling sheep by thousands nt. enormous pri¬ 
ces They can furnish, on short notice, a Sheep of any 
breed desired. There is not one honest man among a 
thousand of them. And so Tar ns their representations 
as to liie character of the animals they sell, their origin, 
purity and value are concerned, 1 lies me oft oner than 
otherwise, outrageous fictions. Timy should be com¬ 
pelled, by the supervisors of each county, to pay a huge 
license fee and give bonds that shall insure individuals 
against loss on account of their representations. A 
man without a license should be arrested at once We 
say beware how they dupe you. Do not pay a large 
price to a peddler for a sheep any way. If you do there 
are ninety-nine chances in one hundred that you will 
live to cal! yourself a fool for doing so. 
A Flax Convention.— Reing particularly interested 
in the culture of dux. I shall be clad to know if there Is 
a Convention called for a meeting of parties Interested 
in its culture and manufacture.—T. Ouden, Wadding- 
U>n, F-h., 1864. 
We know of no such Convention having been culled. 
But we suggest that such an one would lie likely lo 
elicit facts of great interest and value. Why should 
not the officers of this State Society call such a meeting 
at some central locality at an early day? 
Public Documents.— Will you please inform me 
where 1 can procure the following works published by 
'he Government:—Report of Agriculture for 1863; The 
Monthly Reports of Agriculture, and the Report of the 
Smithsonian Institution. Please inform me where and 
for how much 1 can procure tlie above named works? 
—C-, Pavilion, Midi 
Address the Member of Congress from your district; 
he will be glad to send them to yon free of charge, 
probably ; if not address Isaac Newton, Commission¬ 
er of Agriculture at Washington, D. C. 
Measuring Hay. 
“ I’.,” a correspondent from Spring Villa, 
writes: “ I have been engaged iu ‘ haying’sum¬ 
mer and winter for more than forty years, buy¬ 
ing and selling tts occasion required, sometimes 
by weigllt and sometimes by measure; and my 
conviction is that in common mows, say fifteen 
feet by thirty, with 11 foot posts and the mow 
filled, four hundred cubic feet are required for a 
tun; while a mow with sixteen or eighteen foot 
posts with a heavy pressure of grain on the top 
an<l fine hay, may require less; while a small 
mow, say fourteen or sixteen feet square, with 
twelve foot posts, would require a cube of eight 
feet, or 512 cubic feet for a tun. Good judgment 
is necessary to measure hay with any degree of 
accuracy.” 
Our correspondent is correct in saying that 
judgment is required. No rule can be given that 
will not have to be varied, according to circum¬ 
stances. Experience, alone, will insure an ap¬ 
proach to accuracy. 
1864. Or, 
July 16 —By 2D tuns hay at $10 per tun,.$200 00 
Dr. bro't up, . 08 SO 
Net profits,.$141 50 
Net profits per acre,. 14 16 
Now-, in its proper place, post the results of 
each number something as follows: 
Accounts of Profits and Loss of IIome Farm 
of One Hundred Acres. 
1S64. ‘ Dr. 
Dec. 25.—To Taxes, .$ 150 00 
“ Insurance,. 25 00 
“ Repairing Buildings,. 125 (hi 
“ “ Fences,. 100 00 
“ 1 horse strayed or stolen,. 150 00 
“ 10 sheep killed by dogs,. 30 00 
“ Hired and other ’labor not before 
charged,... 600-00 
“ Miscellanies,. 60 U) 
Tin. Flax Cotton Enteri-risk. at I.ockport, N. Y. 
—From the Lockport Journal wc learn that the efforts 
of the Company organbsad to manufacture flax aro be¬ 
ing crowned w ith euccc-s Much money and labor has 
been expended to bring about satisfactory results. But 
now the raw material i- quickly made into a beautiful 
white batten worth 45 cents per pound. It is asserted 
the whole machinery works perfectly, and brings to 
puss the very thing it is designed to make. A soft 
silken fiber is produced, suitable for making cloth. 
To make a white fabric from the raw material, about 
five days arc required Twine is made iu less than two 
days. Several sizes of rope and twine are manufac¬ 
tured; and new machinery is now going up for its ex¬ 
tensive manufacture. The supply of flax on hand is 
large; but they arc paying $15 per luu for all they can 
get- Mr. Joseph Taylor, a gentleman recently from 
England, whose life has been devoted to this business, 
has been secured as Superintendent. 
Loss of Cud—W hat will cure cattle or sheep when 
they lose their cud?— David Hill. 
Give the animal three or four pieces of raw salt pork. 
Perhaps a single piece, narrow, and three or four inches 
long will do it; if not after an interval of 20 or 30 
minutes force down another piece; Wc have never 
known this to fail when given to cattle. Another rem¬ 
edy we remember to have had given us some years ago, 
for Die efficacy of which we cannot vouch, is to scrape 
off ttie hark from the common sweet elder— SamSucut 
canadensis—U\:\Uc a cud of it and force it down. 
•By net profits on lot No. 1, _ 
“ “ on lots No. 2, &c 
“ “ on cows,.. 
“ “ on sheep,. 
“ “ on hogs,_ 
“ “ on young stock,. 
“ “ on fruit. 
“ “ on sundries,. 
A Door Yard Fence —I have an inquiry to make 
about a door-yard fence, for a farm house situated on 
mat 11 road oric and a half miles due cost from the coun¬ 
ty site of Lapeer.— Mrs. J Evans. 
This is a fair sample of a large number of iuquiries 
received at lids office which we never notice. We sup¬ 
pose Mrs Evans knows what site wanted to inquire 
about, but we do not. Wc could fill onr space with 
much leas labor to ourselves than to answer questions; 
but we are glad to receive, and answer when we con, 
all questions on proper subjects which interest our read¬ 
ers. But the question must be “ well put.” 
FARMERS’ ACCOUNTS. 
Tariff on Wool.— The telegraph announces that 
delegations are iu Washington from Pennsylvania, 
Western Virginia and Ohio for the purpose ot consult¬ 
ing with the ditlerent committees of Congress asking 
for an increased rale of duties upon foreign wools, 
especially those of the finer texture from the Cape of 
Good Hope, Australia, and Mestizo. The duties on 
these wools at present is so very low that It is impossi¬ 
ble for American wool growers to compete with it in 
the market. The tariff asked is 10 cents per pound on 
these wools, which, it is hoped, will better protect the 
wool growing interest of the West. 
Willow Culture. 
In answer to an inquiry by “'A New Sub¬ 
scriber.” on page 14, current Yol. Rural, N. P. 
Little, of Columbia, Connecticut, sends us his 
experience in planting 20 acres of meadow land 
with “basket willow”—specific name not given: 
“Prepared the ground the same as for corn- 
used no manure—used cutting.- 12 inches long— 
set them in the ground 11 inches deep, in rows 
three feet apart and 18 inches apart in the row. 
Cultivated and hoed them, keeping free front 
weeds until the plants shade the ground. The 
labor of cultivating an acre of them is about the 
same as that of an acre of corn. The cuttings 
resulting sell at $2 per thousand. A 11 acre will 
yield from two to three tuns alter the third year, 
when they may be cut every year. The price is 
now $120 per tun for a good quality, dried and 
peeled for market. The peeling is done by a 
machine manufactured by Jxo. Wood, of Ge¬ 
neva, New York.” 
Eds. Rural New-Yorker:—W ere it not 
that the ground is an honest customer, and a 
just and exact book-keeper, the farmers would 
be a ruined and forlorn set of mortals indeed. 
That there is some necessity for farmers to 
keep accounts with their farms, bur. that it is 
not done, and no valid excuse why it is not, 
together with a few simple suggestions on Farm 
Book-keeping, will make up the subject in 
hand. 
What would Bankers, Merchants and Railroad 
Corporations do without Books? The banker 
might, as well undertake to run hie, bank with¬ 
out money, the merchant his store without 
goods, the railroad man his locomotives without 
steam, as without books! And what is to be 
thought of the farmer lor ignoring Ids books 
when the capital employed in farming far ex¬ 
ceeds that of all the others combined ? 
Should two vessels, equal in all respects, set 
sail from New York to China, the one with 
chart and coinpass, the other without them, it 
would be a parallel case to starting two men in 
business with equal facilities and capital, the 
one with account books, the other without them. 
The vessel without chart and compass would 
be no surer to go to the bottom before doubling 
the Cape of Good Hope, than the man without 
books to go under before doubling bis first divi¬ 
dend. 
ACCOUNTS ARE NOT KBIT, 
There is a county in Northern Ohio in which 
are five schools, about the grade of Academies, 
and where the law enjoins that school shall be 
kept in each sub-district not loss than seven 
months in each year; where all youths between 
the ages of 4 and 21 years may go free of charge; 
and said county, in other respects, may not be 
Dr. bro’t forward,. 1,230 00 
Net profits on farm,.$ l,!Hi2 00 
Family expenses deducted,. 1,000 00 
$962 00 
Now, with any one who cau write a tolerably 
legible hand, is there anything iu the foregoing 
hard, or intricate, or that u child coukl not do 
with a little showing? Now. supposing your 
farm to have a tolerable uniformity of soil; here 
you have Hie figures of your different crops on 
each acre, and if continued five years, how easy 
to tell what kind of grain has been grown most 
profitably, or whether your stock has not been 
better than grain; and. if so, what kind has been 
the best; and whether your orcharding has not 
beat all the rest, thereby demanding u material 
enlargement.. You would also know w-hat Inter¬ 
est your farm would pay at a given price per 
acre, how much profit your tile laying had 
afforded, and all your other improvements, and 
when the assessor came around and asked you 
how many acres of grass you had and what 
amount of hay it produced, how many acres of 
wheat and how much per acre it yielded, you 
could tell him, and satisfy the Internal Revenue 
man into the bargain. W. L. Curtis. 
Clyde, Ohio, Jan. 25,1864. 
Bloat in Cattle.— What must we do when cattle 
nre bloated wkh drinking syrup or eating clover? — 
David Hill. 
If tlie case Is a bad one, bird oil or melted lord, 
mixed with a small quantity of spirits of turpentine, 
aud given to the animal from a juuk bottle, is efficicut 
A friend once told us that u tablespoonful of spirits of 
hartshorn diluted with water or milk aud given a cow 
or ox will afford immediate relief A teaspoonful will 
answer for a sheep. The animal should bo compelled 
to stir about. We have never tried this last remedy. 
We have saved the lire of an animal too far goue to ad¬ 
mit delay to procure other remedies, by using a pen 
knife. Forward of the hip on the right side of a cow, 
calf, aiid ox, there is a point higher than all others. 
When the animal la bloated, especially, lids point is 
prominent. And It is perfectly safe, and always 
efficient, to puncture this point with your knife, and let 
the gas escape. 
Tobacco Product of the United States.— Ac¬ 
cording to a statement prepared by the Commissioner 
ot Agriculture for the use of the Congiwsional Com¬ 
mittee on Agriculture, it Is lound the crop of tobacco 
in 1830 was 200,000,000 pounds Iu P-5!i it was 420,000,- 
000 pounds. Iu the loyal States in 1803 It was estimated 
at 20S,(KX),OU0; in 1863 at 258,060,000. The crop of last 
year was shortened considerably by the early frosts of 
September. The average product the past eight years 
is put ut 875,000,000 pounds. 
Officers Elect of N. Y. State Ao. Society.— 
President— James O. Sheldon, Ontario. Vice Prcsts.— 
1 Simon R. Browne, New York; 2. Samuel Thorne, 
Dutches*; 8. Herman Wendell, Albany; 4 J. L. Har¬ 
rison, Si. Lawrence; 0- John D llnngurford, Jefferson; 
6. Ralph Newell, Delaware; 7. 11. T. E Foster, Seneca; 
8. Wm. A. Bird, Eric. Car See .—Benjamin P. John¬ 
son. ttec. See .—Erastns Corning, Jr. Treat .—Luther 
11. Tucker. Executive Com.— S. Campbell, Oneida; T. 
Peters, Genesee; Eton Coinstock, New York. It- U 
Avery, Madison; S. It. Pinckney, New York 
A Dairy of Two Cows. 
Mrh. William Kerch, of Jerusalem, 
writes:—I have a dairy of two cows that have 
done very well the part season. We commenced 
milking one the first of March, the other the 
first of May. I have sold from the two cows, 
four hundred and forty pounds of butter. I sold 
my packed butter at 24 and 20 cents per pound, 
besides nsiug all the butter and cream that a 
family of three persons wanted. 1 have fifty 
pounds of butter on hand for iny winter use, and 
have raised a good calf. The cows had no extra 
feed. 1 should like to hear from others through 
the Rural.” Will Madame tell us more about 
the cows — how they were fed, what breed; 
also how she makes lier butter; how she pre¬ 
pares the cream for churning; how long she lets 
When to Manure Corn [Ground, —Will some of 
your readers please Inform me the proper time for put 
ting manure on corn ground? My father and I disagree. 
Hr saya that, manure spread on the ground in the fall 
or winter, does more good limn iny way of putting it 
on, which is to wait until just before 1 want to plow 
rny ground, and then draw out the niuuure, throw ii in 
heaps, and spread it do faster than 1 can plow it under. 
If the readers of the Rural will settle this between us 
they will greatly oblige me— Ciias. Aitleuatb, Jr , 
Cayuga Co., N. Y. 
Well, Charles, that is nn important question. We 
are gtad you Uuve bruaebed it- The relative merit* of 
ttie two modes of application must depend upon dr 
euriistanccB, If your soli is mechanically nil you desire 
it, and the only object la to enrich it, we should prefei 
your father’s practice; but if the poil Is a stiff day, 
requiring dlslnt<o;ratlon, yonr mode Is preferable. Wc 
shall be glad to have the question discussed. 
WAGON JACK. 
An Illinois Wool Item.— Lewis W. Owen, of Win¬ 
nebago Co., 111., is one of the few farmers wo happen 
to know whose farm transactions are governed by 
figures. He is a thorough, systematic, tidy, business 
farmer. And he makes money. We find in a Chicago 
paper the statement that on the fust, day of February 
he sold ■171) fleeces of wool, weighing 8,000 pounds, for 
$1,606 94. His sheep are probably grudes. 
Eds. Rural New-Yorker:—T his is an in¬ 
dispensable article to every fanner, lumberman, 
stage proprietor, and, in fact, to every owner 
and every person using wagons, buggies, drays, 
omnibuses, Ac. There are already various 
styles aud patterns in use; yet i propose to add 
to the number a deseiption of one which is but 
