S&ture 
IStlURE 
iiGR I CULTURE - 
ROCHESTER, N. Y.-FOR THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, MAY 81,1864 
{WHOLE NO. 749 
MOORE’S KFEAL NEW-TOREER, 
AN ORIGINAL WKKKLY 
RURAL, LITERARY AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE. 
01IA1U.ES r>. It RAG IM)N, Awtoctftto Hdltor, 
HENRY 8. RANDALL, LL. 
Editor Department of Sheep Husbandry. 
USSANDRY 
SPECIAL CONTRIBUTORS: 
P. BARRY, C. DEWEY, LL. D., 
H. T. BROOKS, L. B. LANGWORTHY 
To CORRESPONDENTS. — Mr. Randall’S mlrlress Is 
Cortland Village, Cortland Ca. N. Y. All communica¬ 
tions intended for tills Department, and all Inquiries 
relating to sheep, should be addressed to him as above. 
Tiie Rural New-Yorker is designed to be unsur¬ 
passed In Value, Purity, and Variety of Contents, and 
unique and beautiful In Appearance. Its Conductor 
devotes ids personal attention to the supervision of Us 
various departments, aud earnestly labors to render 
the Rural an eminently Reliable Guide on all the 
important Practical, Scientific ami oilier Subjects Inti¬ 
mately cornice ted with the business of those whose 
Interests it zealously advocates. As a Family JOURNAL 
It Is eminently Instructive and Entertaining—being so 
conducted that It can be safely taken to the Homes of 
people of Intelligence, taste and discrimination. It 
embraces more Agricultural. Horticultural, Bolen tide, 
Educational, Literary aud News Mailer. Interspersed 
with appropriate Engravings, than any other Journal,— 
rendering It the moat complete Agricultural Lite¬ 
rary and Family Newspaper In America. 
THE WOOL TARIFF - PROTECTION OF THE 
GROWER. 
A highly respected correspondent in New 
York city asks us “if in our valuable work 
called Sheep Husbandry in the South, published 
in 1848, we did not take the ground that the 
United States had as good sheep lands, and 
more of them, than any other country in the 
world — and if this is the case, why the wool 
grower requires protection any more than does 
the producer of beef, wheat or butter,” 
The cost of freight across the ocean on articles 
so much heavier in proportion to value than 
wool, would give our producers of the other 
staples named all the protection they could de¬ 
sire. But this does not meet the real gist of the 
question —why, with as good or better facilities 
than other countries possess for raising wool, 
our growers still ask for protection. We 
attempted to answer this in a speech delivered 
last winter before the “Ohio Wool Growers' 
Association,’’ and our remarks, which we hope 
to be excused for repeating, were as follows: 
"But I had forgotten the brilliant theory 
broached in some quarters, when the present 
tariff was under discussion in Congress, that the 
American wool grower needs no protection — 
that it is contrary to the sound principles of 
political economy to extend that protection to 
him! For my part, gentlemen, I know of but 
one theory on which protection by discrimina¬ 
ting duties on imports, can be justly given to 
any description of industry whatever—for in its 
first and direct effect, it is but taxing the whole 
for the benefit of a part. That theory is. that 
protection fosters and establishes branches of in¬ 
dustry necessary to the interests of a nation, 
which, if unprotected, could not become so es¬ 
tablished; and the whole get back their money 
by the eventual cheapening of the protected 
article, or they get back its equivalent by the 
promotion of the public safety and utility. 
“ Now. will any one be guilty of the self-evi¬ 
dent absurdity of declaring that the production 
of a great necessary of life, like wool, is of less 
importance to the interests of an agricultural 
poo pie, like ourselves, than its manufacture? 
Does the latter branch of industry give employ¬ 
ment and support to more American citizens ? 
Do its profits contribute more to build school 
houses and churches ? Has it sent more repre¬ 
sentatives into the useful public institutions of 
our country ? Have more of its representatives 
left their bones at Antietam, Gettysburg!! and 
Chattanooga? There is a place, gentlemen, 
where I shall not deny it has the most repre¬ 
sentatives, viz:—in the lobby of Congress 1 
“ Am I asked if l have not repeatedly said, in 
publication, that In our country more territory 
is adapted to the cheap production of wool than 
any other country on the globe? I have said 
so. :uul I say so still. The more physical condi¬ 
tions necessary for that production, abound here 
to a limitless extent. None of the wool grow¬ 
ing countries in South America. Africa and Aus¬ 
tralia, have any advantages over our Western 
Slates, except in a climate which does away 
with the necessity of feeding artificial food in 
winter, and they have no advantage over Texas, 
even in that particular. But the labor of free 
Americans must be better paid for than the la¬ 
bor employed in those countries. In South 
America, the proprietors of the great wool 
growing establishments own leagues instead of 
acres of land, and the shepherds are half-civil¬ 
ized men, whose compensation is but little 
beyond their cheap subsistence. How far na¬ 
tive labor is now employed at the Cape of Good 
Hope, or convict labor in Australia, I am not 
able to say; but this much is certain, that it is 
in both countries of a very different quality from 
American labor, and in both countries we are 
called to compete with British capital—capital 
so large and so solicitous for investment that it 
is contented with a per centage of profits on 
Tuf. Lowest Subscivtion Prick of the Rural is 
Two Dollars a Year. For particulars see last page. 
PRIZE SHORT - HORN HULL “ PRIISTCE OW WALES;" 
The Property of \\ m. G. Markham, Bush, Monroe Co., and A. Barber, Jr., Avon, Livingston Co., N. T. See Pedigree. &c. 
from beets in a small way by the use of Sorgho 
evaporator pans.” 
It is evident, therefore, that sugar can be 
made from the beet as grqvni in the West; and 
that the prospect that it will pay is such as to 
warrant the Messrs. Gknnkrts, of Chatts- 
worth, investing a large sum of money in land, 
its culture, and in machinery for beet manufac¬ 
ture. Of course these gentlemen have had ex¬ 
perience, both in its culture and manufacture, 
in Germany. Their faith in its success here, 
therefore, is based upon their knowledge of 
modes of manipulation — of the quantity and 
quality of sugar the beets grown here will 
yield. For these gentlemen are thorough busi¬ 
ness men, and have not gone into this experi¬ 
ment blindly. 
If the small cultivator engages in it, bis ex¬ 
po intent need cost him little: for if lie fails in 
obtaining sugar from it profitably -r- as before 
stated—ltis stock will regard it as their gain, as 
it will be. 
Soil best adapted to Sugar Beet Culture. —A 
good, rich, deep, porous soil—such as will grow 
good corn and wheat is wanted. It is important 
it should be deep, that it should be clean, clear 
from stones, and that it should contain no strong 
fermenting substances. 1 1 should not have been 
recently manured. The best mode or manuring 
sugar beet soils that may become exhausted, is 
to sow and plow in red clover on them. The 
soil must be insured against a surplus of w ater ; 
but it should be so thoroughly prepared by 
deep culture that the moisture required by the 
root will be supplied. 
ICmd of Seed or Variety.— The White Silesian 
has been regarded as an excellent variety in 
Europe. But the experiments in the West, 
with different varieties, during the past three 
years, point to “ Imperial Sugar Beet” as best 
suited to our soils and climate, and best adapted, 
by habit, to our facilities for culture. And 
Mr. JJklchkr writes us that it “is esteemed, in 
both France and Germany, as the best for 
sugar.” He says “this variety Is found to be 
richer in sugar aud less liable to grow out of the 
ground than the other varieties. It is said to bu 
an offspring from .the White Silesian, but a de¬ 
cided improvement.” The fact that it is “ less 
liable to grow out of the ground than the other 
varieties,” is an important one in its favor, for 
it is essential in sugar beet culture that the 
entire root should grow beneath the surface- 
essential to the development of saccharine prop¬ 
erties iu the root. 
Whore can this Seed be Obtained ? This is 
precisely what we have been trying to find out, 
in order to answer Inquiries. We wrote to Mr. 
BiiLCHKK, aud other parties, ror the purpose of 
obtaining this information. Mr. Bklcuer 
knows ot no seed of this kind to be had in any 
considerable quantity. He says, “ possibly 
small samples may be had of some parties who 
received it too late to plant last year.” But 
where those parties may be we know not. If 
tbe leading seed A uibli-btnents in the large 
cities have no supply, it is doubtful if it can be 
obtained this season. If they have it, they 
should advertise the same. 
Sowing and Transplanting .—In Europe the 
seed is sometimes sown broadcast and the weed¬ 
ing done by hand. This is impracticable in this 
country. With us, in extended eulturc, the 
seed must be planted in drills. Where the seed 
is sown in the drift direct, it should be soaked 
so as to insure speedy germination. A sugar 
beet culturist of considerable experience soaks 
his seed as follows :— He sprinkles the seed with 
water, until it absorbs so much of it, that by 
pressing it with the hand it will moisten some. 
Ue then piles it in layers about six inches high 
and leaves it until it begins to heat slightly, 
when the seed is ready for use. In determining 
the distance apart of the drills, the convenience 
of the cultivator should he consulted. But in 
determining the distance apart of the plants in 
the drills, it should be remembered that a large 
sized beet is not desirable. The smaller beets 
are sweetest. Eight to ten or twelve inches 
apart are found to bo sufficient, the cultivator 
being guided by the condition and capacity of 
his soil to develop the root. 
Where the plantation is not a large one. and 
where the soil has not been previously thor¬ 
oughly prepared, it is better to select some very 
rich spot, and sow the seed early in a bed, and 
when the field is property prepared, transplant 
front the bed to the field. This is often done, 
but involves more labor, and is not so likely to 
result in the production of smooth, compact 
roots. The seed should be sown iu the beds 
early and be ready for transplanting the last end 
ot May,—when tlie roots are :l> large as a quill. 
Make the holes for the roots with a dibble, 
being careful to bate it deep enough to receive 
the whole root. 
Vulture .—Keep clean, aud keep the root 
covered with earth is all that is necessary. The 
important part of the culture of the beet must 
be done before tbe -eed is put in the ground,— 
the deep and thorough pulverization of the soil. 
Afterward keep the weeds from growing, aud 
tlu> soil about the roots. Harvest them as late 
as possible before the autumn freezes. In har¬ 
vesting be careful not to iujure the roots; for 
the extremity of the root contains the most sac¬ 
charine matter. 
SUGAR EEET CULTURE, 
Wk have inquiries concerning the culture of 
this root, w’liich it is the design of this article to 
answer, in part at least. 
Will it pay to grow the sugar beet?— We do 
not think there need be any loss from its cul¬ 
ture. For If tho farmer has properly selected 
and prepared his ground, and takes tare of tho 
crop, if he does not want to, or has not the 
facilities for manufacturing it into sugar, he 
may obtain one of the most valuable of root 
crops for forage for stock—especially for milk 
cows. Especially will this be the ease on 
Western soils, where roots are so easily grown. 
At Chattsworth, Illinois, where a large crop 
was grown last year, ton to fifteen tons of roots 
were grown per acre—ten tons per acre “ from 
sod corn land,” as we learn front a letter before 
us; “and from old cultivated laud as high as 
fifteen tons per acre,” although the cultivator 
"complained that he could not, for the first 
season, get his land plow ed deep euough.” So 
we think it safe to say there will he no loss. 
Whether it w ill pay or not, w ill depend upon 
the object had iu engaging in its cultivation, and 
upon circumstances, such as locality, prepara¬ 
tion, culture, and facilities for making the most 
of the crop. It, will bu remembered that we 
have before referred in these columns, to the 
experiment in its culture and niauultieturo into 
sugar which is now prosecuting at Cluttswortb, 
HI.,—on page 109, current volume, to tho sugar 
making process and its success, and ul a later 
date, to a sample of the sugar, which now lies 
hefore us, made from the beet. We have be- 
>ore us a private letter from Wm. H. Bki.chkr, 
Ksq, of Chicago, an experienced sugar refiner, 
who has been greatly Interested in these beet 
sugar experiments in the West,—and w ho, it is 
proper to say, has always expressed great con¬ 
fidence in their ultimate success,—in which ho 
says: — “Mr. Gknnkrt's beet culture, at 
( hattsworth, Iasi season, considering the drouth, 
''as a success, * * * He had samples of his 
Imperial beets analyzed by a chemist here, who 
muiul them to contain 12 per cent, of cane 
sugar, which is equal iu richness to the best 
su K»r beets of European growth. And he 
•ound no difficulty in making sugar—except his 
machinery was quite Inadequate to do much at 
u - Hut he found no difficulty in producing a 
Btr °Ug. hard-grained sugar. He considers it, 
now, only * question of time to make the eul- 
tUre and production of sugar from beets a great 
success. But to accomplish this It will require 
n combination of capital and labor, for the pro¬ 
duction on a large scale, beyond tho means of 
>e generality of farmers. He will plant again 
this season the Imperial beet to tho extent of 
>'s seed, and be prepared to work up his beets 
n>to sugar with proper and ample machinery. 
* Home other parties have made sugar 
AGRICULTURAL GLEANINGS, 
Improving Pasture Lands. —A correspondent 
of the Boston Cultivator suggests that Agricul¬ 
tural .societies offer premiums for the improve¬ 
ment of pasture lands iu preference to the 
improvement of already improved lands, and 
says: “ Every rod of pasture land that is now 
over-ruu with bushes or plants unsuited for 
eattle-tood, it subdued and made productive is 
so much wealth added to the State, and as good 
