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TWO DOLLARS -A. YEAR.) 
“ T>TtOGrR,TT,SS AND IMPROVEMENT.” 
SlJNTGrLIC NO. ROT Jit CENTS. 
VOL. XU. NO. 2.1 
ROCHESTER, N. 
Y-FOR THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, JANUARY 12, 1861. 
SWHOLE NO. 574. 
------;-i- 7 ' I 1 
MOORE'S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
AN ORIGINAL WEEKLY 
AGRICULTURAL, LITERARY AND FAMILY JOURNAL. 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
With an Able Corns of Assistants and Contributors. 
Thk Rural Nkw-Youkkr is desijrncl to he unsurpassed in 
Value, Purity, Usefulness and Variety of Contents, and unique 
and beautiful in Api>earanoe. Its Conductor devotes his per¬ 
sonal attention to the supervision of its various departments, 
and earnestly labor* to render the Rural an eminently 
Reliable Guide on all the important Practical, Scientific and 
other Subjects intimately connected with the bUfdtlP*a of 
those whose interests it uealonsly advocates. A t a Family 
Journal it is eminently Instinctive and Kntertnininir buinir 
80 conducted that it can be safely taken to the Hearts and 
Homes of people of intelliRenco, taste and discrimination. It 
embraces more Airricuitural, Horticultural. Scientilic, Educa¬ 
tional, Literary and News Matter,interspersed with appropriate 
and beautiful Knytnvinc*. than any other journal,—rendering 
it the most complete Agricultural, Literary ani> Family 
Newspaper in America, 
For Tkkjim and other particulars, sec last page 
Entered according lo act of Comrress. in the year lHfil, by 
I>. I). T. Mookf.. in the Office of the Clerk of the District 
Court for the Northern District of New York. 
V{t~ Our only object in copyriijhlinc this paper is to secure 
what every honorable journalist will freely (mint proper 
credit for articles selected from its pages Any and every 
journal is at liberty, and invited, to copy freely, by crediting 
each original article or illustration to Rural New-Yorker. 
of wealth and beauty, the support of a society supplied 
with all the elements of earthly wellbeing. This gut¬ 
ting the upperhand of nature is the noble goal of a 
true farmer’s ambition. With this end in view, he is 
the true civilizer. With the means of accomplishing 
this great and worthy result, Agricultural Science sup¬ 
plies him. We intend to make the Rural New- 
Yorker the distributing reservoir of these rills of 
special investigation, discovery and experiment. We 
propose to facilitate exchangee between the thinker 
in his laboratory or study, and the farmer at his tire- 
aide. We intend to make it an educating, civilizing, 
elevating force, whoso power shall bo felt by the 
seventy thousand families whom we intend to visit 
during the year. We intend to be wide awake and 
thoroughly alive to every thing which ought to inter¬ 
est or elevate our readers, and to furnish them with 
its quintessence, clearly expressed, condensed and 
ready for instant use. Such, by God’s blessing cm 
enterprise and industry, we hope to make our paper 
for the coming year. Our aim is high; if we fail In 
reaching the mark, it shall not be for the want, on our 
part, of good will, energy, or persistent effort. 
MECHANICAL CONDITION OF THE SOIL. 
WHAT DOES AG’L SCIENCE INVOLVE? 
When we talk of agricultural science, we include in 
our discussion, or ought to, every thing which gives 
man power over the forces of Nature, and enables 
him to bring these forces to bear to increase the quan¬ 
tity or the quality of the animal or vegetable products 
of the earth which are useful, or may he madu useful, 
to man. If this be true, and the statement is almost 
self-evident, there is laid out before the intelligent 
farmer a range of observation, study and thought, as 
extensive as that demanded by either of the learned 
professions. Scientific Agriculture lays under tribute 
almost the whole field of physical inquiry. The 
Botanist selects from the wild plants of the forest 
those adapted to the use of man, and gives the laws 
by which they may be improved by culture. The 
Chemist gives the analysis of plantH, pointing out 
their constituent elements, and determines what por¬ 
tions have been derived from the earth and what por¬ 
tions from the air. He analyses soils and claims to 
determine the adaptation of each to the various pro¬ 
ducts required, and to poiutOutulso the means of sup¬ 
plementing deficiencies by manures. Mechanical 
science gives him the principles by which natural 
agents, such as air, water, steam or gas, may be made 
to accomplish or lighten the farmer’s toil, and add in 
ten thousand ways to his profit, convenience and com¬ 
fort. Electricity gives him the law by which he can 
protect the fruits of his toil from the lightning. Me¬ 
teorology gives him the laws by which the amount of 
rain, heat and cold in different districts is controlled. 
Physical Optics explains the subtle processes by 
which the fruits and flowers are colored and clothed 
with beauty, and enriched with odor and flavor. 
Time would fail us in alluding to the manifold rela¬ 
tions of all the physical sciences to the farmer’s pur¬ 
suit. Our only object is to show bow vast is the field 
of labor to him who would mark out the points of 
contact between Agriculture and General Science. 
The great object of a journal like ours is to gather up 
from all sources whatever light the labors of men en¬ 
gaged in the different scientific pursuits can throw 
upon Agriculture. We do not profess to publish a 
scientific journal, in the strict sense of the term; but 
we do propose to collect from all the Sources, for¬ 
eign and domestic, whatever can be found, adapted 
to be practically useful to our numerous readers. 
We are determined to incur the expense requisite to 
secure the assistance and ideas of the cultivators of 
special departments of Science so far as they bear on 
farming. We have made arrangement for the recep¬ 
tion of English, French anil German journals of Sci¬ 
entific Agriculture, so that our readers can have the 
results of the last foreign as well as American think¬ 
ing to put to practical tests and trial for themselves. 
Our plan does not admit of long, cumbrous dis¬ 
quisitions upon matters purely theoretical, but we 
shall seek to give short, pithy and practical results of 
experiments and thought drawn from all jiarts of the 
world, in a shape to be easily remembered and easily 
applied by the enterprising farmer, whose hands and 
head arc too full of present and practical matters to 
study labored treatises or scientific journals for himself. 
Our object shall be to give every reader the means 
of getting the control of the natural forces on Iris 
farm, and compelling them to do bis bidding—so that 
he can lay the earth, air and water, and the impon¬ 
derable agents of nature even, under tribute, and com¬ 
pel them to Jill his pamjicre with blushing fruits, his 
gareel's with golden grain, and his barns with fleet 
and strong horses, fine wooled sheep, and cattle 
abounding in weight and beauty. Civilization is the 
control of man over nature. Sian is placed upon 
earth in a condition of contlict with the exuberant, 
untiring and untamed forces of matter around him. 
When Nature and its forces get the upper hand, man 
is a savage, and the earth a forest or a desert. 
When man, intelligent, moral! educated and industri¬ 
ous, gets the upper hand of nature, earth is u garden 
Connected with the vocation of the farmer are 
certain forms of labor which arc directly applied to 
the soil. Previous to the deposit of those germs from 
which are expected the rewarding harvest, he must 
drain, subsoil, plow, harrow, and perform other 
lessons of toil, or the futo of the sued that fell by the 
wayside, and upon the stony places, will inevitably 
result. The operations we have mentioned, are 
recognized necessities among tillers of the soil, 
the virtue of such a plan of procedure is not 
questioned,—yet very many either do not fully 
realize the importance attached to each of these 
processes, or else inertness and inactivity have such 
control as to make their acts belie their entire belief. 
A considerable number of farmers nee eaid to have 
only a tut king or writing interest in their profession. 
At the meetings of the Club, or upon paper, they can 
be both seen and heard, but you may search their 
farms over and barely find trace of the progression so 
much vaunted. These men are stumbling-blocks, and 
if they would only note the fact that our busy, 
jogging world judges from deeds, they would splurge 
less and perform more. With this class we have 
naught to do, or to offer,- but we desire to comment 
briefly upon some of those peculiar labors which 
mechanically affect the condition of the soil, hoping 
that we may thus call forth the rich stores of experi¬ 
ence possessed by those with whom to will is to 
perform. The field is a large one, and there are 
thousands of practical men in the Rural family who 
can furnish just such information as the masses 
require. 
The plow, harrow, and cultivator, are the imple¬ 
ments adopted for pulverizing the soil. Pulverization 
is the first principle, and the object in view is to 
permit the roots of plants to roam freely, and have 
ail needed space for procuring a sufficiency of nutri¬ 
ment during the various stages of growth. Plowing 
is the common mode to effect this purpose, and is, as 
yet, -although inventive minds are seeking for 
something better and cheaper,—the most economical. 
The plow is the type of civilization,- in its form 
may we read the domestic history of the nations who 
have brought it into service,— and we desire no 
better index to individual farm culture than can be 
furnished by a few moments spent in the tool-shop, 
and the room devoted to the storage of agricultural 
machinery. Fanners have their preferences in this 
matter, as in all others, but everyone will admit the 
necessity of using a first-class article. Without this, 
the desire to perform thorough and complete work 
will prove of no avail. 
When all things are. in readiness, the question 
arises,— how shall we plow? The main feature in 
the query before us, is depth iw. shallowness. There 
are a few whose fortune it is to be possessors of a 
loamy, light, naturally open soil, and the success 
which has attended their skinning plan for a series of 
years, has made them converts to the shallow process, 
— and there are thousands who have found buried 
treasures by going beam-deep in the search. We 
| have always adhered to the belief that deep plowing 
is an Important requisite upon nearly every farm in 
, order to realize the greatest profit from the soil, and 
j have advocated it as “sound doctrine” through the 
columns of the Rural. Indeed we incline to the 
opinion that the mode m which this operation is 
performed will, as a general thing, prove indicative 
of success or failure upon the part of the proprietor 
— that men will reap the meed of reward very much 
as they plow. To quote J. L. Campbell, Professor 
of Physical Science in Washington College, Va., 
"the one who scratches the surface to the depth of 
ouly three or four Indies, will soon find both himself 
and his farm growing poorer; while the one who is 
not satisfied with breaking and cultivating less than 
[ twelve inches in depth of his land, will, most 
| probably, soon find it necessary to ‘pull down bis 
barns and build greater.’” 
The advantages arising from deep plowing may be 
briefly stated as the following:— First, It affords 
I greater range to the plants in seeking the pabulum 
has become saturated with falling rain, the surplus proof of such transmutation as is advocated by our We have given our readers our opinions on this 
water must flow off, carrying itli it many of the correspondent, and which needs a little explanation, subject, and wo do not think carefully tried experi- 
elcmunts of fertility. Third, A da-ply plowed soil is Any parti-colored potato, like the Mercer or Pencil monts will prove them incorrect. 
one of the most effective agents man can call into Blow, becomes lighter by being grown for a few —-- 
service during protracted drouth". The rain peue- years in a light sandy soil, and darker by being HIGH FEEDING, 
trates deeper, the roots go down looking for food, planted In heavy or clay soil. By planting the light - 
and in the process of evaporation moisture is carried colored parts of the Mercer and rejecting the dark, it My friend, John Johnston, in a late Bubal, ad- 
upward, thus supplying the roots of the plants nearer can be grown nearly or entirely white. Many persons ministers his “annual” blister to such customers as 
the surface. have observed their potatoes that Were nearly or quite ueglect proper attention to their stock. 
A few words concerning the subsoil plow, and we P ure bocomo mixCd aftcr n number of Y earH 80 aH 1,1 * ,,0uld l,nt l ualille d tt PP roVttl a11 
have done with this branch of our subject. The ™terlally to injure their quality Tor market, it is that he says, I should not violate my conscience 
advantages already claimed for deep plowing will alwll Y 8 ruuud - lo °- thftt the mixture is of un inferior ftm1 ™uch, but I prefer to be a little 
generally follow its operation. (Tpon worn-out lands Bort ’ No ono ever planted a common sort and after a more specific. IMr. Johnston, says “ No farmer 
the beneficial effects arising from subsoiling have fcw ■>' C1U ' 8 found ^at about half were of a better kind, can afford to let his stock stand still, and what is far 
been made very apparent, as in addition to its Wc need not tell farmers that the best varieties of worse, let them get poorer from the first of December 
. *, .. __ to the first of May, or later.” (The time of 
increasing the depth of the *-liable surface, and -■ , / fT'?**. • J , , 
., i- u .. , . „ Afes—■SsSs, 1 . :,:irV ’’grountlg poorer" is nut quite accurately 
augmenting the supplies of moisture, it brings up, I J liliii !\ . . ... .. / 
, . , ... - .. \\ 1 stated — more Ucsh ih lost in this climate 
aud into use, the fertilizing properties winch have Jf f V u iJtminA , K , ...... „ . . ... 
, i , , mv „„,i m \\ \A t;i -.'•.-■Ml. from November 15th to December let than 
become exhausted, ottentunca renewing the life and M tx \\ \fi nm; .... “ .... 
, ....... . ,, ,,, i —- fr 55 *- \\ ilyp mud®®, m any month of the year.) Now, tins is 
valuo of a district,- giving to the possessor of bn iron \' 1 "... . , f ’ 
ii r .-i i, i,,,..,., ^ ^ it ::■::■■■:rrirfV very quietly said, and many readers will 
acres a reasonably fertile domain, (.urnpact, heavy I :::::- fmiuiiX . , 
, ... , . , . , ..... .... I pass over it with no lurllior Idea than 
soils, however, il undmined receive but, a tithe of the 'T' /-ss> 1 smuivainuiA ’ . . .... 
. ... , '.SI inriiflm tins,—fat cuttle are very good in their way. 
good that would otherwise, result, and upon such we , // /» "• . , .. ,. ... , 
.... . , ... . // I a l> l| t on second thought. It will occur that 
do not think the process wo.Vl prove sufficiently /< i // 
Mr. Johnston's programme is a wide de- 
n.munera ive. I parturo from the faith of “ our fathers — 
With the uses of harrow and cultivator our readers // 4" ^ j-, so much revered in politics, yon know, 
are posted, and they arc also cognizant, of the effects ^ A sorry, downcast look, with holder and 
produced by each, rhe latter implement, however, ■ j J, i > -v. /// . bonier projections, us spring advanced, 
is not held in that esteem by the majority to which / / A- \\ 1 L) — d 'lili™ wa8 »I ways deemed orthodox for cattle, 
we think it is entitled upon its merits. A Western / / jL A “Spring poor," was one of the “ household 
New N ork farmer of our acquaintance, considers it , 0\ y\ r' words,”—it almost aspired to the dignity of 
an active remedial and manorial agent, and keeps it / Y 7 , \\ / V y, Y^- an institution,—was about as sacred, and 
in motion nearly through the ent re growing season. \ / ' \ n as little to be departed from, as Wabhinq- 
If there is any virtue in a friallq surface soil, he is f ton’s “farewell address.” 
determiped to possess it; at all events, he will not (%/ 1 -^' rl ‘ ; f i 1 A /A Mr. Johnston, by a bold innovation, sets 
allow the weed to institute a system of wholesale ^ \ Jji f M "k/'jj \\ that all aside, -he thinks It no harm,-nay, 
piracy upon his cruising grov-nw. His farm is one j: \ ( | ^ he decidedly crgoinH, that cattle should keep 
of the cleanest it has ever been our pleasure to view, //\\ f \ br no "fasts," for their country’s or their 
and after an experience of some years, lie is very , UoeK ftre comparatively unproductive, while the owner’s sjus ! Tltanksgiving, and plenty, is to rim 
well satisfied with the retuno*-r his cure and ex- common ( ,„. irm> BOrU yi( ,j d abundantly. Nothing* is straight through tho winter months, 
panditurv of tim . ! i <>r, • * im)lt; comraoil thai. to find pofwtnn« mixed, and if Well, if we make them work up theofonat and the 
It was our intention to speak somewhat upon jjjflbreut sorts are grown in succeeding years on the corn-status uw.i.. .. r. - >■ .. », m . f u-. 
draining at the present, but lack of space forbids a Siime ground, it is next to impossible to prevent this frosty seasons,) it will take “a heap" of grain to keep 
development of the subject. This topic, together result. We will suppose that a farmer commences to the stock of the country gaining through the winter 
with all others bearing upon agricultural interests, pi at ,t a variety of first class potatoes, but one in a months! Let uh see. By the census of I860, it ap- 
will meet with full discussion in the now volume of jumfired Is of BOmc common sort yielding double the pears that the cattle, horses, mules, sheep and svvine 
the Rural upon which we have entered, and wc ask q U antit y of the better variety, and he continues to of (the Slate of New York eat up six million eight 
our readers to furnish their practice and experience, p| lin t as they aro produced, without selecting for seed: hundred bushels; and the corn, oats and buckwheat 
in order that the light aud knowledge so much needed j t i seveU years, more than one-half are of the common raised in this State the sutiic year amount to forty- 
may be diffused throughout the land. kind' and in fourteen years, he has leas than one good seven million six hundred thousand bushels. Now, 
^ ^ ^ _ potato for a hundred of the common. We have auf- all I have to say at present is that, in my judgment, 
un POTATOES MIX IN THE HILLP from this kind of mixture In ttie bill, and have every bushel of these grains produced in our State 
DO POTALOLS MIX IN THL H . leftriie fl to guard against It. would not suffice to keep the domestic animals of the 
On this subject we entertain opinions founded on AH plants become hybridized or mixed through State gaining through the winter,-this I adduce to 
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potatoes are comparatively unproductive, while the 
common coarse sorts yield abundantly. Nothing is 
mure coimnoil Him. to IVr’ potHtnu." mixed, and if 
different sorts aro grown in succeeding years on the 
draining at the present, but lack of space forbids a g(tule ground, it is next to impossible to prevent this 
development of the subject. TJiia topic, together ri , 8U |^ We will suppose Unit a farmer commences to 
with all others bearing upon agricultural interests, . } i an t a variety of first class potatoes, but one in a 
will meet with full discussion in the now volume of fitmfired Is of Borne common sort yielding double the 
our readers to furnish their practice and experience, 
in order that the light and knowledge so much needed 
may be diffused throughout tlic land. 
■*»- * O- • -4>--- 
DO POTATOES MIX IN THE HILL? 
On tiiis subject we entertain opinions founded on 
our own observation and experience, and on the laws 
of vegetable physiology. These opinions we have 
expressed in answers to the inquiries of correspond¬ 
ents, and have endeavored very briefly to give the 
reasons for our belief. It is one of those questions 
which we cannot hope to settle satisfactorily to all, 
for some have observed what they consider sufficient 
proof that varieties will mix if the sets are planted 
near each other. No theory, however absurd, can be 
started but some are ready to furnish proof of its 
correctness from actual observation. Had the Mes¬ 
siah presented tho question to the people of this day 
which he did to the Jews some lstlt) years ago - “Do 
men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles?” — 
some would be ready to reply in the affirmative, and 
declare that they had seen it done. It is extremely 
easy to be mistaken, aud the process of jumping at 
conclusions is cheap and expeditious. An experi¬ 
ment carefully and thoroughly tried is valuable, but a 
carelessly conducted experiment is not only worthless, 
but worse than useless, if it is relied upon to establish 
truth. And yet the latter way of testing things is so 
easy and convenient that it is generally adopted. 
Now, we do not believe that potatoes can by awjpos¬ 
sibility be made to mix by being grown near each 
other, yet in tho Rural of December 15th, we pub¬ 
lished a communication from F. Kellogg, of South 
Avon, N. Y., in which it was stated that he had by 
planting the Blue Mercer and l.ong Pinkeye In the 
same lull produced potatoes one-half of which was 
l.ong Pinkeye and the other Blue Mercer. By divid¬ 
ing these potatoes where the two varieties seemed to 
unite, aud planting them separate, the white purls 
produced Long Pinkeyes and the dark parte Blue 
Mercers. We did think at the time there was some 
mistake in regard to this, but we barely stated that 
wo had been unable to mix varieties of potatoes by 
joining them together, although we hail tried hard 
and long to do so; and that it was not only contrary to 
our experience but all our ideas on vegetable physi¬ 
ology. Although we did not suppose this language 
would surprise anybody, we find that the Attica Atlas 
expresses vory great astonishment thereat, and de¬ 
votes a column and a half to the work of showing 
that we know but very little about the matter. We 
would copy this, but for its length, and the fact that 
a large portion is entirely foreign to the matter in 
dispute. 
A few days since, Mr. Kellogg presented us with 
several of the potatoes grown us described above. 
plant as they are produced, without selecting for seed: hundred bushels; and the corn, oats and buckwheat 
in Hcy«n years, more than one-half are of the common raised in this State the mime year amount to forty- 
kimD and in fourteen years, he has less than one good seven million six hundred thousand bushels. Now, 
potato for a hundred of the common. We have auf- all I have to say at present is that, in my judgment, 
tered from this kind of mixture In the hill, and have every bushel of these grains produced in our State 
learned to guard against it. would not suffice to keep the domestic animals of the 
All plants become hybridized or mixed through State gaining through the winter,—this I adduce to 
the flowers, which contain the sexual organs. This justify my remark to which Mr. Johnston alludes, 
hybridization affects only the seeds. The seeds of an that his plan “would sensibly affect the department 
apple or pear will not conic true on account oi this of commerce.” 
hybridization, and from other causes which at pres¬ 
ent it is not necessary to mention. The florist will 
grow a white and a red peony in close proximity for 
a number of years, and no change will be produced. 
The tubers of each, when transplanted, will produce 
flowers exactly like the plant from which they were 
taken. But plants produced by seeds will show tho 
mixture, ’flic tuber of the potato plant, or the po¬ 
tato, is not a root. It has no fibrous roots like those 
which aro attached to the beet or the carrot, and ob 
tains for Itself no nourishment from the soil. It is 
simply au enlargement of the underground stem Or 
broach, in which is stored up a large quantity of nu¬ 
tritious food for the nourishment of the young plants. 
If, then, potatoes mix, it is a mixture of branches. 
We give an engraving which truly represents the 
underground growth of a potato plant, showing 
shoots just beginning to enlarge at the points, others 
half-formed, and the fully formed potatoes. At the 
upper part of the cut, at the left, is a small, half- 
formed tuber, magnified, in which the leaves of tho 
shoot are seen, and under these are the eyes which 
are the buds of these branches. By cutting the tuber 
so as to divide the eye, the bud will be seen, as in the 
section at the right. 
On this point we give a paragraph from Cray's Bot¬ 
any: “The potato-plant lias three principal forms 
of branches:—!. Those that bear ordinary leaves, 
expanded in the air, to digest what they gather from 
it and what the roots gather from the soil, and con¬ 
vert it into nourishment. 2. After a while a second 
set of branches at the summit of the plant bear flow¬ 
ers, which form fruit and seed out of a portion of the 
nourishment which the leaves have prepared. But 
a larger part of this nourishment, while in a liquid 
I will resume this subject next week.— h. t. b. 
PHILOSOPHY 
FARMING. 
He who thinks he has mastered the profession of 
farming, must have a very exaggerated notion of his 
own abilities, or a very imperfect idea of the difficult 
and Complicated nature of tho business in which lie is 
engaged. A mariner may sail along the surface of the 
sea, withoutthlnkingor knowing aught of the wonders 
ortho mysteries of the great, deep, and the farmer may 
move along in tho old way, without knowing, or 
striving to kuow, anything of the philosophy of 
farming. He may, at the end of tho year, find that 
he has made nothing beyond the support of himself 
or family, or that he has saved a (few hundred dollars, 
and if he is satisfied with this knowledge, he may 
sit down content; but if lie desires to increase his 
profits,—to find out in what way lie can make meat, 
and grain, and butter, or cheese, In the cheapest 
possible manner, lie opens a field of inquiry in which 
lio can exert all the powers of mind, and labor until 
the eml of his days. To compensate him for his 
anxiety and toil, if he does not succeed in adding 
largely to his wealth, he will have the satisfaction of 
adding a little to the stock of human knowledge. 
For several years I have been engaged in investigat¬ 
ing this subject iu connection with tho ordinary 
labors of the farm, and I can in some measure appre¬ 
ciate the importance of this difficult work. Truly did 
the Rural say, a few weeks since, that there is no 
business requiring such varied acquirements, as much 
knowledge, and so much good judgment, us farming. 
IL is an easy matter for a manufacturer to ascertain 
how much wool will make a yard of cloth of a certain 
state, is carried down the stem, into a third sort of description, and what will be its cost; but it is not 
branches under ground, and accumulated in the form so easy for a tarmerto ascertain how much grass, or 
of starch at their extremities, which become tubers, 
or depositories of prepared solid food;—just as in 
the Turnip, Carrot, Dahlia, Ac., it is deposited in the 
root. The use of the store of food la obvious cnongh. 
In the autumn tho whole plant dies, except the seeds 
(if it formed them) and the tubers; and the latter are 
left disconnected in the ground. Just as that small 
portion of nourishing matter which is deposited in 
the seed feeds the embryo when it germinates, so the 
much larger portion deposited in the tuber nourishes 
hay, or grain, will make a pound of wool, or in what 
way it can be made at the leant possible cost. 
The farmer, a» a manufacturer, is beset with difli- 
culties, of which ordinary manufacturers know noth¬ 
ing. 1 made ono hundred bushels of com, and sold 
it for"fifty cents a bushel. I kept a strict account of 
labor, cost of manure, marketing, Ac., and found that 
it cost me three shillings a bushel. This, at first 
sight, would seem to be a plain matter, and a paying 
business. But one of my near neighbors grew core 
on a similar soil, that cost him about live cents per 
bushel less than mine, while the crop of another cost 
him full eleven cents more, which was about all it 
brought in market. I set about to ascertain the 
barns ami buna greater. That which was claimed to be a Long Pinkeye, we its buds, or eyes, when they likewise grow, the next on a similar son, mat co * 
The advantages arising from deep plowing may be found to bear some resemblance to that variety, but spring, into new plants. And the great supply ena- bushel less than mine, while tin ciop o anut ior cost 
briefly stated as the following:— First, It affords it was yellow fleshed; the so called Blue Mercer was hies them to shoot with a greater vigor at the begin- him full eleven cents more, which was amut all it 
greater rang© to the plants in seeking the pabulum a dark, roundish potato, not having the slightest niug, and to produce a greater amount of vegetation brought in market. I set about to ascertain the 
needful to growth and development. Below the resemblance to that sort. It may be the Scotch Grey, than the seedling plant could do in the same space of cause, with gicut zeal, hut iound that patience wai 
point of disturbance by the plow, rootlets make From these facts we infer there has been some mix- time; which vegetation in turn may prepare and store much more necessary than zeal. I had made a slul- 
but little progress. Second, An unbroken subsoil, ture besides mixing in the bill. up, in the course of a few weeks or months, the ling ft bushel by growing corn, but the m xt season’s 
especially when it is clayey in texture, is almost There arc a ffew facte which seem to indicate a largest quantity of solid nourishing material, in a crop gave me some reason to believe that J Imd 
' impervious to moisture, and when the plowed surface 1 change to the casual observer, and which are used as form most available for food.” exhausted my soil to the tub \uhie o! the profit ori 
J_ 
