CAG RICULTU RE 
PROGRESS A. iSTI) IMPROVEMENQ 
ROCHESTER, N. Y.-FOR THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, JANUARY 19, 1801 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
AN ORIGINAL WEEKLY 
AGRICULTURAL, LITERARY AND FAMILY JOURNAL. 
the timid, the weak, and unenterprising stay at home. 
Man is the joint product of internal force and ex¬ 
ternal conditions. Let a young man he subjected to 
tin* intense activities of new Western life, and he is 
enlarged, elevated, invigorated, (ie to a town meet¬ 
ing in any of those old towns at the Hast—look at the 
hoys a- they Come in; you can tell almost at a glance 
who among them will go West, and who settle on the 
old homestead. Look at one with an eye like a hawk, 
muscles of steel and whipcord, a Drain full of elec¬ 
tricity with a stop and action as if he lmd a ten- 
liorse power steam engine in him; you may be sure 
that Im is already laying up money to buy his time of 
his father, with his face already set, like a. Hint to¬ 
wards the Rocky Mountains. The time is already 
upon us when the intellectual and tnonil, as well as 
industrial leadership of our land, is to lie sought for 
out of New England. 
Light and power will he sought from the West in¬ 
stead of the East. Even within a few days, wo have 
responded to orders of clubs as large as fifty, for the 
Until. New-Yorker, from the old State of Oonneeti 
cut. Trees and flowers are already sent East, by thous¬ 
ands on thousands from Monroe County. Last year 
one of our nursery estahlislimente sent twenty thous¬ 
and roso plants to the city of Boston alone, in what 
we have said wo have not the slightest disposition to 
underrate the glory or the excellencies of Mew Eng¬ 
land. We would aim only to correct the notion so 
confidently put forth, that the West must look 
East for all high education, science, culture, and 
scholarship- - that in our own and the Western 
APRICOT’S GJ,CUSTER. 
Among the breeders ef Short-horn 
Cattle in this State, Mr. S. 1’ Chapman, 
of Madison County, hold it prominent 
position for several years. He had an 
excellent herd, and hied many line ani¬ 
mals. On retiring from the business 
(to discharge the duties of a responsible 
comity office,) Mr. C.’s herd was dis¬ 
posed of at public sale, and a number of 
its best, and most promising members 
passed into the possess >n of other 
breeders. The one here represented is 
said to be ft superior animal, and his 
pedigree (which we copy from the 
American Short-horn Herd Book) indi¬ 
cates good lilooil, — an item considered 
important by most stoejs^mpn. 
Pedigree of Apricot's ft truster .— Red, 
bred by S. 1'. Chapman, Ctockville, 
Madison Co., N. Y., the property of 
Messrs. Butts A Capo, ST^ulhiB, Onon¬ 
daga Co., N. Y., calved Jim. 15, 1858, 
got by I>uko of (Ilostei 111182) out of 
imp. Apricot, by lid Duke of York 
(101(1(1), - Anna, by 4th I Mi ko of North¬ 
umberland (3649), — Anna, by Short 
Tail (2621), — Acomb, by Belvedere 
(1700), — a cow bought of Mr, Bates, 
Kirkleavingtoii, England. 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
With an Able Corps cf Assistantt and Contributors, 
ExTKKftn according to not of Conitresn, in tho year 1881, ov 
J) ■' ! Moony, in the Office nf tin 1 Clerk of the District 
COttrt for the Northern District of New York 
Our only object In copyrighting this pn per is to won re 
what every honorable journalist will freely grant -proper 
credit for articles selected from its panes. Any and every 
journal is at liberty., and invited, to copy freely, by crediting 
each original article or illustration to Iturat Arw Yorker. 
passes into the hands of the consumer. Perhaps 
erroneous opinions tire formed on this subject. 
H Attu.EN gives the analysis of forty pounds of milk, 
reduced to dry material. 
Dry material, 6,20 of which wa;— 
Pure casein, ... . .. . 2.00 
Batter, 1,26 
.. 1.76 
Muk’ijaI nnu-fr, ' 9 W" * 
day and straw once a day, in first-rate order, upon 
less than half a pound of grain per day. 
II Mr. .InijKTON keeps long-wonted sheep or grades, 
feeding them with particular reference to market, lie 
doubtless adopts the right practice, subject, however, 
to some modification with different sheep and differ¬ 
ent circumstances. 
-aid this miuji, I ’uisfi to gay. with meat 
decided emphasis, that the depreciation of our .luck 
during our long and severe winters, by which we 
lo-v their growth and their flesh, keeping them thro’ 
long months at great expense, while they go down 
lull every day, is a frightful toss, which, if paid by 
the /insurance Companies, would sink every one of 
them below resurrection. I say, then, keep all your 
stock in a thrifty, growing condition, and use as 
much grain as you liml necessary to secure that 
result.—n. t. a. 
fermentation and destruction. Common earth and 
swamp muck will do this. Tho farmer should think 
as much of his manure pile us lie does of anything 
about his premises. I knew one farmer who really 
seemed to appreciate a manure heap, lie would take 
his visitors to see his pile of compost with as much 
satis faction as the Indy would show them to the 
purler, or exhibit her flower garden. As lie stood 
over d i'tii his ry, - gd-Aveiing with delight, he 
would thrust his hand down deep, pull out a luindfnl 
of the black looking compound, rub it in bis band, 
and exhibit it to his friends, saying— "capital stuff 
that, sir — capital stuff.” He was a philosopher. No 
curt or wagon and team was idle on his farm. Some 
headlands needed cleaning up, or the ditches by the 
road side were partially filled mid overgrown with 
grass, and must he cleaned out, or a load of ashes or 
muck could be obtained somewhere, — all of which 
he declared would make “capital stuff,'' 
Now, be it understood that a farmer who is thus 
looking out for his manure pile, will make three 
times the «|nan(it.y and “ better stuff,” with the same 
land and stock, than tile farmer who uses the manure 
he obtains without any efforts to increase the quan¬ 
tity, or any special regard to the quality. But it may 
be said that by putting two lots of manure together, 
or a quantity of mold with manure, we create noth¬ 
ing. That each will contain all the elements of fer¬ 
tility separate that they would united. This is true. 
The object of the union is to prevent the loss of valu¬ 
able elements, and also to bring them to a condition 
to be conveniently used, and in astute lit for the food 
of plants. In my next I will speak of the different 
sources of obtaining manure open to the fanner, the 
comparative value of each, with such remarks upon 
the best methods of saving and applying as I think 
will hoof value to my agricultural friends, (’ekes. 
FARMING EAST AND WEST. 
In an article designed to induce attendance on the 
Agricultural Lectures in New Haven, The Ifome- 
stmd niters the following aignilleant language: 
•*tVn .. . icojur U ( live » os. ‘V,r ill tbit we know or ran 
learn about agriculture. There Is going to In g closer strife 
than over between Eastern and Western farmers, and the 
battle will be won by those strong In the knowledge of their 
profession.” 
1 here can be no doubt birt our contemporary's point 
is well taken. If a contest between East and West in 
the matter of farming is to be .entered into there will 
be need of more theoretical and practical science 
than can he got from Prof. Router and his collabora¬ 
tors, to enable the East to come out victorious. The 
West has better land, a hotter climate, more entcr- 
prise, and equal intelligence. There are many men of 
leisure in the Eastern States who have become rich in 
other pursuits, who work farms for occupation and 
amusement, whose results in the wav of fancy’ agri¬ 
culture are praiseworthy. But such men do not get 
a living from their farms. Their farms are pets, like 
their horses or boats, upon which they spend their 
income for amusement and exercise. When we come 
to look at the farms in the New England States, 
which are cultivated in good faith as a means of live¬ 
lihood, they cannot for a moment hear a comparison 
with our own part of New York and the older States 
of (lie Northwest. Here, men cultivate farms with 
the confident expectation of becoming wealthy. The 
relation of the farmer in all financial matters to the 
manufacturer and the merchant is altogether differ¬ 
ent from what it is at the East. Consequently there 
in more capital employed on farms, and also in gen¬ 
eral a higher order of intelligence is devoted to agri¬ 
culture as a business. This may sound strange to 
those who have been bred in the conviction that all 
the forces of civilization diminish in the inverse pro¬ 
portion of their distance from the site of the Charter 
Oak or Bunker Hill Monument. It is an undoubted 
truth that onr friends in Connecticut “have a use for 
ali they can know or learn about agriculture.” That 
we have a better soil and climate for farming and 
horticulture than they, is no credit to us, and no dis¬ 
grace to them. But our Eastern periodicals must 
wake up to the truth that we, in the West, are their 
equals in knowledge of scientific farming and in skill 
to put it to practice. We are aware that the preju¬ 
dice obtains in New England that a sound, liberal, 
professional, or practical education can hard I v V... 
THE DAIRY NO. II. THE COW. 
Asthe secretion of milk in tho mammalia is designed 
by Nature for the reproduction and sustenance of the 
race, all the food consumed beyond t,lmt required 
for the sustenance of life in the parent is absorbed in 
the milk, and that becomes rich, or poor, or scant, 
or abundant, just in proportion us the food is abun¬ 
dant and nutritious, or scant and of a poor quality. 
II, then, it he tlie object to make the cow the most 
useful, by the richness and abundance of her milk, 
she must he supplied with that, kind of food which 
will furnish for use the elements found most abund 
ant in her milk. She must have a certain amount of 
food to enable her to maintain her body in its nor 
mat state. It is claimed that throe per cent, of her 
liTC weight daily will accomplish this. Hut to sup- 
ply the drain upon iier system, in tho milk she is ex¬ 
pected to furnish, she must have additional food, and 
it is in tlie power of the fanner to so adapt that food to 
her wants that she shall not only maintain herself in 
good condition of body, but maintain a large flow of 
milk, rich in the elements of butter and cheese,_r, 
premium would lie to tlie sheep. No animal upon 
the farm can return so much value to the farmer on 
capital invested as tlie cow. And if any man were 
told, for 1 the first time, how much a well fed cow 
could earn in a year, he would consider the statement 
simply absurd. It is true tho value is much enhanced 
by locality, for a cow near a great market, where 
milk can he sold at a high figure, will pay a higher 
percentage upon her value and keeping, than one on 
the hills of Cattaraugns. Still, when compared with 
other branches of farming, the cow everywhere pays 
a wonderful profit upon the capital she represents. 
I he dairyman’s success depends upon his cow. If 
lie have a choice animal, that gives bim a. large quan¬ 
tity o! milk, it is evident, that for the food consumed 
he is getting a larger yield from the laud than would 
be the case with an inferior one. Hut one tiling is 
manifest in all the dairies which have been examined 
in tills State,—there is not a single one where the 
fanner makes the most judicious use of' his cows. 
No one seems to be aware of the burthen which he 
THE PHILOSOPHY OF FARMING 
The mechanic who undertook to put up a building, 
could lay little claim to sense or philosophy unless lie 
commenced ut tlie foundation. A good manure hill, 
in my view, is the foundation — the corner stone — 
ot all good farming. Occasionally, sonic correspond¬ 
ent of the agricultural papers —some fanciful theo¬ 
rist, no doubt will argue that manure is not of 
much conaeqnonce, that tillage is everything. It 
would be just as sensible for the jockey to say that 
(Ceding of a horse was of no consequence, currying 
was everything. Both important, hut feeding is that 
which supports life. The past summer. I was in I'hil- 
adelphia, ami happened, one. evening, to ho in a 
meeting of practical gardeners. Some one spoke 
rather lightly of tho value of manure, when the gar¬ 
dener of (lirard College arose, and stated that he had 
a family of live hundred to feed. He found that tlie 
ease with which he was able to do tills, depended 
upon the amount of manure lie had on hand at the 
commencement of operations. With abundance of 
manure, he could supply all wants with ease; but i 
the manure was short, lie was obliged to work harderf 
and accomplished less. \\ hen manure was scarce, he 
worked to disadvantage and wasted labor. 
I know a gentleman in Herkimer County, who 
bought a farm at a low price, for it was considered so 
Fakm stock, as well as farmers, should always 
maintain a condition of healthy development,—-that 
condition is incompatible with a very low, or a very 
high state of flesh, and is measured and determined 
very accurately by the strength and vigor of the 
subject. 
I lie tow .state of flesh is deplorably common, and 
justifies all tlie interest and anxiety of our friend 
John Johnston in regard to it, -tlie high, or exces¬ 
sively fleshy condition, generally occurs when ani¬ 
mals, for commercial purposes, arc made to assume 
great rotundity and sleekness. So, also, young ani¬ 
mals, like young children, are frequently puttied and 
pampered, to he neglected afterwards; hut it remains 
true that mankind lean very generally to the poor 
side. 1 min birth to maturity, growth should never 
cease, nor should the strength and vigor of the animal 
be permitted to decline. 
I deem it proper, however, to re-aflirm some posh 
tions heretofore taken, viz: First —It is better to 
keep an animal, not employed in labor, in the proper 
condition, without grain, when that is possible. 
Second This is sometimes possible with animals 
peculiarly adapted to take on flesh, when they can be 
furnished in summer with plenty of good grass, and 
in winter fed very judiciously with excellent hay, 
adding, perhaps, apples or roots. Third— Immense 
loss occurs from raising poor grass, curing it in a 
poor way, and feeding it in poor style. 
When, therefore, Mr. Johnston lends his high 
authority to the orthodox doctrine of keeping animals 
in good order, I would bo glad If he would leave no 
body to infer that the result should bo attained 
mainly by a large consumption of grain. I may be 
permitted to refer to Mr. Powell, of Livingston Co., 
who is known hereabouts as a “good feeder,” and 
yet it is known that lie feeds grain very sparingly, 
and so of everthing else. Just enough at just the right 
tone, is his motto—a point of incalculable importance. 
Racks should sometimes be empty, and should never 
be excessively filled. 
In grain districts, it may be an object to work in a 
good deal of straw and stalks, and in that case the 
amount of grain mentioned by Mr. Johnston is not 
too large,—say a half-pound of corn, or beans, or 
other grain, to a sheep per day; Imt 1 do know that i 
Merino sheep can he kept with first-rate hay twice a 
TILE FOR ROOFING. 
is one of the most fertile in the county made so 
with manure produced on the farm, with the excep¬ 
tion of the first pnrehuse of guano. This farmer is a 
true, philosopher, and some of the readers of the 
Rural have, no doubt, heard him relate his experl- 
encfc at agricultural meetings. 
A farmer, not a score of miles from your sanctum, 
Mr. Editor, grew potatoes on alight loam, occasion¬ 
ally turning under clover, until they got so small and 
so few in number, that I could not, help suggesting 
the use of a comb to get them out. i advised 
manure. This is my remedy for almost ail com¬ 
plaints. If the ground is drained and don’t produce 
crops, I know what tho trouble is. I was told all the 
manure produced upon the farm was used. But, on 
inquiry, I found that there was no composting, no 
otlVtrt to increase the manure pile —no gathering' 
muck or leaves no drawing of ashes — no saving of 
liquid manure. I proposed a remedy. The next lot, 
at planting time, received a good dressing of com¬ 
post in the hill, and there was no cause to complain 
of a small crop. 
A good many farmers waste about half of their 
manure, or rather they do not make half us much as 
they might.. It is just about as well to throw manure 
into tlie creek, as to throw it out. of the stable in 
bottom than outlie top. If tlie milkman were to 
define it, he would call it still-slops, diluted and 
strained through the cow, and slightly improved by 
tlie addition of a little starch and water. 
Biit if seen and tasted when drawn from the cows 
udder up among the mountains of Delaware county, 
where tlie cow feeds upon the richest herbage, ami 
drinks from the purest streams, it would he defined 
an opaque fluid, of a white color, sweet and agreeable 
to the taste, composed of a fatty substance represent¬ 
ing butter, a cuseous substance, for cheese, and a 
watery residuum. 
These constituents vary in different animals. The 
following table, from the analysis of Hknkv and 
Chkvalliek, exhibits the milk of several animals in 
its ordinary state: 
Woman. Cow. Ass. Goat. Kwe 
Casein (cheese,).. 1.52 4.48 1.82 4 08 .(Y.O 
flutter,.3.55 3.18 0.11 3 32 4-»o 
Milk sugar. 0.60 4.77 0.08 6.28 600 
Saline matter-0.45 0.60 0.34 0 68 0 68 
Water,...87.98 87.02 91.65 86 80 88.62 
ioo.oo loo.oo loo.oo moo loooo 
In view of the Urge proportion of water which 
nature has put into the composition of the milk, it 
would seem rather unfair to further dilute it before it 
