FEB. 2, 
HVKJlL HEW-YOR 
41 
Niiinbcr 
,wrt, mining — Qurirt* Crushing—Uydrautic mimng-GoUl, 
where fowui-kmoU*t of gotd. and silver coin'd in the past 
ten years—Amonmt of coin in the world. 
San Francisco. Not. 1, 1860. 
There are various kinds of mining in California. 
Quartz mining is now Considered the most safe and 
profitable mining carried on in the whole country. 
As the process is not familiar to a great many in the 
Atlantic States, a detailed description may not be 
uninteresting. 
The position of a quartz lead in the mountain is 
generally at an angle ranging from twenty to fifty 
degrees. The most common method of working it, 
is to sink a perpendicular shaft at a sufficient distance 
from the lino where the vein is seen to crop out on 
the surface, and strike the angle at the depth desired, 
or thereabouts. From this shaft, workmen com¬ 
mence removing the quartz along the vein, to form a j 
tunnel, and os the rock is removed much more easily 
and rapidly by beginning at the tunnel, and working 
upward, this plan, of course, is adopted. 
The “ Allison Hunch Lead/' at (trass Valley. Nevada 
Co., is the beat paying, most extensive quartz mine 
in the State, or, in fact, in the whole world! Under 
the guidance of one of the proprietors, and arrayed 
in an India-rubber suit of clothing, we descended the 
Bhaft. On reaching the bottom wc found a consid¬ 
erable stream of water running in the center of the 
railway constructed along the tunnel to the shaft. 
On, on we went, trying to keep a sure footing on the 
rail track, inasmuch as water-tight boots even then 
became a very necessary accompaniment, to ttie India- 
rubber clothing. The miners, who were removing the 
quartz from the ledge, looked more like lialf-drowned 
sea-lions, than like men. We did not ascertain their 
wages, but we are quite sure they deserve all they ob¬ 
tain. Stooping, orratherhalf lyingdown upon.thewet 
rock, among fragments of quartz, props of wood, and 
streams of water, with pick in hand, ami by a dim 
but water-proof lantern, a man was strenuously at 
work, picking down the rock—the gold bearing 
rock—nml which, although very rich, was very rotten, 
and consequently not only paid well, but was easily 
quarried and crushed. Although this rock was pay¬ 
ing not less than $350 per tun, we could not see the 
first speck or gold in it after a diligent search for that 
purpose. At the bottom of the drift, another man 
was employed to shovel the quartz into a tub standing 
on a railway car, and push it to the shall, where it 
was drawn up and taken to the mill. 
\V G now invite the reader to visit the mill and note 
the modus operandi of ernshing the rock and extract¬ 
ing the gold. After the quartz is emptied from the 
cart Into the yard, and the large pieces broken by 
hand to about, the size of a man's fist, or a little 
smaller, they are Hhovcled with the dust and finer 
portions of rock upon an inclined table or hopper, on 
which a small stream of water is conveyed through 
a pipe from above, and by which the quartz is washed 
down the hopper to a solid, cast iron bed-plate, and 
beneath the stampers. The stampers being elevated 
by convex arms attached to a revolving shaft, which 
is propelled by steam power, when at the required 
height, fall suddenly down upon the quartz, and 
being shod with heavy cast Iron, which, added to 
tlm stampers, make the whole weight of a stamp from 
600 to 1,000 pounds, crushes the rock to powder upon 
which it falls. In front of the stampers is a very 
fine* sieve, or screen, through which the water, gold, 
and pulverized quartz, are constantly being splashed 
by the falling of the stampers, and should the rock 
not be pulverized sufficiently fine to pass through 
these dischargo screens, it agnin falls back upon the 
bed - plate, to receive another crushing. If fine 
enough, it falls upon an apron, or Into an amalga¬ 
mating box containing quicksilver, and into which a 
1 C C T fT 
have traversed tho wave-roll-ing sand; 
And tho' 
1 have roved o- ver moun - tain, I’ve crossed o - ver flood, w 
. > ' - f ■) J- J J JJJ JJJ 
fields were as green, and the moon shone as bright, It was not, not my own 
No, not my own na - tivo 
-J 7 -- - - !» ** o 1 
D. 8. 
land. No, no, no, no, no, No, not my own native land, No, no, no. 
J J. J'J'J- J“J fi: __?■ 
" " I 
And the right hand of friendship how oft have I grasped. 
Smiling eyes have looked brightly and bland ; 
But still happier far were tho hours that 1 passed. 
In the west, in my own native land, 
Yes, in tny own native laud. 
Then all hail, door Columbia, tho laud that we love. 
And where flourishes liberty's tree: 
'Tig the birth-place of freedom, our own native home, 
'Tig the laud, 'tia the land of the free, • 
Yea, 'tis the land of tho free. 
(From Mason's Nui'rwil ginger, by permission. 1 
THE SHIP OF THE DESERT. 
From a translation of a French book recently 
issued by Mason A Bros., of New York, and which 
originally appeared in Paris last summer under the 
title of “ Lrs Mysteres dn Desert, 1 ' we extract the fol¬ 
lowing interesting account of the animal figuratively 
known as tho Ship of the Desert 
Dromedaries, which bear the same relation to the 
camel proper as the thorough-bred does to tho 
draught horse, are divided into classes. Those most 
esteemed among tbc Arabs come, from Muscat. Homo 
of these T have known to fetch as much as three 
thousand francs each. They are of a reddish color, 
and their speed is combined with strength. Next in 
value are those from Soudan, which are nearly white, 
of small size, but fine as thorough bred greyhound*. 
These dromedaries are wonderfully fleet, but they 
cannot carry heavy burdens. Tho dromedaries of 
Hedjaz, of Nedjed, and of Yemen, although of good 
blood, have not the reputation of those mentioned 
above. Their value ranges from two hundred to 
three hundred francs. They can seldom travel more 
than ten leagues in a day’s march; that is to say, 
from sunrise to sunset, deducting the three hours of 
mid-day, which the traveler usually devotes to 
refreshment and repose. Those of Muscat and of 
Soudan, on the contrary, can make their forty or 
fifty loagnea within the same time. 
The dromedary in general, the dramas camelos of 
the Greeks, tho ramelus Arabics of Pliny, is called 
hedjin, or djrmnz, by the Arabs. Its hair, which is 
soft and woolly, grows more thickly upon the hnrnp 
the throat, and the limbs, than on other parts of the 
animal. In general appearance it resembles tho 
ordinary camel, than which it is slighter, however, 
and of more elegant form; its legs and whole frame 
being so slender, indeed, that on first seeing it we are 
tempted to doubt whether it can he one of those 
high-bred animals of whose Teats we have heard so 
much. Its best pace is a well-sustained trot, of unva 
rying speed throughout the whole journey. The 
walk and gallop of the animal are most distressing to 
the rider — particularly the walk. 
On a long journey, when food is scarce, the brain 
files and bushes of wormwood that grow by tho 
dash-board is inserted, that all the water, gold, and 
tailings may pass through the quicksilver to an 
inclined plane, or blanket-table below. Across and 
above the apron, or amalgamating box, a small 
trough is fixed with boles in tho bottom for the pur¬ 
pose of distributing clean water equally on tho apron 
or into the amalgamating box, and by which the 
pulverized rock and gold uot saved abovo is washed 
down to the blanket*table and there saved. 
Another novel invention for gold mining is termed 
« hydraulic mining.” By this process, which con- 
sistH in passing a stream of water through a conduit 
from a bulkhead with great pressure upon the dirt 
and earth to be removed, whole mountain sides have 
been washed down, and tlicir golden treasures 
exposed to tho eyes and hands in search for them. 
Some serious effects of the labors of gold diggers is 
seen in the filling up of tho river beds and preventing 
their higher navigation, (lulches and ravines arc 
filled with their “waste earth,” and afford wagon 
roads across places otherwise impassable. In one 
place we discovered huge trees buried in an upright 
position, and only a few feet of their tops peering 
above tbc earth and rocks piled about them. 
Gold (and very likely the love of it,) exists, to 
greater or less extent, in almost every country. It 
has been found in small quantities in Hpain, Portugal, 
Sweden, tho Germanic States, Turkey, and e.ven in 
England. The produce of the Russian gold mines is 
from $15,000,000 to $20,000,000 annually. Besides 
California and Australia, gold is found in Hindustan, 
China, Malacca, Japan, Borneo, Now Guinea, and 
New Zealand. It lues also been discovered in con¬ 
siderable quantities in Lower Canada, and recently 
Vermont claims similar honors. The eastern gold 
region of the United States is considered as begin¬ 
ning in Virginia, und extending through North and 
South Carolina into Alabama. In 1843, $1,200,000 
was dug from the mines of Virginia. The west coast, 
of America is the region having the greatest number 
of gold deposits. It is found in all the South Ameri¬ 
can States, and is also procured from various parts of 
Africa to the amount of $2,500,000 annually. It is 
estimated that the total yield of gold during tho year 
1859 was $260,000,000; and it is uow supposed that 
the whole stock of gold and silver now in circulation 
throughout the world is $4,600,000,000! During the 
last tm years the coinage of gold and silver in the 
world has amouuted to the astonishing. sura of 
$ 2 , 200 , 000 , 000 . 
It would be an item of interest to know how much 
gold (in value) is used yearly in the arts. In the 
single business of dentistry, in the United States, 
$2,500,00/ I’s annually consumed. s. b. r. 
THE 
(Written for Moore's Kural New Yorker | 
BEECH AS A NON-CONDUCTOR. 
wayside afford a scanty repast to tho dromedary, who 
nibbles at them w ithout slackening bis pace. Should 
this resource fail him, he makes tho most of circum¬ 
stances, and trots cheerfully on to the end of his jour¬ 
ney. He can endure hunger for threo days—thirst for 
eight or nine. In Hedjaz and Yemen they feed their 
dromedaries on beans and herbage; in Assir, on the 
stones of dates; In Thearna, on dourah, or millet, and 
On the tender shoots of the acacia mimosa, cut into 
little sticks and roasted over the lire. 
Tho dromedaries are tethered, like horses, before 
the dwellings of tlroir masters, who generally make 
them kneel down when they want to mount them. 
An active camel rider, however, springs at the pum¬ 
mel uf the saddle, plants one foot against the knee of 
the animal, and the other on its curving neck, and 
gains his seat without making it kneel. The saddle, 
which extends from tho shoulder to the haunches, is 
fastened with two girths. It consist^ simply of three 
pieces of wood, put together so as lit the hump, the 
end pieces projecting about a foot above the seat. 
These saddles are generally very hard, the rider’s 
share of them being nothing but a frame of wood, 
covered with leather. Nature has singularly adapted 
to these uncomfortable scats that portion of tho anat¬ 
omy of an Arab tligt comes in contact with them; but 
the European who ventures On them Is sure to suffer 
Fortunately for myself I bad long been a hardened 
Arab; yet, as it was a fur stretch to Mokallah, 1 had 
insured myself from injury on this occasion hy 
placing on the saddle a couple of splendid Abyssinian 
sheep skins, a gift from Gberif llusseiu, of Aiiu 
Arisch. The dromedary’s share of tho saddle is 
carefully padded with straw, tho center of it being 
accurately fitted to the animal’s hump, on which the 
hair is allowed to grow, the better to guard against 
friction. * , 
The rider sits on Iris dromedary somewhat as a 
woman does on horseback. A simple halter is gene¬ 
rally sufficient for the guidance of the animal, unless 
he happens to be of an intractable disposition, in which 
case a rein attached to a metal ring inserted in the 
nostrils is used. For urging on tho animal they use 
a cane with a spike at the end of it, with which they 
prick him behind the ears. Sometime* a courbash, 
or whip of hippopotamus hide, is used for this pur¬ 
pose, hut it should be applied sparingly. Generally 
speaking, the dromedary accommodates bis pace to 
suit the will of his rider, putting great energy into 
Iris action when hard pressed. If over-driven, how¬ 
ever, be either drops, exhausted, or lies sulkily down 
and tries to bite his tormenter. 
There is an article in the Hurai, New-Yorker of 
the 6th nit., on “ Protection from Lightning,” that 
may possibly lead some ono to seek shelter in tho 
very spot where he may receive the fatal bolt. I am 
awaro the assertions, that tho “ hooch tree is a non¬ 
conductor of atmospheric electricity, ami that light¬ 
ning never strikes it,” luvvo gone tho rounds ol 
newspaper publication from time immemorial. It is 
high time that such statements were returned to 
the “ moles and to tho hats,” for facts tell another 
story, and facts arc stubborn things. 
The grten beech is a good conductor of atmospheric 
electricity,—the next thing to a lightning rod, the 
assertions to tho contrary notwithstanding. There 
was a severe thunder-storm in this section live years 
ago lust summer. After it was over I saw a smoko in 
the woods. Thinking it was the effects of lightning, 
my hired man and myself started off at once to sec 
what was burning. We found that a beech tree had 
been struck hy lightuing, when a hemlock within 
two rods, and other trees all around, were uninjured 
and untouched. The top limbs or it were dead, and 
they were scattered in every direction. It was a 
large tree, and one side of the lower part of it was 
dead, rotten, and dry, for twenty feet or more, and 
this was burning finely. Tho lightning made a path 
as it came down from the top-most limb until it 
reached the green timber. It glided over this with¬ 
out leaving a “trace boliind.” Tho sido that was 
dead below was marked at t,: w t*. 
Home two years after this, aefother beech tree was 
struck by lightning on iny own farm, only about 
sixty rods from the one I have already mentioned. 
The top of this too was dead, hut not decayed in tho 
least. The lightning look out a strip about as large 
as a man’s hand, until it came, to the dividing line 
between the green and dry timber, where it broke off 
abruptly. Finding a good conductor, it went down 
harmless. Close and continued observation taught 
me, many years before these events took place, that 
lightning does not “ spare the hoechen tree.” 
pare it, 1 gradually opened my hand to look at my 
prisoner, and saw, to my no little amusement as well 
as suspicion, that it was actually “playing possum,” 
fcigDiug to be dead most skillfully. It lay on my 
open palm motionless for Homo minutes, during 
which I watched it iu breathless curiosity. I saw it 
gradually open Its bright little eyes, amt then close 
them slowly as it caught my eye upon it. But when 
tho manufactured nectar came, ami a drop was 
touched upon the point of its bill, it came to life 
very suddenly, and in a moment was on its legs, 
drinking with eager gusto or the refreshing draught 
from a silver teaspoon. When* sated, it refused to 
take any more, and sat perched witii tho coolest self- 
composure on my finger, ami plumed itself quite as 
artistically as if on its favorite spray. I was enchant¬ 
ed with the bold, innocent confidence with which it 
turned up its keen black eyes to survey us, ns much 
118 to say, “Well, good folks, who are you?”— Rut¬ 
ledge's Illustrated Natural History. 
intellectual culture, for the scholar to noglect tho 
proper exercise of this invaluable faculty. 
The two principal instruments for communicating 
our feelings, thoughts and perceptions, are the pen 
and the tongne. These should he employed daily, 
both iu writing and telling what we have read, 
studied, seen, heard, or thought about. School 
recitations, and explanations of examples, on the 
part of scholars, are of tho highest excellence as a 
means for tho accomplishment of this end. The 
writing and reading of essays, as well as discussions 
and declamations, and, in fact, everything connected 
with a good literary socloty, may, and should be 
rendered available by every scholar old enough to 
engage in them. A Scholar. 
- • -♦ 
ROGER WILLIAMS. 
It takes long years of severe discipline to remove 
the prejudices — tho rust of ages—and imbue a 
people with a new ami grand Idea. The Puritans 
suffered severely from religious persecution, and 
braved the perils of the sea, the rigors of a northern 
winter, and the terrors of a wild and unknown laud 
inhabited by a savage foe, for tho dear privilege of 
religious freedom the God-given right to worship 
their Creator according to the dictates of their own 
consciences. But, a little of tins old evil leaven 
remained. They had learned in tho school of sad 
experience that religious freedom was very good for 
those who believed as they did — excellent for the 
Puritan and his right; but they hud not learned that 
more difficult lesson, to grant to others the privileges 
they sought for themselves. Ho they persecuted the 
Baptists and Quakers, drove them from their homes, 
and oven compelled some to soul tlo-irfaith ami devo¬ 
tion with their lives. Among those thus persecuted 
was one of the purest and best men who ever lived, 
U00K.it Williams, who, driven from Massachusetts, 
founded the Htate of Rhode Island, where all reli¬ 
gious belief was alike tolerated. We present our 
young readers with a portrait and a sketch of the life 
of this good man, for the facts in which we aro 
indebted to Lohsino’h Illustrated History of the 
United Htutes. 
11 
©Ilf ftarnq 
Sherman, Cffiaut. Co., N. Y., tftttl. S. Rchtis. 
The article referred to by our correspondent, was 
a floating waif, and was give an insertion for the 
purpose of arriving at the facts. Many of our 
readers possess considerable skill in wood-craft, ami 
if the statements were at variance with truth we 
knew they would not let the matter rest without an 
exposition. Prof. Dewey gave an opinion adverse 
to the views expressed, and we expected to hear tho 
relation of experiences supporting that opinion. 
The first of these is that of Mr. IIustis, and we 
would be pleased to hear both sides (if there be two 
sides to the question,) discussed.— Eds. 
> • 
BIRDS’ SENSE OF DANGER. 
The power of judging of actual danger, and the 
free and easy boldness which results from it, aro by 
no means uncommon. Many birds seem to have a 
most correct notion of a gun’s range, and while 
scrupulously careful to keep beyond it, confine their 
care to this caution, though tbc most obvious resource 
would he to fly right uway out of sight and hearing, 
which they do not choose to do. And they some¬ 
times appear to make even an ostentatious use of their 
power, fairly putting their wit and cleverness in 
antagonism to that of man, for tho benefit ol their 
fellows. 1 lately read an account, hy a naturalist in 
Brazil, of an expedition ho made to one of the islands 
of the Amazon to shoot spoonbills, ibises, and other 
of the magnificent graltatorlal birds, which were 
most abundant there. Bis design was completely 
baffled, however, hy a wretched little sandpiper that 
preceded him, continually uttering his tell-tale cry, 
which aroused all the birds within hearing. Through¬ 
out the day did this individual bird continue its self- 
imposed duty of sentinel of others, effectually 
preventing the approach of the fowler to the game, 
and yet managing to keep out of the range of his 
gun.— CJosse's Romance of Natural History. 
The Natives of Algiers. — The higher the posi¬ 
tion of the Moorish lady, the less is her mind likely 
to be kindled by education. For nearly thirty years 
have the French given laws to Algeria, and yet there 
is not one of the natives who has adopted a single 
European idea, or deviated in the slightest degree 
from the traditional habits and institutions of his 
ancestors. — The Corsair and his Conqueror. 
Arthur, in his work on Italy, says: —“After all 
that we may say of an Italian sky, it is not equal to 
that of Egypt, nor to that of many parts of America. 
The most ravishing dome of blue sky my eyes ever 
looked upon, was from Mt. Auburn, near Boston; 
and the most exquisite sunrise was over the waters of 
Iaike Erie, between Buffalo and Niagara.” 
There is nothing so true that the damps of error 
have not warped it; nothing so false, that a sparkle 
of truth is not in it. 
MUSIC FOR YOUTH. 
Eds. Rural New-Yorker:— Some time since I 
wrote a short piece for the Young Roraust column 
of your paper, on music; and it has been responded 
to inn very alilo manner by Manly II of Limn, 
and with your permission, 1 should be happy to con¬ 
tinue the subject, as it is one that will bear study, and 
should be kept before the people, that they might be¬ 
come more Interested in it and try to bocome profi¬ 
cient in its execution. 
Music is a sweet gift from Hempen, by it, the gor¬ 
geous palace is disrobed of its sickening sptendor; 
and tho humblest homo is rendered enchanting. 
Then why should we not seek more diligently to cul¬ 
tivate the one talent which wo all possess, for there is 
none which has not been blessed with a single talent, 
which, by cultivation, would at length become 
source of great joy. 
Music is a blessed gift, without it the gentle cooing 
of the dove, the sweet warbling of tho wild wood 
songster, the merry chirping of the crickets, the busy 
hum of bees, the riplmg of tho waters as they wend 
their way carelessly over the pebbles, wuuld be for¬ 
ever hushed, and the world would become a dreary 
habitation. But tho world is full of music; not a loaf 
stirs without adding Its mite to tho full chorus of 
forest voices; not an insect flutters its glittering 
wings without scattering around it a shower of fairy 
sounds; the thunder which rolls through the sky is 
not without music of its own peculiarity. As a former 
writer has said, “There Ih music even in tho stars, 
which is heard hy the eye, not the car.” 
The world is a great, organ; the deep rolling Of the 
ocean is the bass, and the soprano is composed of 
the clear thrilling notes of the song birds, aided by 
the thousand commingling voices of God’s creatures 
united In one grand anthem of praise to the Almighty 
Creator. 
14V must hare music. Without it the tender heart 
would soon droop and die. Almost every living thing 
would perish unless it could express its overflowing 
joy. The influence of muBie is great upon humanity, 
for a single strain of music has been known to check 
the rising passions of a madman, and cause him to 
weep like a child. The influence of music is felt by 
children; it fills their souls with that tenderness and 
love for each other which they never forget in after 
life. 
Music is apart of Heaven; the dying saint who is 
about to be ushered into the golden city, longs to de¬ 
part this life and be with angels who are continually 
making melody with their harps. Just before he 
takes iris departure from earth, his eyes dilute, his 
lips part with a smile, and his IIuttering soul strives 
to break from its imprisonment to be with God and 
the angels, where there is music forever. 
Akron, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1801, Furry V. U-. 
THE 
lWritten for Moore’s Kural New Yorker. 1 
SCHOLAR HIS PURPOSE. 
HUMMING BIRDS. 
The Ituby Throat is very easily tamed, and is a 
most loving and trustful little creature. Mr. Webbe r 
has given a most interesting account of a number of 
Ruby Throats, which he succeeded in taming. On 
several occasions he had enticed the living meteors 
into Iris room by placing vases of tempting flowers on 
the table and adroitly closing the sash as soon as 
they were engaged with the (lowers, but he had 
always lost thorn by their dashing at the window, 
and striking themselves against the glass. At last, 
however, bis attempts were crowned with success, 
and “ this time I succeeded iu securing an unwounded 
captive, which, to my inexpressible delight, proved 
to be one of the Ruby Throated species, tho most 
splendid and diminutive that comes north of Florida. 
It immediately suggested itself to me that a mixture 
of two parts refined sugar with one of fine honey, in 
ten of water, would make about the nearest approach 
to the nectar of Itowers. While my sister ran to pre- 
Tim purpose for which the scholar attends school 
is to obtain an education, that he may be respected 
and useful. To this end there are several particulars 
which he should carefully observe. A habit of close 
and continued application of the mind to study, is of 
paramount importance to every scholar, for without 
this he must utteily fail of accomplishing his object. 
Patience and perseverance must also be. reckoned as 
essential elements iu the characterftl the true scholar, 
for there is no short way, no “royal road,” for the 
proposed end. Hours, days, mouths, and even years 
must be devoted to thoughtful study, before the 
scholar can show many signs of a good education. 
There are three objects that the scholar should ever 
keep in view in striving for an education, viz: first, 
mental discipline; second, the acquisition of knowl 
edge; and third, the communication of that knowl 
edge to others. The faculties of the mind may be 
disciplined to a limited exteut by tho more acquisi¬ 
tion of knowledge, but they can never be fully de¬ 
veloped without the habitual practice of communi¬ 
cating those mental acquisitions to others. Hence, 
it may be perceived, how prejudicial it must be to 
ROGER WILLIAMS. 
« 
Roger Wii.i.iams, the subject of our present 
sketch, was born in Wales In 1699, and was educated 
at Oxford. Iu 1631 he was driven by persecution to 
America, and settled In his ministry at Salem, Mass. 
Rut Iris evil fortune followed. In 1635, the General 
Court of Massachusetts passed sentence of banishment 
upon him, and ho crossed the borders of civilization 
to find liberty and toleration among the heathen, in 
January, 1636, ho withdrew from Salem, traversed 
the forests alone for fourteen weeks, wading through 
deep snows, enduring all the rigors of tho climate, 
only sheltered by the rude wigwam of the Indian, and 
finally reached the cabin of Mahsahoit, Chief of the 
Wampanoags, at Mount Hope. Here he was enter¬ 
tained until spring, when live friends from Boston 
joined him, and he located himself upon the Hcekonk. 
Finding that ho was still in the domain of tho 
Plymouth Company, and acting under the advice of 
Gov. Winsi.ow, he crossed over Into tho country of 
the Narragansetts, where he could not he molested. 
Embarking with his companions in a light canoe, 
they paddled around to the head of Narragamwtt bay, 
landed upon a green slope, prayed, and chose a spot 
for a settlement, CaNOMICBK, Chief Sachem of the 
Narragansetts, made Williams a grant of land, and 
in commemoration of “Goo’s merciful providence to 
him in distress,’" he called the place Providence. 
As the settlement increased, Its fame extended, and 
tho persecuted tied to it for refuge. All creeds were 
allowed full liberty,—political opinions were under 
no more restraint than religious,— in short, a [Hire 
democracy was established. Mr. Williams reserved 
to himself no political power, leader and follower 
possessed equal dignity and privileges. It was only 
required of each settler to subscribe to an agreement 
that he would submit to such i-uIph, “ not affecting 
conscience,” as the majority adopted for the public 
good. The settlement enjoyed special favor with 
the Indians, as it was entirely umolested during the 
Pequod war, and prospered wonderfully. 
In the early part of 1638, a parly of nineteen, with 
concurrent religious views, at the invitation of 
Williams, left Boston and settled In his viciuity. A 
purchase was made from Mi antonomoh, of the island 
of Aquiday, of which they took possession, naming it 
the Isle of Rhodes, and calling their settlement Ports¬ 
mouth. A covenent similar to that of Roger Wil¬ 
liams, was signed hy the inhabitants. I liese little 
bands grew by repeated accessions, and in 1639, New¬ 
port, near the lower extremity ot the island, was 
founded. Liberty of conscience was absolute; love 
was the social and political bond, and upon the seal 
they adopted was the motto, Amor vinret omnia,— 
“ Ixivo is all powerful.” Although tho varied settle¬ 
ments had different governments, they had united 
interests and aims, and they sought for themselves 
an independent charter. To obtain this, Roger Wil¬ 
liams went to England In 1643. After encountering 
many difficulties, he procured from Parliament a freo 
charter of Incorporation on the 24th of March, 1644, 
and all the settlements united under tho general titlo 
of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . Thus 
was founded the Commonwealth of Rhode Island. 
For thirty-nine years after the union referred to, 
Roger Williams followed his calling, and in April, 
1683, at the ripe ago of eighty-four, he laid aside Iris 
armor in the city he had founded, leaving behind 
him a memory fragrant with good deeds and kindly 
offices. 
Judgment is not a swift-growing plant; it requires 
time and culture to mature it, whilo fancy often 
springs up and blossoms in a single hour. I he fra¬ 
grance of the first, however, is everlasting, while 
that of tho latter is as transient as its stem is fragilo. 
— Hosea Ballou. 
