medicine, he got up of his own accord, appeared to 
be perfectly well, and cheerfully pursued his journey. 
It is said one drop of this preparation placed upon a 
bot, will kill it at once.—J. F. Buss. 
never venture to use the means thns at command for 
improving their bee culture. The old-fashioned 
gums are the very best invention which such bee¬ 
keepers could use, and they should never think of 
introducing any other on their premises. To be of 
service, the movable-comb hive must be used intelli¬ 
gently ru tuch —as the efficient means of practically 
executing what science and theory teach, and season 
or occasion requires. 
great danger also that this business of 
done by new beginners who 
The Season and Crops. — The weather of the past two 
weeks has been very favorable to the growing crops, and for 
farming operations, in this resrion. The few friends we fiee 
from the country—most farmers are too busy to leave—look 
smiling and speak favorably of their prospects. Onr reports 
from the West, both oral and written, are also quite enconrag 
ing—and our recent visitors and correspondence CoriJe from 
almost every Free State and Territory, the Border States and 
Canada. 
— A letter jnst received from Wabaunsee, Kansas, (dated 
June 8.) says The prospect of ahundant crops here is very 
flattering. With the frequent rains and warm sun, crops are 
doing their 1 best • A LI available space is being planted, and 
I presume Kansas will raise a third more this season than in 
any former one. Fall wheat will he ready for harvest in two 
weeks, and the yield will probably be large." 
Tnsfc of Garlic, in Milk. , 
In answer to a query in the Farmer and Gardener 
upon this subject, a correspondent says: — “ I do not 
know that I can prescribe the best method, but a very 
effectual remedy is found in saltpetre. Place a lump, 
from the size of a pea to a hickory nut, in the bucket 
before commencing to milk. The saltpetre will thus 
become thoroughly dissolved and diffused through 
the milk before straining. By a little experience, a 
careful milkmaid will be able to almost wholly I 
remove the taste of Garlic from her milk and butter. 
11 It is advisable, where it can be done, to remove 
the cows from the garlicky pasture five or six hours 
before milking. A large portion of the garlick will 
be expelled in the exhalations, consequently less 
saltpetre will be required, and there will be less 
danger of the latter being detected on the taste of 
the butter. When every thing is kept perfectly sweet, 
and clean, there need be no fear of the butter tasting 
old, if churned several days before it is destined for 
use, provided it be immediately well worked. In¬ 
deed, where it is necessary to use this salt as a correc¬ 
tive, the butter is improved by a week or two of age. 
“Saltpetre will, to a considerable extent, also 
remove the taste of bitter weeds, turnips, and rank 
clover from milk and butter. Whether it will inter¬ 
fere with ‘fine flavor* imparted to ‘Philadelphia 
June butter* by the sweet-scented vernal grass, I 
have no means of knowing; but this I do know, that 
I have often sold butter treated in the above manner 
to some of your city connoisseurs, who invariably 
praised its good qualities, especially for keeping free 
from rancidity.” 
Grooming a llorse. 
The benefits arising from proper grooming have 
often been placed before our readers, and we extract 
the following upon this subject from our co-laborer, 
the American Agriculturist: 
“ What do you give your horses to keep them in 
such fine condition?’’ asked a young farmer of his 
neighbor, whose team of bays were the pride of their 
owner, and the admiration of the village. “Oats, 
carrots, and plenty of brush," was the reply. There 
is little need of insisting on the necessity of good 
food, and plenty of it, to have a horse remain vigor¬ 
ous. Every one knows that hone, and sinew, and 
muscle, are manufactured from hay, oats, corn, Ac., 
and that the raw material must be supplied to pro¬ 
duce the strong limb, elastic step, noble spirit, which 
makes a fine horse the universal favorite he is. But 
the important part which the skin bears in the animal 
economy, and Ihe necessity of properly cleansing 
and keeping it in healthy condition, are not fully 
appreciated. Rough, staring coats, “grease” or 
“scratches,” inflammations, and a whole catalogue of 
But. there is 
dividing may be over 
have just learned to operate with facility and confi¬ 
dence. The ease with which colonies may thus be 
multiplied, leads them into temptation; and they go 
on dividing and subdividing, in season and out of 
season, till in the end they baye neither quotient nor 
remainder lei t. These acton the other extreme, but 
if they have good sense enough to perceive that the 
fault Is in themselves, and not in the system, they will 
speedily be cured of this propensity to grow rich too 
fast, and content themselveB in future with moderate 
and seasonalde, and therefore certain increase. Be¬ 
ginners Bhould ever bear io mind that they are still 
learners , and must calculate on having to pay a tuition 
fee, in some form or other, before they secure a 
diploma. 
If the weather continues fine and pasturage abund¬ 
ant, so that the beea can gather honey abundantly, 
they may goon be in want of storage room, and ac¬ 
cess to some of the surplus honey boxes should he 
given, even though there be still Borne vacant apace 
in the broodimr apartment of the hive. Bees are at 
compel those idlers who roam over their fields lor 
the purpose of killing the birds, to obey the laws. 
Chapter 394, section 13, of the Session Laws of 1860, 
reads as follows: 
“Any peraon who shall at any time enter upon any 
field in which cultivated trees, plants, vines, or crops 
are growing, or into any garden, with any firearms 
or other implements, for the purpose of bunting with¬ 
out the consent of the owner or occupant thereof 
being previously had and obtained, Bhall be deemed 
guilty of trespass, and upon conviction thereof shall 
pay a fine of ten dollars for the use of the poor of 
the county in which such conviction is had.” 
There is another consideration which should be 
mentioned before dismissing the subject. Think how 
cheerless the rural districts would become were the 
music of these charmiog songsters hushed. The 
softening influence of their warhlings upon this 
rugged life are beautifully described by Wktherkll 
in the following passage. 
“They do so much by their presence, and by their 
melodious and cheerful songs, to auimate the other¬ 
wise dull and lifeless scenery of earth. The voice of 
spring seems to be heralded forth iti the notes of 
these sweet songsters who chase away old Boreas in 
his, at times, rather reluctant retreat toward his 
home — the arctic region. What farmer’s toil is not 
rendered more cheerful and light by seeing and hear¬ 
ing the brilliantly plumaged flinging birdH. The 
thresher, sometimes called the planting bird, aits 
perched upon the top of some high tree near by, 
pouring out, as it would seem, his very soul in a full 
flowing, sweet and eloquent strain, as much superior 
to the notes of the canary as is his position to that 
of being made a prisoner with the latter. So of the 
warblers —the oriole, the robin and wood thrush, 
whose silvery notes fill the air.” 
It seems hardly possible that humanity can be so 
depraved aB to derive amusement from killing crea¬ 
tures as beautiful and innocent an the birds; hut the 
report of firearms in our fields and groves, and in 
the highways, even on the Sabbath, tell too plainly 
that such is the case. These “bird-murdering shot¬ 
guns ” and the wretches who use them, are deserv¬ 
edly hit off by Solon Robinson. In closing an able 
lecture on “The Uses and Abuses of Iron,” occurs 
the following: 
“Now, in an old settled country, like this around 
New York, the best possible use that iron can be put 
to in the form of a shot-gun, is to shoot every prowl¬ 
ing vagabond that comes upon your farm, blazing 
away at your birds, your’s as much as the trees they 
light upon—your’s as the turkeys, geese, ducks, 
chickens, doves, around your barn, for you bought 
them with the land — and none hut a villain too base 
to live will come upon your premises to destroy your 
most valuable fricndB, the birds. The use of iron for 
their destruction is the worst abuse It was ever put to 
on the farm. It is worse than using a wooden ohart 
and crank to a shackliog old grindstone, ora wooden 
trarnel to hold the dinner pot over a wood fire in a 
wooden chimney.” A Fact Hunter. 
Erie Co., N. Y. 
A Brief Reminder. —The friend* of the Rural will please 
bear in mind that the Second Half of its Twelfth Volume is 
to commence with July. Ail whose subscriptions expire at 
the close of this month will find the number (598) printed 
after their names. Trust they will take measures to continne 
the acquaintance, by renewing promptly; and also kindly 
make an effort to induce non-subscribers to take the Rural 
— persona who not only want a good practical paper, but one 
which combines much interesting reading for the family and 
the substance of all important War and other News Our 
aim is to adapt the paper to the wants of the people in these 
times, and the many flattering letters of approval we are 
receiving of late — speaking especially of the position taken 
and information given concerning the War — give assurance 
that subscribers are gratified with its course. May we not 
ask approving readers to make known their good opinions of 
the Rural to friends and neighbors at a time when new sub¬ 
scribers are in order? 
Laying out the ground and ilamimj.— auu 
rows should he staked seven feet by eight, or four by 
fourteen. The first named distance allows of culti- | 
vation with the plow and cultivator both ways, and 
is therefore usually adopted; the latter is the most 
economical where wires are to be used. T o stake the 
ground, procure a cord the length of the field; on it 
tie pieces of cloth at the proper distances apart 
(seven feet;) then, with two “measuring sticks” 
(eight feet,) you are prepared to place your hills, 
which is done by stretching the cord across the field 
and driving sticks eighteen inches long half their 
length in the ground at every piece of cloth. 
Every yard should have a margin of not less than 
twelve feet between the fence and outside row. Fre- 
pare the roots for planting by cutting them so that 
each piece shall contain two or three “joints;” plant 
from three to live pieces in a hill, first making a 
Biuall excavation around each alike; plant about ten 
hills of male hops to each acre used. The intermedi¬ 
ate ground may then be planted with potatoes or corn. 
Poling.— This must be done the next spring after 
planting. With an Iron bar, made for the purpose, 
nearly like the sharpened end of the pole, sink two 
holes about one foot apart at each hill; in them place 
poles not less than eighteen feet in length,' sUpihg 
out from the row, to avoid tangling at the tops, which 
occasions much trouble when picking. The poles 
should be set not less than sixteen inches in depth. 
To “wire a yard,” plant heavy “ stay poles,” twenty- 
five feet in length, at the end of each row, five feet 
deep; brace them with a wire extending from the 
top of the pole back to a short post placed fifteen 
feet from the foot of the “stay pole.” Through the 
top of the pole beat a small mortice: in this mortice, 
on the side of the pole opposite the yard, place a 
small grooved iron roller, a size larger than is used 
for hanging grindstones; one end of the gudgeon 
upon which the roller is placed must be square, so 
that a wrench can be used to strain the wires. Each 
wire requires small support poles at the diBtamee of 
150 feet, apart. Before the wires are strained, pieces 
of small, strong, tarred cord, two feet in length, are 
attached to the main wires by hooks, two for each 
hill. To these cords small twines (store) are attached. 
The wires are then strained and fastened; the twines 
must then he tied to small stakes driven into the 
several hills. 
The wire should be about the size of the common 
telegraph wire; for short distances a smaller wire 
would answer the purpose. One fault is noticed in 
“wire yards;” there being nothing to steady the 
vines, the winds give them a “seesaw” motion, 
which chafes and wears the vines where they come in 
contact, with the soil. On this account, where they 
can be procured, cedar poles are preferred to wires. 
Cultivation.— The firstsenson after planting, bops 
require only the ordinary cultivation of hoed crops. 
Every autumn each hill should receive at least two 
shovelfuls of manure. In the spring, after the poles 
Complimentary to our Western Aid. — We observe in 
several of our exchanges very complimentary notices of Mr. 
Cham. D. Bragdox —speaking highly of his ability, regretting 
hi* retirement from the Prairie Farmer , and hoping he 
would soon resume hi* connection with the Agricultural 
Press. As a specimen of what our contemporaries are eayioc 
of Mr. B., we quote this appreciative notice from The Journal 
of the N. Y. State Agricultural Society:— “Charles p. 
Braodo.v, one of the editors of the Prairie Farmer, an- 
nounes his retirement in the Farmer of May 2d. We hope 
to hear from him again in some similar position. lie ha* 
conducted the Prairie Farmer with great credit to himself, 
and to the satisfaction of the patrons of the paper.” 
_It may not be Improper to say, Just hero, that when we 
penned the notice of Mr. Bragdon's retirement from the P. 
F., (which appeared in the Rural of May 18,) we had no 
thought of the arrangement, since made, by which he be¬ 
comes Corresponding Editor of this journal. Hence in say. 
ing, “ We trust the agricultural public will not lose the 
benefit of his services, but that he will ere long resume hi* 
connection with the Rural Press,*’ we had not the most 
remote idea of *o soon (or over) becoming personally inter 
eated in the fulfillment of the aspiration then expressed. 
Saginaw Salt.—Two or three weeks ago we acknowledged 
the receipt of a sample of common salt, manufactured by a 
friend at Saginaw City, Mich., and spoke of it* good quality. 
Since then wc learn the manufacture of malthas been success¬ 
fully commenced. The Saginaw Valley Republican says:— 
‘•The Saginaw Salt Manufacturing Co. commenced boiling with 
one block of sixty kettles, and we have the satisfaction of an 
nouncing a perfect success. After many serious drawbacks, 
we hare finally triumphed. We have had the pleasure of 
assisting lu the manufacture of the first salt manufactured 
in Saginaw City. We have some of it before us, and it Is 
pronounced by competent judges, men who have made salt 
at Syracuse, to be superior to the best salt manufactured at 
that place. It is free from impurities— perfectly dry, and as 
white a* mow. From this time forward wo shall probably 
turn off fifty barrels per day. Our people feel like rejoicing, 
and well they may, From this time forward a new era will 
dawn upon the people of our city. Notwithstanding the 
serious effect the war will have upon all kindB of business 
yet by the aid of this magnificent salt Saginaw City will yet 
be saved. Hurrah 1" 
The X. Y City Hoksb Market.— The Tribune or the iota 
says it has never seen the Horse Market so dull In June as it 
is this year—It being almost as dull now as it usually is in the 
middle of August. Though June i» the month for the sale 
of high-priced carriage-horses, and fine siugle-driving and 
saddle-horses, the buyer* of such are non est, — while but 
little is doing in the line of work horses, and such ns are sold 
bring ten to fifteen per cent, less than a year ago. The 
average price of military horses is 4110, but the Tribune 
remarks that none it has seen are suitable for cavalry; “ they 
are generally too light, not over 9 cwt., which is 200 lbs- 
below the right standard." Many Canada horses are now in 
market, and more have been sold all through the Npitu.- 
trade than any other claw, the price ranging generally from 
f75 to 4125. The Tribune says, in conclusion:—“The proba¬ 
bility is, that the scarcity of numbers of horses now in 
market is in a great measure owing to the army demand, the 
agents of which are buying in the country in sections that 
usually send a good many horses to this market—that is, Penn¬ 
sylvania, Ohio, Iudiaua, and Illinois. The prospect is con- 
dull for the Autumn trade by some of the most 
IIow to Htrntn Howry. 
In tho Bubal, F. A., of New Haven, Con¬ 
necticut, inquires how to strain honey. When 
yon take the comb from the hive cut off all dry 
comb, cut up the balance in tin pans so as to break 
all the cells, and then put it in a coarse cloth, 
(an old cheese strainer is good.) hang it up in a mode¬ 
rately w*rD^i*'ace, lot not in the oven to bake, as one 
writer *lvs,- lei i» drain a few days, then ti^ke the 
comb and strainer, put into a pan ntn. •=«*“<-■ ^ 
wash it, and let it souk a day or two, then strain the 
comb again through the strainer into a pail. Let it 
stand a few days until it settles, then drain off care- 
folly and put into your vinegar barrel. It makes the 
best vinegar that is made. Take your comb, put into 
a kettle with water, and boil it, then squeeze it out 
through a coarse cloth into a tub of cold water, and 
when cold take off and put into a small kettle with 
water. Let it all melt, then 6et away to cool, and 
you will lose nothing. K - s - 
Wesleyville, Erie Co., Pa., 1861. 
be dried till it is as worthless as straw. As a good 
coffee-maker would say, • Don’t burn your coffee, but 
brown it;’ so we say, don’t dry your hay, but cure it. 
Our good old mothers, who relied on herb tea instead 
of ‘potecary medicine,’ gathered their herbs when in 
blossom, and cured them in the shade. This is the 
philosophy of making good hay. Cut in the bloB- 
som, aud euro jn the shade. The sugar of the plant, 
when it is in bloom, is in the stalk, ready to form the 
seeds. If tho plant is cut earlier, the sugar is not 
there; if later, the sugar has become converted to 
woody matter. 
Hay should be well wilted in the sun, hut cured in 
the cock. Better to be a little too green than too 
dry. If, on putting it into the barn, there is danger 
of ‘heating in the mow,’ put on some salt Cattle 
will like it none the less. 
Heat light, and dry winds, will soon take the 
starch and sugar, which constitute the goodness of 
hay, out of it; and with the addition of showers, 
render it almost worthless. Grass cured with the 
Hummer Management of Been. 
June usually furnishes the bees with most ample 
supplies of honey, and if the weather proves favora¬ 
ble to their labors, and the colonies arc strong and 
healthy, the hives will be rapidly replenished with 
stores. Early in the month the white clover, the 
linden and the locust trees come into bloBsom, and 
various other cultivated plants, as well as wild flow¬ 
ers, yield seemingly inexhaustible supplies. The 
days arc long, the nights are warm, and the active 
little laborers are thus incited to untiring exertion. 
In most districts swarming now begins, and the 
swarms now issuing are frequently more valuable 
even than those obtained in May, being stronger, and 
coming when pasturage is more abundant. 
Milk 
Cows Leaking Their 
A correspondent of the Prairie Farmer says, 
that where cows lose their milk by leaking, the evil 
may he remedied by applying a small quantity of 
collodion to the end of the teat immediately after 
milking, 
ing or 
sidered very 
reliable men in the street. 
. This will at once form a thin tough cover- 
skin, which will prevent the leakage, and 
which may readily he removed before milking again. 
The collodion may be purchased for a trifle at any 
druggist’s. _ 
India It libber Water-Proof Varnish. 
A writer in the Scientific American says:—“I 
have used a solution of India rubber and turpentine 
for about twenty years, as a water-proof varnish for 
my boots and shoes. I make the application before 
the blacking is put on, or else remove the blacking 
by water. When the leather is moist 1 take the solu¬ 
tion of India rubber, and apply it with a rag, taking 
care to rub it in; then 1 put the boot in a moderately 
warm place until the whole is absorbed. The pro¬ 
cess is repeated twice, or until the pores of the 
leather are filled, when the surplus is wiped off. In 
a few days afterward blacking may be put on, and 
the leather will polish well. By this method of 
treating my hoots I make them not only water-tight, 
but also much more durable, and the leather is always 
kept soft and pliable. I treat every pair of new 
boots in the manner described, and effect a consider¬ 
able annual saving thereby.” 
Wisconsin State Fair. —We are in receipt of the Regain 
tioas and Premium List for the 11th Annual Exhibition 
tho Wisconsin State Ag. Society, which is to be held at Mas¬ 
son, Sept. 23 — 27. The premiums offered are generally 
liberal, and well designed to encourage the several branch** 
of industry, lu some departments, the premiums have beea 
largely increased — such as those on Stock Animals, Farm 
Machinery and Implements, Farms, Ac. It is annonnce.1 
that the Wis. Fruit Growers' Association will make a most 
magnificent show of Fruits, and the lectures and discussion* 
which proved so valuable last year, will again occupy the 
evenings of the Fair week With such arrangements »* 
have been made, we see no reason why the Society should 
not have a good exhibition, and such it must prove, if the 
right spirit prevails among the people of the State. 
now demanded, u ms Dees are in common mvc*, \ 
and the stocks are populous, they will require watch¬ 
ing daily from about nine o'clock in the morning 
till after three o'clock in the afternoon, unlesp he 
concludes to drive out a swarm from each that is in 
a suitable condition for such uu operation—thus 
saving time, avoiding protracted anxiety, and obvia¬ 
ting risk of loss from the escape of swarms. Hives 
for the accommodation of young stocks should be 
previously provided, and every needful arrangement 
made in advance for the prompt and proper disposal 
of natural or artificial swanns. All this is the more 
important, when the apiarian has in charge a large 
number of stocks, in good condition, and many of 
which are likely to be ready to swarm at nearly the 
same time. 
Driving should rarely be undertaken until the colo¬ 
nies are strong, and the bees cluster out over night, 
but when that is the case, it may be resorted to with 
decided advantage. It may now also be usually 
adopted in the case of colonies in common hives 
which have much old comb or an old queen. A 
young and fertile queen should be substituted for the 
old one in the driven swarm; and in about three weeks, 
becoming less numerous. It is to be hoped that the 
judicious laws for the preservation of birds, passed 
by the Legislature of New York will, in some degree, 
check their general destruction; but they will be of 
little avail unless onr agricultural and horticultural 
friends can be made to understand that the birds are 
their almost indispensable co-laborers and friends. 
Men are apt to destroy the eggs and nests of the little 
songsters, who have selected their currant bushes or 
fruit trees as a place for the propagation of their 
species, having an eye on the few currants and cher¬ 
ries the birds will claim for their services, but wholly 
overlooking the benefits which would be derived 
from the destruction of countless thousands of insects 
destructive to vegetation. 
Wilson, the celebrated Ornithologist, makes a 
computation that each red winged black bird devours 
fifty grubs daily; so that a single pair would con¬ 
sume monthly more than three thousand of these 
destructive worms. Some birds are almost entirely 
insectivorous, never feeding upon grain or fruit; and 
even the robin—which the farmer looks so enviously 
gnquiwis ana SVtmwrs 
The Illinois State Fair.— Executive Committee of the 
Illinois Slate Ag. Society, at a recent meeting iu Chicago, 
re-resolved to hold their Annual Exhibition there, believing 
it as essential to the agricultural interests of the country 
-. Indeed, the season promises to be at 
to render a Fair necessary to afford relax 
and excitemeDt incident to the disturbed 
Although other States (Western) 
• m the 
i voting against 
“ Sucker ” Festival. They 
Wolf Tektil— For a number of years I have practiced 
knocking them out with a punch and hammer. It very sel¬ 
dom fails, if done in time. If the eye continues sore, some 
honey put in the eye by turning up the lid and robbing it on, 
is good.—B. S.. Wesbyeille, Erie Co.. Penn., 1861. 
Fred fop Horses in Spring.— For feeding horses in spring, 
there is nothing better than oats, only give them enough. 
As for the amount of plowing, I cannot tell. If he has a 
good team, a good season, begins early, and plows late, he 
can plow considerable, if not more.— C. B. C., Mace don, 
Wayne Co ■, IV. 1'., 1861. 
Cough in Horses.— I saw an inquiry in the Rural by H. 
G. K., of Michigan, for a remedy Tor coughs in horses. I 
have used hornets’ nests, picked, or cut flue, mixed in warm 
mashes, and given, and have found it to relieve horses that 
are troubled with coughs. I gather in the fall all I can And. 
I generally keep from ten to twelve horses. I sometimes use 
wasps' neBts when 1 cannot get the other.— SampBlVad- 
HAMS, Plymouth, Luzerne Co., Penn., 1861. 
this year as any other, 
such a character as 
atiou from the toi I 
condition of the country. 
have resolved to forego their exhibitions this year, 
Executive Board were entirely unanimous in 
omitting, this year, the usual 
voted right, too!_ 
Mutton as an Article of Food.—T he American Agr 
turist says: —“We mean to repeats thousand times, c 
least till what we say has some effect upon our countrymen, 
that a pound of lean, tender, jnicy mutton, can be produced 
for half the cost of the same quantity of pork; that it is 
infinitely healthier food, especially in the summer season, 
and those who eat become more muscular, and can do more 
work with greater ease to themselves than those who eat t<“ 
pork. We know nothing more delicious than smoked mutton 
hams, of the South-Hown breed of sheep. Venison itself is 
not superior.”_ _ 
Agricultural Products of Iowa.— Wm. Daane Wilson, 
Secretary of the Agricultural College of Iowa, has made a 
estimate’of the agricultural products of that Otate for in L 
from which we learn that there is one-fourth more wuesi 
sown this year than last; of corn, one-Uftb, and of nog-,. 
Bots in Horses. 
The editor of the Indiana Farmer says he pub¬ 
lishes a recipe for the third time, by special request 
of those who have used it with perfect success. It is 
as follows:—“ Take a tablespoonful, a little heaped, 
of alum, and the same quantity of copperas, pulverize 
them line, and put them into a pint of viuegar. Pour 
it down the horse’s throat. It will generally afford 
relief in five or ten minutes. In 1831 I had a horse 
badly afflicted for three days with hots—lying down, (>BlApk „ Sl - LPnrK ._ 
rolling, refusing to eat, biting his sides, and giving g re t pa ge, is an article uj 
all similar proofs of hots. 1 tried turpentine, beef which recommends “b 
wine, sweetened warm milk, and many other pre- out ^ue desired article. 
Jerusalem Artichokes.—A correspondent or tne ‘ rair : 
Farmer thinks these may be profitably raised for stock' “ 
thinks 2,000 bushels may be raised to the acre. u 15 ? • I 
that bids defiance to flood drouth, or frost. Can , be 
the fall or spring, aa may be most convenient, and is reusue 
most prodigiously by the cattle aud hogs. 
