unless the Northern armies meet with 
great and repeated reverses. If wo 
meet these reverses, which cun result 
only from the grossest mismanage¬ 
ment, the effect will he loss of confi¬ 
dence, general depression in prices 
and considerable bankruptcy. I do 
not pretend to bo wiser than others, 
. j but I have lived long, through “ wars 
* / and rumors of wars,” in more than 
one nation, and know their effects. 
jj-A But, hard times will come, with heavy 
taxes and a general depression of 
trade, and extremely low prices for 
produce, and that will bo when this 
war is ended, when there is no 
further demand for wool and hides 
to clothe, and produce to feed onr vast armies, and 
when the men now engaged in upholding the honor 
of the American llag shall return to their homes to 
compete with 11 s in the usual pursuits of life. Then, 
when, in addition to tin’s, the largo debts now con¬ 
tracted will have to be paid, or the interest provided 
for, wo may look for hard times in earnest. Then 
we shall have to think about economy, and practice 
it, too. 
But, economy is a strange word for this eonntry. 
Americans have not begun to learn the meaning of 
the word, although I am informed it is properly 
explained in Weusthu’s large dictionary. This may 
be so, yet I must contend that although the word is 
in almost everybody's mouth, wo have not begun to 
learn the meaning of the term. The fast young man 
who spends enough in livery horses, cigars, and 
oyster suppers to support a large family, will talk as 
glibly of economy as the miser, and perhaps imagines 
he is exceedingly economical because he manages to 
live on a salary less than that of the President of tho 
United States. 
The fact is, the people of this country have no 
idea of economy. Look at our dress. Tho men, of 
course, all say the women are extravagant in this; 
but are not men equally so? No one thinks himself 
dressed now, unless he is enfolded in black broad¬ 
cloth, the most expensive, and the most unsuitable 
that could possibly he procured for the ordinary 
wearer. A company of American gentlemen, with 
any pretensions to dress, look like a congregation 
of clergymen, or a company of mourners for departed 
friends or virtues. 
In onr housekeeping we know nothing of true 
economy, and yet economy is a watchword in almost 
every house. Beefsteak and white bread, butter and 
potatoes, make up the bulk of the ordinary fare of 
most families from one year to another. But the 
housewife is seized with a streak of economy, and it 
is announced at tho table, if nut put lathe papers, 
that economy Is to be tho rule. Well, economy is 
tried. No butter, or sugar, or meat, or coffee is to 
bo allowed. Something, of coarse, is selected as 
“contraband” that will bo the most, missed. This 
is endured for a while; everybody is rendered un¬ 
comfortable, and soon, to the gratification of all, 
it is agreed that economy is a humbug, and things 
settle down into tho old track. This plainly shows 
the word is not understood. But, let a French wo¬ 
man, who knows the meaning of the term, take 
charge of the housekeeping, and not one word will 
be heard of economy; every one will praise tho 
glorious living, the rich and delicious yet name¬ 
less dishes that so please the palate, and which 
all agree must be exceedingly costly, while the 
truth is, the economy dodge is being practiced by 
the housekeeper, who keeps her own secrets, and 
her money too. 
I hope American housekeepers will think of this, 
and when they wish to economize in family expenses, 
say nothing about it, but by a little ingenuity and 
calculation, and a little extra labor, make every one 
believe they are living better than ever before, while 
they are saving one-half their ordinary expenses. 
Just how this is to be done perhaps I cannot tell you, 
but I know every good French housekeeper could. 
And with a little thought, I am satisfied every intelli¬ 
gent Yankee can do the same. I have long been of 
the conviction that we might save one-half of our 
living expenses; and if so, this is certainly the time 
for a beginning. 
Farmers talk a great deal about economy. I know 
one who will go three miles out of liis way, over a bad 
road, to save a few cents at the toll gate. Another, 
who is so economical of blacksmith’s expenses, that, 
instead of getting a tire set at the right time, will 
make it do a week or two longer, and some dark 
night may be found groping his way home with three 
wheels and a rail to his wagon, while a horse or two 
are unable to leave the stable on account, of lameness 
resulting from a misunderstanding of the word econ¬ 
omy, as applied to shoeing horses. Many a man is 
so economical in the matter of boards for barns, 
stables and sheds, that he builds them every year of 
corn and hay. These may be considered strange 
building materials, but what I state is true. If an 
animal is exposed to the storms and colds of winter, 
it will take one-half of the food it consumes to keep 
it as warm as it would be naturally in a good com¬ 
fortable stable; the other half will just keep it 
along. Bo the half of the grain and hay is used for 
j making a stable, expensive building materials, but 
l this is the economy of some. It is not tho economy, 
however, that I would recommend, nor that which 
I will pay heavy war expenses. Old Fakmbr. 
I Monroe Co., Nov., 1861. 
thi3 buck, have been bred to the THorme bucks 
before spoken of, and the get of the one have now 
heen put to the other. Now the descendents of the 
two Tiiornr bucks will be put to tho English bucks 
sent hither by the Prince of Wales, both of which 
are line animals. 
Tho South-Downs are bred here for market pur¬ 
poses. Being close to market, it is easy to get a 
good price for them—much easier to get $3 per head 
for South-Down lambs than $2 for French Merino 
lambs, which stock ho has, and is now crossing 
with Spanish Merinos. lie haB recently purchased, 
through the agency of Bawhpokd Howard, of Bos¬ 
ton, a Spanish Merino buck, from Campbell's flock, 
of Westminster, Vt., which he is using on his French 
ewes. His object is to get a hardier sheep, and a 
better carcass, without affecting the quality of the 
wool. He wants a sheep that matures earlier than 
the French, and lambs at which butchers will not 
laugh or scowl, when they go into market. He is 
getting an improved stock of sheep for this climate 
and his purposes, but the writer questions whether 
the ubo of the South-Down bucks on the French ewes 
would not secure a still better stock for an early 
market. Capt. James N. Brown, of Sangamon Co., 
is breeding in this manner with very satisfactory 
results; ami he exhibited some excellent carcasses at 
the State Fair. More of .this hereafter, however. 
It is plain from what we saw and heard, that Mr. 
W. does not think very highly of the French, for this 
climate at least. 
Cattle at the summit. 
, find here a her J*>f nearly three hundred head, 
‘■^Ip^-streaked and s^ejkled,” the result of crossing 
thoV.itfilriwKd. bulls, both Durham and Devons, on 
all sorSoT native cows. The object In breeding in 
this manner, is to get a large ^took in a short time 
tbs* will feed npon lii- -P** d prairie ranges, tread 
out tho wild prairie grasses, and tread in tho clover, 
timothy and red top. It costs little to keep this 
stock, and when ready for the butcher, advantage is 
taken of nearness to market to send them In at the 
right time. 
But let It not be supposed that Mr. W. has no herds 
of thorough bred cattle. His Devon herd consists of 
about a dozen herd-book females, not counting 
calves. He is now usiug his Devon bull “ Chibiabos” 
(387,) who was sired by “ May Buy” (71,) (now owned 
by (J. D. Bent, of Iowa City, Iowa,) and bred by Mr. 
Wainwkiuiit. He has some of Patterson's stock 
also, and a line herd of pure Devon catveH. 
Ilia Short-born herd consists of about, twenty-five 
females (herd-book animals.) Ilia first purchases 
were made of Dennis Kelley and Isaac Hemming- 
ton, of Philadelphia, whose stock was from Vaile’s 
early importations—white hair and yellow skin 
stock. The bulls that have been used “ Balco” 
(Dill8,) Imported by Col. Morris; “Duke of Cluster” 
(11382,) imported by same; “Romeo” (13619,) and he 
is now using “Chicago Duke” (3753,) bred by U. 
Atchinkon Alexander, from his famous bull “ Duko 
of Andrie” (12730.) 
He baa recently added to his herd two cows 
imported by tho Illinois Stock Importing Association 
in 1857. “Constance,” bred by Edward Bowi.ev, 
of Cirencester, England, and got by “Bnow Btorm” 
(12119;) and “Coquette," bred by tho same party, 
and got by “ Economist” (11426.) These were the 
only cows imported by the Association, and were 
purchased by the late Cko. Barnett, of Will Co., at 
the public sale of the animals on their arrival hero. 
We are sorry to say that tae young cow "Jubilee,” 
by “Albion,” son of the imported “ Crand Turk,” is 
sick, having heen ill since she calved. Bhe was 
p rehased from Alexander, of Keutucky, by Mr. W. 
I have been thus minute in my notes of this farm 
and stock, because as I travel through the country I 
am frequently asked, “ What of * Long .John’s’ farm 
and Btock? Has he got some good stock? Is he a 
good farmer?”— and all that. It iB simply to supply 
a demand, and to gratify the curiosity of such as 
know him as a politician, and have heard of him as 
a farmer. 
One thing. There is no effort at fancy farming — 
no follies which follow the efforts of the man who 
does a great deal and spends a great deal of money 
without knowing why. It is the design here, as soon 
as the farm is in condition, to keep nothing but the 
best stock, and to breed pure stock. Everything is 
planned and shaped with this object. 
Another thing. The man who visits the Summit, 
expecting to find stock highly kept, loaded with 
flesh, bnrthened with the results of high-feeding, will 
be disappointed. Mr. Wentworth says he cannot 
feed high if he would. As soon as his best animals 
(l speak particularly of his Short-horns,) begin to 
more than thrive, they die with the “ black leg.” He 
has lost some of his best «tock in this way, and 
believes it is peculiar to the locality. It may be; bat 
there are herdsmen malicious enough to assert that 
if cattle are properly fed they will fatten, and yet 
incur no risk thereby. Without doubt Mr. W, would 
be glad to leurn of such wiseacres, and would be 
willing to pay for the knowledge. His stock is 
thrifty and healthy now. None of it looks gross; all 
of it looks well. He is well posted in stock matters, 
especially as to the character of the different herds. 
He has both the English and American Herd-Books, 
and is a skillful detective of the paper pedigrees 
which are vended with scrub stock through the 
country by itinerant stock peddlers. Btock men 
may learn something by talking with him, and he is 
eager to learn. 
the new settlements. The operation is cruel and 
unprofitable, and should be numbered among a host 
of foolish practices, like general spring bleeding, that 
have been abandoned by alt reasonable people. Of 
course air is necessary for all animals, and exercise 
especially, for those designed for labor, but animals 
intended for the butcher are none the better for much 
hardening, as all meat-eaters will agree. 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
AN ORIGINAL WREKLT 
AGRICULTURAL, LITERARY AND FAMILY JOURNAL. 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
With an Able Corns of Assistants and Contributors, 
CHA3. D. BRAG DON. Western Corresponding Editor, 
WESTERN EDITORIAL NOTES 
Thb Rural New-Yorker is designed to be unsurpassed in 
Value, Purity. Usefulness and Variety of Contents, and unique 
and beautiful in Appearance. Its Conductor devotes his per¬ 
sonal stu-ntiuu to iIr* supervision of it* various departments, 
and earnestly labors to render tlie Rural an eminently 
Reliable Guide ou all tho Important Practical. Scientific and 
other Bnhjpcts intimately connpctpd with tho tonsinees of those 
whose interests it zealously advocates. As n Pamu.it Journal 
it la eminently ItiRtructivo and Entertaining —being so con 
ducted that it can be safely taken to tbe Hearts and Home* of 
people of intelligence, 'ante and discrimination. It embraces 
more Agricultural, Horticultural. Scientific, Educational. 
Literary and News Hatter, interspersed with appropriate and 
beautiful Engravings, than any other journal.- rendering 
it the moit complete AowOULrt kal, LitKmaky and Family 
Newspaper in America. 
“ LONG JOHN ” AND HIS FARM. 
SW1NF, AT THE RDM MIT. 
Mr. Wentworth breeds swine largely. He has 
over twenty-five Suffolk sows from which he breeds 
constantly, and keeps three boars alt tbo time —nil 
different strains of blood. This matter of breeding 
swine Is made a study — a subject of constant discus¬ 
sion between ilia Lengthincss and bis herdsman 
"Henry.” He Is now breeding to lengthen his 
Suffolks and secure more hair on them. He Is breed¬ 
ing in this manner because there is a demand in 
the West, here, for this kind of stock. They are 
believed to be hardier. He is succeeding in getting 
a longer-bodied Suffolk, with more hair and a 
heavier shoulder. He has one bog which lie calls 
“ Shoulders,” that, Is a model in many respects. He 
says that he sella ten short Sntt'olks where he sells 
one long one. They are sold tUO'oss on the coarser 
stock of the country, but if a man is going lo breed 
Snffolks exclusively, he would advillfe the choice of 
the long-bodied class. Mr. W.’s stock of SuffolkS 
arc principally from Morris’ importation, crossed 
on animals from three different importations by 
Stioknky. 
Mr. W. says, with reference to the objection made 
to the Suffolks, that they are liable to become mangy, 
that if good clean pasture and shelter is k lvn them 
and they are let alone, they will take caro of them¬ 
selves. As soon as they are better known, this 
objection will not be made against them. He 
recommends as a remedy, the application of sulphur 
and grease as soon as it is discovered. 
DOGS AT THE SUMMIT. 
The reader will remember that the old Dutchman 
proposed that the dogs of the respective parties 
should guard that range line. Mr. W. did not like 
the curs his neighbor used, hut selected what, ho calls 
the Newfoundland Farm Dog,— smaller than the real 
Newfoundland, and resembles more, in general ap¬ 
pearance, the Shepherd dog, and may bo a cross of 
the Newfoundland and high bred English Shepherd 
dog. They do not suffer from the heat here as does 
the large Newfoundland. Mr. W. says they do very 
well as a fence, for it is one of their characteristics 
to know their master’s property and defend it. They 
seem to know where the property belongs, and give 
the alarm at night whenever anything is transpiring 
out of the usual course of things, whether with the 
stock or persons. If tho latter travel the road and 
go about their own business, there is no alarm made— 
no barking at a stranger until he sets foot an the 
premises. They have a wonderful affection for little 
children, and watch over and protect them under all 
circumstances. 
The writer hereof has no affection for dogs of any 
kind; but if people must keep them — if they will 
have them—he urges that those that are civil and 
useful be obtained. 
horses at the summit. 
Horses receive hut little attention, from the fact 
that all sorts of teamsters are employed to drive 
them. The main object has been to select mares of 
such a hardy constitution that Mr. Paddy, however 
much he may be influenced by “the ardent,” cannot, 
kill with hard work, lie now works and breeds from 
about twenty-five mares. The horses are selected 
with a view to breeding off the coarseness of these 
mares. He has now a stock of about, forty colts, that 
in due time will make serviceable and salable 
animals. He is this year breeding from a large bay 
horse, sixteen hands high, of Messenger ancestry, 
said to have been a prize animal at the New York 
State Fair, (some time ago,) and at the Illinois State 
Fair in 1855. This horse is owned by Ex-Mayor 
Gurnee, of Chicago, and is noted for getting 
matched carriage horses, his stock being invariably 
blood bay, with “arched necks” and other fancy "get 
up” qualities and characteristics. 
Mr. W. has hat little tliorougli-bred stock of this 
kind a single marc, Kentucky bred, and her colts 
comprising said stock. He is breecing the mare to 
“Col. Buford,” an excellent anirnai, owned by H. H. 
Yates, of Chicago. 
SHEEP AT THE SUMMIT. 
South-Downs —Mr. W.’s flock of South-Downs 
consists of about one hundred ewes (counting lambs) 
and the two bucks, “Renfrew” and “Newcastle,” 
which were sent him from England by tbe Prince 
of Wales. He has two other fine bucks which he 
purchased at the New York Stale Fair in 1858—prize 
animals then — both by Thorne's imported buck, 
“No. 112,” out of ewes sold to Mr. Thorne by Col. 
Jonas Webs, of Babraham, England, who may be 
considered the father of improved South-Downs, and 
who we regret to say lias retired from the business of 
breeder. 
Mr. Wentworth’s flock of Soutb-Down3 now con¬ 
sists of two crosses. The first buck was purchased 
of Col. Morris, out of his early imported “Young 
York” stock. The ewes resulting from the use of 
INQUIRIES AND NOTES 
Htnble 8heep Rack. 
Eds. Rural New-Yorker:—I n yonr Inst issue, we were 
favored with several plans for movable racks; as I feed my 
stock under cover in winter, will you please give a plan for a 
sheep rack suitable for my use.— SnarnuRD. Ontario Co., N. 
Y., 1801. 
We give, in response to the above, a plan for a 
rack, under cover, fastened to the building, furnished 
by 8. W. Jewett. It is in common use in Europe, 
particularly in Franco. Mr. J. says: “ \ use them 
altogether now, and consider them superior to all 
others which T have Been. They are built similar to 
the common horse-rack and manger. The trough in 
HACKETT.ALBV 
PATENT WIND-MILL AND PUMP, 
Our engraving represents a Wind-Mill and Pump, 
invented some years ago by E. W. Mills, of Onon¬ 
daga county, subsequently patented, and now 
manufactured by Messrs. E. W. Mills A Co., of 
Skancatolcs, N. Y. We first saw it at tho Onondaga 
Co. Fair, in 1869; were much pleased with Its opera 
tion, and in our report of tho Fair (boo Rural of 
Oct. 1, 1859,) remarkedA sclf-regnlating wind¬ 
mill, operating a pump, worked admirably, and 
attracted much attention. It was invented and man¬ 
ufactured by quit© a young man—E. W. Mills, of 
Amber—and can be furnished at a cost of $25.” 
Siucc our introductory notice, tbo invention lilts 
been perfected, and met with considerable favor,— 
experience having demonstrated its value aud 
utility, -and we. are glad to learn it has proved a 
decided success. It was awarded the first premium 
at the two last Fairs of our State Agricultural Society. 
In our report of the State Fair at Elmira, a year ago, 
wo spoko of this mill, which was exhibited in opera¬ 
tion, as “a very complete and cheap affair for pump¬ 
ing and other purposes. Tt is self-regulating, very 
effective, and furnished with a pump complete.” 
In describing this invention the manufacturers 
say:—“The mill regulates its own sail to tho wind— 
can bo stopped by the handle seen in tbe cut,, which 
turns the sails edgewise. The mill is nearly all iron. 
The pump used is a force; is placed in the bottom 
of (lie well and operated by the two small rods seen, 
which balance each other, thereby running in lighter 
winds than it would with a single one. The price 
of the Mill and Dump represented in the engraving 
is fifty dollars—with smaller pump, forty dollars. 
Large mills, for sawing, grinding, Ac., are made to 
order.” 
— A late number of the Irish Country Gentleman, 
Dublin, contains the following mention, by a cor¬ 
respondent, of this wind-mill as exhibited at the 
recent State Fair in Watertown:—“At a late Agri¬ 
cultural Show in New York (Watertown,) wiud-mills, 
or engines, so called in America, attracted the 
observation of farmers and those requiring labor- 
saving machines. They are wholly of iron, light 
sheets being used instead of canvas, to drive them, 
and sold at the low price of $40 or £8 ; can be 
attached to any building or pole; save the engineer 
and fuel of a steam engine; can saw, thrush, drain, 
raise water, cut straw, and do any work about a 
farm. The price increases according to the power.” 
Tho last number of the N. Y. State Ag. Society's 
Journal, speaking of these mills, says “there have 
been many inquiries for them since tho Fair,” and 
adds—“They are furnished at $10 and upwards, and 
are the very best of the windmills we have seen, 
and must soou come into general use on the Western 
prairies, and on the smaller farms throughout our 
State and the East.” 
front is to catch the hay that may drop from the rack, 
and for feeding grain. It stands two feet high, and 
is seven iuehes wide on tho bottom. Tho slats, or 
uprights, are ot good oak timber, two inches wide, 
three-fourths of an inch thick, and tweuty-six inches 
long. They stand three inches apart in the rack. No 
hay is wasted in this manner, and the wool is not 
worn off the head and neck of the sheep.” 
Cure of Htock In Winter. 
Eds, Rural New-Yorker: —We hear much said in favor 
of giving stock good care, warm stables, Ac., during the 
winter; but by doing so, especially with the young, are we 
not rendering them tender, delicate in constitution, subject 
to disease from slight causes, unable to endure hardships, or 
extended and fatlgnlng labor!’ This, it seems to me, is an 
important question, and one that should receive attention.— 
W. B, F,, Gosport, King. Co., A r . Y., 1861. 
It is possible to bring up animals in such a 
manner as to make them tender, as suggested by a 
correspondent, just as it i3 possible for the gardener 
to give his plants nnder hot-house culture a rapid, 
tender growth, that will make them unfit for out-door 
culture, until they have been “hardened off,” by a 
gradual change of temperature. This, however, is 
an error that wu are not likely to commit, at least for 
some time to come. Our common fault is on the 
other side, and the cases where the young slock of 
American farmers suffer from over-tenderness, we 
judge, are rare in the extreme. The young hold life 
by a very slender tenure. The care and watchfulness 
of proper guardians are always necessary to save the 
children, and even then death makes sad havoc 
among the little ones. Tbe danger lessens as age 
increases. The gardener knows full well that it is 
the young plants that need his care and nursing, 
while those of mature age can battle with the storms 
unaided. The good book represents the Shepherd 
as carrying the tired lambs in his arms; but we think 
some farmers we wot of would have pursued a course 
far lesB tender, and our correspondent, had be beheld 
the oriental shepherd with the lamb in his bosom, 
might have suggested that this was an ennervating 
process, calculated to weaken the limbs and result in 
future evil. 
Good judgment is absolutely necessary in the case 
of yonng animals, and this will teach that the tender 
musoles, the soft bones, are not capable of enduring 
cold aud hardships without suffering and danger, 
while the demand for nourishing food to fill up aud 
enlarge the body is exceedingly great. Experiments 
at toughening at this time are very dangerous. It is 
better to wait until the body iB well-formed, strong, 
with plenty of vitality*, and then if ‘hardening is 
necessary let it he done gradually. But, we hope the 
day is past when it will be necessary to toughen 
our animals to endure the rigors of tin American 
winter without shelter, as was common years ago, iu 
WAR AND ECONOMY, 
Eds, Rural New-Yorker: — As you were kind 
enough to publish my last article on tho war, the 
usual effects of war on trade and agriculture, and the 
probable effects here, I send you another on a some¬ 
what kindred subject. As I predicted, trade has 
revived, and times are better. This I knew would 
be the resnlt as soon as we got over tho first shock. 
Times will continue to improve as long as tbe war is 
carried on with its present giguntic proportions, 
TWO DOIjLARS A YELAJR,.) 
“PROGRESS AND IMPROVEMENT.” 
[SINGLE 1STO. UPOUIt CENT’S. 
YOL. XU. NO. 47.! 
ROCHESTER. N. Y.-FOR THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 23, 1861. 
1 WHOLE NO. 619. 
II Lansing 
