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Written for Moore’s Rural New-Yorker. 
LETTER TO A YOUNG TEACHER. 
BY FRANCES E. WILLARD. 
Dear John: —And so the young Collegian 
lays liis lionors at the feet of Pedagogia—god¬ 
dess of the blaclc-board and the birch! I 
delight In his decision. They who call it unam¬ 
bitious never felt a thrill of true ambition iu 
their mercenary souls. But I will not go into 
heroics—a thousand knights of quill and plat¬ 
form arc before iue in the matter. You arc 
complimentary enough to ask for some sugges¬ 
tions as to method. Let rae recommend you 
for detailed instruction to the writings of Bar¬ 
nard, No i :t hen n and Page. The gist of inv 
own experience can be given in few words. 
Very likely you will enter upon the heritage 
of some well-meaning soul who, having been in 
a sort of torpor all his days has superinduced a 
sort of torpor among his pupils. (Superin¬ 
duced, I soy, for 19th century children of 
the United States are naturally wide awake.) 
Your lipst business will be to exercise with 
much energy and persistency the understandings 
of the young folks with whom you have to do. 
Spare not for their crying. Nay, I should not 
so have written, for they will not cry. Be in 
earnest, youself, and they will he in earnest 
also. Mumps, measles and enthusiasm are 
about equally contagious. Rouse iu the minds 
of your pupils the lateut love of truth for 
its own saered sake. Teach them that the 
only object iu life is to grow. Make them im¬ 
perious iu their demand for the reasons of 
things. Tell them they are to he philosophers ; 
they are to feel the divine thirst for knowledge; 
they are 
“ To bear thro’ snow aud Ice 
The banner with a strange device 
Excelsior." 
if ever 
“ The heights by great men reached and kept” 
are theirs. 
To be specific: — Talk to them of those who, 
'in all ages, have battled for the truth —who, 
“in weariness often, in pain aud trial often,” 
have never been faint-hearted. Depict the lives 
of Hiss and Luther, Wallace and Cromwell. 
Talk of inventions, and of those marvelous, 
patient, mysterious men who arc inventors. 
Make them familiar with the history of Watt, 
Guttembekg aud Fulton and Morse aud Ste¬ 
phenson, and inspire the healthy sentiments of 
gratitude and reverence toward sneh as these. 
Your pupils should be taught the rudimentary 
truths of all the natural scieuces. Surprise 
them with the declaration that men have 
weighed the stars and ascertained their dis¬ 
tances ; point out constellations and tell who 
gave them names; ask why stars twinkle; why 
water freezes; what makes the wind blow; why 
a balloon goes up in the air; w hy a stone falls to 
the ground, Patronize, extensively, the science 
of common things. 
To maker children opeu their eyes is au 
achievement not to be despised. Descriptions 
of the Menai Bridge; the London Tunnel; the 
Great Eastern Steamship, will have this effect. 
Baron Munchausen and Hans Anderson 
could do it as effectually, no doubt, but it 
wouldn't pay iu the latter ease: while, in the 
former, it yields larger revenue; for, once 
enlarged to grasp these unaccustomed truths, 
the childish mind will not again content itself 
within old limits, but will venture on journeys 
of discovery itself. Once in a while read to your 
children from some book of travels. (I say 
“your” of set purpose, understand. If, for the 
time, you do not feel that yon have property in 
them—peculiar interest aud regard, you cannot 
take their hearts—and thence their intellects— 
by storm.) Read of countries over the sea; ol' 
the vineyards of France — the peaks of Swit¬ 
zerland and the gorgeous beauties of Ihe East. 
Tell the stories of words ala Richard Chkuevix 
Trench, and glean pleasant information from 
his book on “ English Proverbs!” Such words 
In conclusion, make this apparent, that you 
do not regard your children as mere machines 
to grind out a certain amount of intellectual 
grain withiu a specified time; nor as mere ves¬ 
sels to be filled as full as possible aud in great 
haste, nor yet. as the visible sign of certain 
invisible “greenbacks” to come into your 
possession in due season, but as fellow students 
with you of the problems of this marvelous 
world whom you, being stronger and further on 
than they, turn back to guide, with kindness in 
your heart and on your tongue. 
And thus, in a pleasant, interested way, put¬ 
ting a premium upon inquisitiveness, rousing 
thought and ambition, you may be the one 
teacher to them, always, whom they shall grate¬ 
fully remember and acknowledge when future 
years shall have witnessed the results of your 
influence upon their lives. 
Evanston, Ill., Feb. 15,1865, 
METHODS FOR COMPUTING INTEREST. 
J. H. Goldsmith, principal of the Detroit 
Business College, gives the following methods for 
computing interest at any rate per cent, for any 
length of time, as follows: 
ltule—reduce the years and months to months, 
to half the months annex one-sixth of the days, 
multiply that number by one sixth the principal, 
that will give the interest at one per cent., which 
multiplied by any rate per cent, you wish will 
give you the interest iu mills. Example—inter¬ 
est, on $13 at seven per cent, for otv year, eight 
months and twenty-four days, half the months 
with one sixth the days annexed, KM, multiplied 
by one-sixth the principal (2) equals SOS multi¬ 
plied by seven (rate per cent.) equals $1.45-6. 
Second method—$12 divided by three equals 
four, one-fourth the months with one-twelfth 
the days annexed is fifty-two, multiplied by one- 
third the principle (4) equals 207, multiplied by 
seven equals $1.45-6. 
MAJOR-GENERAL PHILIP H. SHERIDAN. 
MAJOR-GEN. PHILIP H. SHERIDAN. 
Our readers will need no introduction to this 
dashing and successful Union General. Let 
them turn to page 412, last volume of Rural, 
and read “Sheridan’s Ride,” by Thomas Bu¬ 
chanan Read, if they want to graft their admi¬ 
ration, and enthusiastic regard for Phil. Sheri¬ 
dan, anew. 
The Fowlers, in their Phrenological Journal, 
thus talk of him professionallyAnd what 
do we see in the organization of this gentleman? 
This: A suugly built, compact, and hardy physi¬ 
cal system, and a well-proportioned brain. 
The chest is full, and the lungs, heart, and 
other internal organs sufficient for the elabo¬ 
ration of vitality with which to supply an active, 
wide-awake, and vigorous mind. 
“ His is a healthful organization; aud his pur¬ 
suits of late have been such as to develop his 
powers of endurance, as well as to quicken and 
intensify his mental operations. 
“ There is no adipose matter in this tempera¬ 
ment ; it is luirly mixed. The nervous, sanguine, 
aud bilious predominate, with only enough of 
the lymphatic to lubricate the whole. Nor is 
there any marked disproportion in the phreno¬ 
logical developments. The bruin is high from 
the ear to the top, and sufficiently broad at the 
base, and loug from Individuality to the occiput. 
There is, therefore, a high degree of ambition, 
stability, moral sense, and trust; together with 
great executlvencss and tenacity of purpose, 
with only Cautiousness enough to give prudence 
without fear or timidity. 
“ There is sufficient Self-Esteem to give assur¬ 
ance and self-reliance, and sufficient intellect to 
give practical common sense. That he is decid¬ 
edly prompt aud plucky, is evinced by both bis 
phrenology and his physiognomy. 
“The eyes are set well apart, and are promi¬ 
nent aud expressive. The nose is long, full, and 
pointed, with no beef about it. The upper lip, 
long and full. The chiu, long and prominent, 
as “eautulize,” “cereal,” ” panic ” and "jovial,” the jaws strong and massive more so than is 
will Introduce mythology very naturally and in represented in our engraving—aud the neck 
such a way that the subject will excite unusual rather short and large. The hair fine, hut wiry 
interest. Then bring your stories of the Golden ant l tough. 
Fleece — the Trojan War add quarrels among “ The perceptive faculties, as a class, are large, 
the gods. Of what use is your classic lore and so arc the refleetives. Causality, Cornpar- 
unless it contribute to somebody's advancement isou, Mirthfulness, Constructiveuess, Form, Size, 
in happiuessa or knowledge? Make mention of Weight, Order, Individuality, and Calculation 
the false religious that have lead mankind astray; aro 11 " large. 
of Mahomet, of Brama, of Juggernaut, and 
the Druidic faith. Contrasting these with 
Christianity, you may teach the highest of all 
lessons and the sum of all. 
Tilx your ingenuity for novelties to keep the 
interest always fresh. Appoint one boy and 
one girl, every day, to write a question on the 
hoard — in a place set apart for the purpose— 
which you will answer the following morning. 
Occasionally offer inducements to your pupils to 
tell you “something that you didn't know 
before.” This will delight them greatly. The 
very idea that they can enlighten eueli an ora¬ 
cle as you have proved yourself to be, cannot 
fail to act as a rare incentive to their minds. 
“ As a soldier, ho would do his work quickly 
and thoroughly—leaving uo stone unturned to 
accomplish a desired object. If he is not the 
most scrupulous of men, neither is he cruel or 
vindictive. Outlie contrary,he Is kindly disposed, 
no is also confident and self-relying, respectful 
and affectionate. As a surgeon, he would do 
his work thoroughly and quickly, notwithstand¬ 
ing the groans of liis patient. Lie has no vin¬ 
dictiveness nor malice, but Is governed in bis 
action by his best judgment, sanctioned by his 
moral sense, as to what is right and expedient. 
He is eminently a man for an emergency. 
“ Acquisitiveness is not large, and he may not 
fully appreciate the true value of property, but 
Tako the newspaper to school some morning; 110 would never keep the shilling so near the eye 
read and remark upon some portion of it, just 
alter devotions—before recitations begin. Ques¬ 
tion the children upon current events—cultivate 
in them a taste for the newspaper and magazine. 
But I must not illustrate my Idea further. 
You get i*, I am sure! Do you think to dash 
my enthusiasm by the query; — How about the 
weightier matters of Arithmetic, Grammar, 
Geography, Spelling and “suchlike?” 
I am ready with an answer. Attend to them 
by all means, Give them their rightful place as 
the leading occupation of your pupils. But 
even here, break up the dull routine by unex¬ 
pected methods. Upon these, I have not time to 
dwell. 
but what he might see the dollar beyond. 
“ Had he been educated for either of the 
learned professions, law would have been the 
first choice, or the most appropriate; surgery 
aud medicine the second; theology the third. 
But ho would have made an admirable naviga¬ 
tor or explorer, a good railroad or business man, 
and is adapted to the life of a pioneer. 
“ lie will probably rise highest aud shine 
brightest in the calling iu which he is now en¬ 
gaged. His organization and temperament are 
something like those of General Grant, and we 
aro uot surprised that he should have bocu select¬ 
ed by that officer for the station he now fills. 
He will not disappoint his friends or the people; 
while his opponents will give him credit for 
being true to his trust, aud for doing his work 
thoroughly and well.” 
Benjamin F. Taylor, correspondent of the 
Chicago Journal, who was with him in the cam¬ 
paigns in the West, and at Mission Ridge, thus 
photographs him as ho saw him at Washington: , 
“ I had the pleasure, yesterday, of taking Gen¬ 
eral Sheridan—little Phil.—by the hand, whom 
1 had not seen since the morning after he went , 
up Mission Ridge. He looks as brown as a nut 
aud as tough as a hickory, and not a degree of 
Fahrenheit cooler than he looked w hen he was 
hobnobbing with Bragg’s battery, and they let 
fly at him the whole six guns, showering him 
with earth. But uo matter for that, he had made 
his record and the rascals were only sanding it. 
There is no waste timber about Sheridan, not 
much of him, physically, but snugly put to¬ 
gether. A square face, a warm, black eye, a 
pleasant smile, a reach of under jaw, showing 
that ‘when he will, he will, you may depend 
on’t;' black liair, trimmed round like a garden- 
border ; no Hyperion curl about him any more 
than there was about Cromwell's troopers; and 
altogether impressing yy,. L the truth that 
there is about as much kneTzy packed away in 
about the smallest space fiat you ever saw iu 
your life. Men ranging dow n from medium size 
to little, with exceptions enough to prove the 
rule, seem to carry the day among the heroes. 
Moses was someth;!’ s of a general, hut no Fal- 
staff; Alexander the Great and Peter the Great 
were little; Cromwell was no giant, and as for 
Nepoleon—w r hy, what was he but ‘ the little Cor¬ 
poral ? * Sheridan is a capital executive officer; 
perhaps he would be hardly equal to planning a 
great campaign; but, Jehu! wouldn’t he drive 
it! With a good piece of his head behind his 
cars, and hardly reverence enough for a man¬ 
darin, he is not afraid of the face of ciay. As 
chief of cavalry, he is indeed chief amoug ten 
thousand. Pleasant-voiced, mild-mannered, uot 
given to long yarns, you would hardly suspect 
ho is a thunderbolt in a charge, and an emphatic 
human syllable all over.” 
Geu. Sheridan was born of Irish parentage in 
Perry county, Ohio, in 1881. He was appointed 
to a Cadetship at West Point in 1S4S, and grad¬ 
uated there in June, 1853. In the same year he 
was appointed Brevet Second Lieutenant in the 
1 st United States Infantry, and ordered to Fort 
Duncan, Texas, where he remained two years. 
Iu 1855 ho was promoted to a Second Lieuton- 
antcy in the 4th United State- Infantry. In July, 
1855, he went to California and was appointed 
to the command of the escort of Lieut, Wil¬ 
liamson, engaged iu surveying a route for a 
proposed branch of the Pacific Railroad from 
San Francisco to the Columbia River, Oregon. 
Iu September, 1855, he was assigned to the com¬ 
mand of a body of dragoons sent against the 
Takinut Indians, in an engagement with whom, 
April 28, 1856, he distinguished himself. Iu 
May, 1850, he was in command of the Indian 
Reservation on the Coast of Range Mountains. 
In 1857 he received the compliments of General- 
in-Chief Scott for adjusting a difficulty with 
the Coquillo Indians. Iu March, 1801, ho was 
promoted to a Captaincy in the 13th United 
States Infantry, from which position he advanced, 
until in June, 1862, he became commander of the 
2d Brigade of the Cavalry Division, Army of the 
Mississippi. Iu October, 1862, he was assigned 
the command of the 11th Division of the Army 
of the Ohio, was with Buell and Rosecrans iu 
the West, commanded a division at the battle 
of Stoue River, and on recommendation of 
Rosecrans was made a Major-General Dec. 31, 
1862. With his record since that time our 
readers are. familiar. 
Jesus. —The name of Jesus is not only light, 
but also food; it is likewise oil, without which 
all the food of the soul is dry; it is salt, uusea- 
soued by which, whatever is presented to us is 
insipid; it is lioucy in the mouth, melody in the 
ear, joy iu the heart, medicine to the soul; and 
there are uo charms in any discourse iu which 
his name is not heard. 
CHOICE OF COLOR IN DRESS. 
M, Chevruel, the Government Superintend¬ 
ent of the dyeing department of the great 
Parisian manufactory of the celebrated Gobelin 
tapestries, has recently delivered a series of lec¬ 
tures at Paris on complexions and colors, full of 
valuable, hints to our ladies. We quote:—” The 
pink of the complexion is brought out by a 
green setting in dress or bonnet; and any lady 
who has a fair complexion that admits of having its 
rose tint a little heightened, may make effective 
use of the green color, but it should be a deli¬ 
cate green, since it is of importance to preserve 
harmony of tone. When there is in the thee a 
tint of orauge mixed with brown, a brick red 
hue will re-ult from the use of green; if any 
green at all be used in such a case, it should bo 
dark. But for the orange complexion of a bru¬ 
nette, there is no color superior to yellow. This 
imparts violets to a fair skin, and injures its 
effect. A skin more yellow than orange has its 
yellow neutralized by the suggestion of the com¬ 
plement, and a dull white effect imparted. The I 
orange skin, however, has its yellow neutralized, I 
and the red left; so that the freshness of com¬ 
plexion is increased in dark-haired beauties. 
Blue imparts orange, which enriches white com¬ 
plexions and light flesh tints; it also, of course, 
improves the yellow hair of blondes. Blue, 
therefore, is the standard color for a brunette. 
But the brunette who has already too much 
orange in her face, must avoid setting iu blue. 
Orange suits nobody. It whitens a brunette, 
but that is scarcely a desirable effect, and it is 
j ugly. Red, tinless when it is of a dark, to iu- 
as, ravenous for prey, he ventured nearer the 
Saxon huts, and prowled abont the door-way o 
the habitation of man. Dismal and dangerous 
were the paths then traversed by the lonely way¬ 
farer, for towns and villages lay long and'wide 
apart, and there were but few roads, excepting 
the long, straight, but monotonous highways 
made by the Romans, or the broken and [un¬ 
certain bridle paths which wound along the 
dangerous and precipitons banks of the rivers, or 
at beet, in later times, the narrow ways traversed 
by the ancient merchants with their trains of 
pack-horses, who went carefully picking their 
way through the storms and snow and darkness 
ef winter. Even now iu the vast wolds of York¬ 
shire, and over the wild broad marshes of Lin¬ 
colnshire, there exists many a miry anddagerous 
cross-road, where even a traveler well acquainted 
with the country Is, in winter, in momentary 
danger of foundering. 
SMOKE FOR THE CURE OF WOUNDS. 
I 
— 
A Correspondent of the Country Gentleman 
recommends smoke as a cure for [wounds in 
men and animals. Ho says:—“I cut my foot 
with an ax. The lady of the house, seizing the 
foot while it teas yet bleeding freely, held it over 
a pan containing smoking tag-locks. In a few 
minutes the bleeding stopped, the smoke was 
removed and a bandage applied to protect it 
from accidental blows. The wound never sup¬ 
purated, and consequently never pained me. 
I have seen the remedy tried in many similar 
eases, and always with the same result. Let the 
reader bear in mind that no liniment or salve, 
drawing or healing, should;be applied. You 
have merely to smoke the wound well and na¬ 
ture will do the rest. I suppose the smoke of 
burning wood would produce the same results, 
but it would not be so manageable. There is 
a principle in the smoko of wool, which, when 
applied to the flesh, coagulates the albumen, 
thns rendering it unsusceptible of purtrefaction. 
The same principle stops bleeding by coagulat¬ 
ing the blood. It promotes healing, and maybe 
applied with decided benefit to all ulcers, wounds 
and cutaneous diseases.” 
JUNIUS DISCOVERED. 
For many years it has been a mooted questiou 
as to who was the author of the famous “Junius” 
letters. At one time it appeared to be generally 
conceded that Sir Philip Francis was the author. 
It is now said that uieont rovertible proofs exist 
that the author was Rev. Dr. James Wilmot, 
who is said to have been a convivial divine, but a 
ripe scholar and an able man. His niece, the 
celebrated Olivia Wilmot Serres, many years ago 
published a volume, in which she contended 
that the Doctor’s claim to the authorship was 
established; and the late Mr. Beekford of Font- 
hill, is said to have given his opinion that Wil¬ 
mot was Junius. Among the latter proofs of his 
identity with Junius are said to be some letters 
of Lord Chatham. 
®!i? fUrimm’. 
& 
The Culture op the Observing Faculties in the 
Family and the School, or things about home; ar.d 
how to make them, instructive to the young. By 
Warren Burton. New York: Harper <s Bros.55*5 
An important subject about which to write! And 
this little book seems to contain much practical good 
sense on this subject—suggestions which will greatly 
beuefit every teacher and parent] who may read them; 
and yield still greater benefit ;to pupils and children if 
teachers and parents put in practice the suggestions 
herein given. We have often thought that the best 
crease the effect of whiteness by eoutrast of years of children's lives are tho worst wasted by the 
tone, is rarely suitable in auy close neighbor¬ 
hood to a lady's skin. Rose red destroys the 
freshuess of a good complexion; it suggests 
green. 
MURDEROUS WEAPON. 
The New York papers state that the thieves . „ ,, 
and highwaymen who infest their thoroughfares Beecher, D. D. 
have lately iutrdueed a new aud murderous 5.^ 
weapon from England, called the sand bag, the. . , . 
use ol wlneh is almost certain to produce instant This con£aiu6 a llm 
death. It is ascribed as follows: seated mhis library. 
“ It is made of strong cauvas, iu the shape of rea( j second vol 
a club, about twenty inches long, and from six interesting, giving 
to eight inches in cireumferaucc. This bag or time as seen from a 
club is tilled with closely packed fine sand, and we shall probably lei 
weighs from live to ten pounds, and has great looked in these later 
advantage over the ordinary elub or bludgeon, ?ana0 standpoint. 
brass knuckles or slung-shot. It w ill not rebound l “ 8 ^markable fan 
^ , tho interest of the 
after a blow is struck, and it is said leaves no d 
mark or bruise. When the victim is struck on — 
the top of the head, and there is where the sand Woodward’s Coun- 
elub is directed, ho instantly sinks to the pave- w°Wooodwaxd,'’3 
incut with out a struggle, the result of eoneus- TiI09B of our rcA d 
siouto the braiu, and not even a bruise, which of this kind, will ho 
any ordinary blunt instrumeut makes, is to be an <j suggestions con 
discovered on the scalp of the victim after the ami will prove to be 
sand dub has preformed its fearful mission. A building in the con 
few of these instruments have already been found denars , Farmers at 
in the possession of desperate charcters, and Church, Summer, St 
their use and history confessed to the police. Houses : t 0 S 0,h ) r " 
A victim otone of the sand clubs might be |, f0nBaUooI1 Frami 
found dead iu the street the next morning, and _ 
no doubt the verdict of a coroner’s jury would 
be “cause of death unknown,” or “died of Pamphlhtsai.. 
, Report of the Mona; 
apoplexy._^_ tjga 0 f tho State of 1 
A. E Conger before 
ENGLAND IN SAXON TIMES. 5 , 1 ^.— 3 . Catalo 
- Horticulture for sule 
What a picture of the wild and fearful winters - 1 . Copy of Act i < 
of ancient times is presented in the name our &c., from lion. Ear. 
Saxon ancestors gave to January, which they report from the Reg 
called Wolf-mouth, on account of the ravages the People s Collect 
made by that annual at this dreary and desolate ^ainner a Co., M 
season ot tho year! ihen our island abounded itg ffrowth :1U 
with huge morasses, swampy wastes, lonely future excellent en< 
moors, and vast tracts of dreary forest-laud, aud valuable to ail w 
over these snowy solitudes, iu the dark mid cane.-6. From l 
uights of winter, the howl of the wolf was heard, to the Jlunicipalist. 
Pamphlets, Ac., Received.—!. Sixteenth Annual 
Report of the Managers of the Western House of Ref¬ 
uge of the State of New York.-2. Address of Hon. 
A. B Conuer before the Queens Co. Ag. Society, Oct. 
0,1864.-3. Catalogue of Books on Agriculture ami 
Horticulture for sale. b> Wm. Wood & Co., New York, 
-1. Copy of Act to establish the Cornell University. 
&c., from Hon. Ezra Cornell; also from the same a 
report from the Regents of the University relative to 
the People's College-, Havana. N. Y.-5. From E, W. 
Sic inner a Co., Madison, Wis.. their sorgo Hand¬ 
book embracing a Treatise on the Northern Sugar 
Plant, its growth aud manufacture. This firm manu¬ 
facture excellent sugar cane mills, aud this little book 
is valuable to ail who may desire to cultivate sugar 
cane.-6. From Applkton & Co., N. Y., Addenda 
practice of shutting them up in school-rooms, to learn 
words and abstract ideas without any effort on the 
part of the teacher to associate them with the objects 
in life with which they belong, and to which they 
should be applied. If this book render the reader of 
it more thoughtful ou this subject, it will have done 
great good For sale by D. M. Dewey - . 
«♦ ■ 
Autobiography-, Correspondence, etc., of Lyman 
Beecher, D. D. Edited by Charles Beeches. 
With Illustrations. In two volumes. New York: 
Harper & Brothers. 
We have before us VoL 9 of jthis Autobiograpy. 
This contains a fine steel portrait of Dr. Beecher, 
seated iu his library. We have as yet been unable to 
read this second volume. The first was exceedingly 
interesting, giving ns glimpses of life in the eariy 
time as seen from a theological standpoint. In this 
we shall probably learn how this *• progressive” world 
looked m these later days, to the same eyes from the 
same standpoint. No one who knows anything of 
this remarkable family of Beechers will doubt that 
tho interest of the first volume is sustained in the 
second. 
- . » » 
Woodward's Country Homes. By Geo. E. & F. W. 
Woodward, Architects. New York: Geo. E. & F. 
W. Wooodward, 37 Park Row. 
Those of our readers who have asked ns for a work 
of this kind, will be pleased with this one. The plans 
and suggestions contained in this book are practical, 
and will prove to be aids, at least, to those who are 
building in the country. Designs of Laborers’, Gar¬ 
deners', Farmers’ and Suburban Cottages. 0: a Rural 
Church, Summer, Stable and Carriage, lee and School 
Houses, together with plans and elevations of more 
pretentious residences, a Chapter on Gates and anoth¬ 
er on Balloon Frames, are embraced in this book. 
--- , ryr 
