puTliGRi culture 
MOORE’S RURAL HEW- YORKER, 
AN OKIGESAL WEEKLY 
RURAL, LITERARY AND RAHILY NEWSPAPER, 
make their appearance. The second advantage 
is, that it forma the sod and grass into a manure, 
and applies it as a top-dressing, while, of course, 
it is richer if the grass has been fed off or plowed 
under, than if it has been cut and carted away 
as hay. 
As a general thing, sowing a meadow to 
wheat is not likely to be successful, nor can it 
be recommended. If it is attempted, the plow¬ 
ing is apt to be deferred till late. The harvest 
will linger until August, and a drouth may make 
the ground difficult to plow. Then it cannot 
justly be considered a good rotation. Corn or 
potatoes follow grass more naturally after one 
plowing; for while they are growing, the ground 
can be cultivated and the grass subdued. Spring 
grains follow bandlly after corn, and draw rich 
nourishment from the decayed eod. And thus 
the ground is lighter from its previous cultiva¬ 
tion than if It had remained under a sod, and one 
plowing is sufficient, with the aid of good after¬ 
cultivation, to fit it well for sowing. 
If one has a field that is not convenient to 
plant, but which it is desirable to plow and 
raise a crop or two before re-seeding, a crop of 
barley and then one of wheat may be taken from 
it to advantage. Plow it now as soon as possi¬ 
ble, and drag it well. Use a gang-plow on it in 
the spring, and then put in the barley. If the 
season be not too dry it will do well. If, on the 
contrary, a drouth prevails, the undecayed sod 
—MIX.. - J -,_l— , . .V - r If xrMl he 
nearly equal to a summer fallow for wheat. One 
plowing will bring the thoroughly rotted sod to 
the surface. On hills, especially such as are 
not convenient to plant, this course might he 
substituted for summer fallowing, when it is 
desirable to re-seed the land with grass. 
This is to certify that every lad should be put 
into the hands of an adept in the particular 
business or branch of business to bo learned, 
and carefully Instructed in all the moves aad 
motions required, and every faulty way cor¬ 
rected, and not left to himself till he has been 
confirmed in the best possible style of doing 
things. 
In the first place we need more that are com¬ 
petent to instruct. We want “ professors ” in 
hoeing, and chopping, and mowing, and plow¬ 
ing, and shearing sheep. <fcc.. who shall excel 
mankind in those departments as much as Jenny 
Lind excels in singing, or Grant in making war, 
or Morphy in playing chess; and then we want 
these professors to magnify their office, and talk 
and write about it, aud give themselves to teach¬ 
ing, while we honor them as we do Plato and 
Dr. Franklin. 
Hurrah for somebody that can show us a 
better way to saw with a cross-cut saw, and the 
best possible posture and process in forking 
manure and pitching hay! We often use the 
wrong muscles, and our attitudes are univer¬ 
sally bad. Parents, guardians and employers 
are negligent or utterly Indifferent about giving 
instruction. The hoy is turned into the field 
and told to go to work, the only concern being 
that he does as much or half as much as a man. 
It is a shame and a disgrace. Let him he put 
under competent teach rs, and drilled as care¬ 
fully aud critically as ^ iy music teacher or 
dancing master orLi) ’.4^ pxipils* and u pv»ciuav 
more so; and in tl 7et every worker 
bring his mind- l * ^-t judgment aud most 
critical attention—to r ar upon his business. 
ram ” bred by Mr. Hammond ; hut as none of 
the ram3 of this get were subsequently used by 
him, the cross produced no effect of any conse¬ 
quence on the body of the flock. 
What, then, is the present blood of the Rich 
flock ? Down to 1842 it was exclusively pure 
Paular. After that period, a limited proportion 
of its ewes were half of Paular and half of Jar¬ 
vis blood — but the Jarvis blood itself was half 
Paular,* so that these cross-bred ewes were 
three-quarter Paulars. The “Old Robinson 
ram” was, as will appear from the foregoing 
statement of his pedigree, exactly half Infantado 
(Atwood;) eighteen sixty-fourths Paular (Rich,) 
and fourteen sixty-fourths Jarvis, or crediting, 
as we should dc, half of the Jarvis to the Paular 
blood, he was half Infantado, twenty-five sixty- 
fourths Paular, and seven sixty-fourths Jarvis 
blood,other than Paular. Consequently his get 
on pure Panlar ewes would be eighty nine one 
hundred and twenty-eighths Paular, thirty-two 
one hundred and twenty-eighths Infantado, and 
seven one hundred and twenty-eighths Jarvis 
blood other than Paular. Putting a ram of this 
fast cross (L e. a son of the “ Old Robinson ram” 
by a Paular ewe) also *.o a Paular ewe, the pro¬ 
duce would be two hundred and seventeen two 
hundred and fifty-sixths Paular, thirty-two 
two hundred and fifty-sixths Infantado, aud 
seven two hundred and fifty - sixths -Jarvis 
other than Paular, or nearly seven-eighths Pau¬ 
lar, one-eighth Infantado, and one thirty-second 
of those Merino families besides Paulars which 
Mr. Jarvis bred together. 
These figures indicate less ratter than more 
' Ihan the average proportion of Paular Wood 
in the Rich flock, because its proprietors ithe 
late John T. Rich and his sons,) have bred more 
from grandsons (Paulars in the natural line,) than 
from sons of the “Old Robinson ram;” and 
moreover pure Paular rams were used in the 
flock, to a greater or less extent, contempora¬ 
neously with those containing the Infantado 
cross, for several generations after the introduc¬ 
tion of the latter. In determining the average 
proportion of Paular blood, the two last named 
circumstances far outweigh the one, not attend¬ 
ed to in the above computations, that J. T. Rich 
used a full-blood Jarvis ram in his flock in 
1842 and 1843. But coupled with ewes in the 
mode practiced in those days, the produce of 
ewe lambs got by a single ram would have borne 
but a small proportion to a flock then number¬ 
ing about 500. The rams of this Jarvis eross 
were not, as already stated, used in the flock; 
and the ewes were, to a considerable extent, 
weeded out, because, though they exhibited an 
improvement in respect to fineness and evenness 
of fleece, they did not (as we stated in Fine 
Wool Husbandry,) exhibit an improvement in 
other particulars. They were a little taller in 
proportion to weight, less compact, and lighter 
colored than Rich’s old Paular stock, thus devi¬ 
ating from his standard in points which he con¬ 
sidered important. The most exceptionable 
specimens were soon put away, and when it was 
subsequently found that the Infantado cross 
which we have described the origin of, improved 
the fleece about equally, without producing 
other disadvantageous effects, the weeding out 
of the Jarvis cross breeds of 18t2 and 1S4S was 
carried to a much greater extent. This was 
doue without any reference to blood — in many 
cases very possibly without any knowledge of 
the individual bloodf—merely because these 
sheep did not come as near the standard arrived 
at in the flock as did others. This principle of 
selection is practiced by all flock-masters. 
But, for the sake of the argument, let us sup¬ 
pose that all these half Jarvis ewes, say one- 
fifth of the entire flock, remained iu it when the 
Infantado cross took place. Their dams being 
Paulars, and their Jarvis sire a halt Paular, their 
own blood was three-quarters Paular, and one 
quarter of Jarvis blood other than Paular. 
Coupling such ewes with a son ot the “ Old 
Robinson ram” by a Paular ewe — which we 
have stated would not possess more Paular 
* In a letter addressed to ns. Dec. Vi. lS-ll. (pub¬ 
lished in Transactions of N. Y. State Agl. Society 
that year, p(*. 340-349.) Mr. Jarvis speaking of his im¬ 
ported sheep sal s: "Those I reserved for myself were 
composed ot about half Paulars. a quarter Aquerrirs, 
and the other onrth of Escurials, Negroni? and Mon- 
tarcos which I subsequently in'xcrt ’bgeiher " In his 
letter to L. D. Gregory. Jan. 31 1344. re-pubbshed in 
(All van v Cultivator 1844, p tVrt, he makes :he same 
statement with an additional detail or r« >, but leaves- 
<ui? the word "about" before the words "half Pan- 
law.” We have a copy of a cort'flca'e oi pedigree 
lying before ns. given ny him in a sale of two ewe-, 
Aug. 8s 1342, in which, tie descr :>cs hie flock tin*: — 
“ Sj Paular, ^ Mures or Aqnerri.es, 3-16 Escuriai and 
1-lti Negretti, bred together.’ 
t We have already staled, that the preservation of 
individual pedigrees'in Merino flocks, beyond those of 
a few favorite animals, is a new thing in "this country. 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE 
To Correspondents.— Mr. Randall’s address is 
Cortland Village, Cortland Co., N. Y. All communi¬ 
cations intended for this Department, and all inquiries 
relating to sheep, should be addressed to him as above. 
HENRY S. RANDALL, LL, D., 
Editor of the Department of Bheep Husbandry. 
SPECIAL CONTRIBUTORS i 
P. BARRY, C. DEWET, LL, D., 
H. T. BROOKS, L. B. IiAXGWORTHY, 
T. C. FBTERS, EDWARD WEBSTER. 
Tub Rural New-Yobeeb Is designed to he unsur¬ 
passed in Value, Purity, and Variety of Contents, and 
unique and beautiful in Appearance. Its Conductor 
devotes bis personal attention to the. supervision of Us 
various departments, and earnestly labors to render the 
Rural an eminently Reliable Guide on all the Important 
Practical, Scientific and other Subjects Intimately con¬ 
nected with the business of those whose interests it 
zealously advocates. As a Family Journal It Is emi¬ 
nently Instructive and Entertaining—being so conducted 
that it can be safely taken to the Homes of people of 
intelligence, taste and discrimination. It embraces more 
Horticultural, Scientific, Educational, Literary and News 
Matter, Interspersed with appropriate Engravings, than 
any other Journal,—rendering it far the most complete 
AOKICULTt'ttAL, LXTEBABY AND Family NEWSPAPER 
in America. 
THE TERM PAULAS AND INFANTADO, 
[third paper.] 
Having previously brought down the pedigree 
of the American family of Paulars to the year 
1S44, we now resume their historyirom that date. 
We have seen that in 1S44 John T. Rich de¬ 
clared, in a published statement, that he had 
preserved the Panlar flock bought by his father 
and Bedell of Andrew Cock of Long Island, 
pun down to the time of writing, and that it 
then comprised more than five hundred sheep. 
He added: — ' 1 Some of the flock have been 
recently crossed by bucks of the importation 
of Consul Jarvis.” 
The ram with which this recent cross was 
made, was selected from Mr. Jarvis’ flock in 
1842, by Hon. M. W. C. Wright, who acted for 
his friend Rich, then ill. This Jarvis ram 
served a portion of the flock in in 1842 and 
1843. * Rams of his get were not used by Ricn. 
To give a .ownct of Mr. Ricn’e lafao- 
tado cross, we must enter upon a series of details 
which will prove tedious to all but thorough¬ 
going “pedigree men;” but the facts are the 
more necessary in the present inquiry, as the 
same cross was made, and through the same 
animals, by most of the leading holders of Paulars 
in Vermont 
In 1844, Judge Wright bought, at the N. Y. 
State Fair at Poughkeepsie, a ram bred and 
owned by Stephen Atwood of Conn., and of 
his pure Humphreys or Infantado blood. Mr. 
Hammond and ourselves were present at the 
purchase. Judge W. sold the “Atwood ram,” 
as this animal was called, to Prosper Elitharp 
of Bridport, and Loyal C. Remelee of Shore- 
ham. The “Atwood ram” got the “Elitharp 
ram ” out of a ewe bred by Mr. Remei.be, and 
sold by him to Mr. Elitharp. This ewe 
was got by Judge Wrights’s “Black Hawk” 
out of a pure Jarvis ewe purchased by Mr. 
Remelee of Mr. Jarvi 9 . “Black Hawk” was 
got by “Fortune” out of a pure Jarvis ewe 
purchased by Judge W. of Mr. Jarvis. “For¬ 
tune” was bred by Tyler Stickney, aud got 
by “Consul” out of a pure Paular (Rich) ewe. 
“Consul” was a pure Jarvis ram purchased by 
Stickney of Mr. Jarvis. M 
the “Elitharp ram,” then a li 
1845, to Erastus Robinson. 
ram” got the “ 
PLOWING MEADOWS FOR WHEAT. 
Will it pay to plow up a meadow, either old 
or new, at this time of year, after the crop of 
grass has been taken from it, and sow it with 
wheat ? 
It might be answered that good crops of wheat 
have beat raised in this way,—and it might be 
urged, likewise, that following grass with grain 
is a good rotation—and If the plowing be done 
soon enough to let the grass roots die and decay 
before the time of seeding, it, is just as good a 
preparation of soil as would be made after a 
spring grain. In order to succeed with the 
crop, it is absolutely neceseary that the sod be 
turned uuder very early. It should be all fin¬ 
ished by the last days of July, and during the 
time that intervenes between that period and 
sowing, the surface must be thoroughly worked 
and top-dressed. It should be remembered that 
the grass roots must be killed or they will grow 
thickly In the wheat, and the crop may be more 
valuable for its timothy seed than for grain. 
There Is no doubt that a yonng clover and timo¬ 
thy sod may be well turned over, directly alter 
mowing, and by thorough harrowing and liberal 
top-dressing, a decent yield of grain may be 
looked for. But an o hi sod, one of Bine grass, 
Jnne grass, white clover, or Canada thistles, 
had better be let alone — reserved for corn or a 
regular summer fallow. 
We have sometimes 6een mistakes made in 
managing the summer fallow that resulted in 
the production of more grass than grain. Iu 
one instance the field was plowed shallow- 
in July, and then plowed again in Septem¬ 
ber, but the sod was not dead, and being 
brought to the top, of course the grass grew 
along with tho wheat. Two plowing* are 
enough for a summer fallow’, and If done in the 
proper time and way, they will bring it to good 
condition. The first should be early in the sum¬ 
mer and well done. Plow as carefully ami deep 
as fora corn crop; then cultivate no matter how 
much — kill the weeds aud smother the sod. If 
thistles come up cultivate them out. A sharp 
cutting gang-plow Is oue of tho best implements 
we know of. The mold-board and point being 
made wholly of steel and kept sharp, will shave 
off the thistles and weeds nicely and bnry them 
out. of sight. About the first of September is 
time enough to plow again. The plow should 
be run deeper than before, no matter how deep; 
the decayed sod brought to tho top, together 
with some of the subsoil. When this is well 
harrowed and mixed, it forms a rich seed bod. 
The decayed sod is equal to a eout,— in fact It is 
a coat of manure. It is just where it should be 
to best promote the growth of the wheat—on 
or near the surface. 
The summer fallow has, at least, two advant¬ 
ages over the method of plowing after mowing. 
One is—and that should be one of the main 
objects in summer fallowing,—it gives an excel¬ 
lent opportunity to destroy thistles aud weeds, 
'illere is nothing like it for that. It beats the 
hoe hi ease aud rapidity, and is likuwise surer. 
If a lot ol thistles show their heads, the farmer 
has a fair chance at them. There is no crop in 
the way. With his team and cultivator he can 
rapidly uproot and cover them, as often as they 
PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
The general neglect of physical training is 
among the strangest of strange things. The 
utter absence of any plan, provision or arrange¬ 
ment for teaching boys or girls how’ to work, when 
work is at the bottom of all material interests, is 
the real wonder of the world. Painful as the truth 
is, there is no donbt but a very large per cent of 
all human physical efforts are thrown away by not 
knowing “how to do it." This amounts to a loss 
of nntold millions in productive returns, and a 
waste of time more precious than all the gold of 
Australia. Human strength, which ought to be 
developed and preserved with assiduous care, 
ami applied with the soundest discretion to the 
great objects and necessities of human life, is 
thus, to a large extent, utterly wasted. 
We can Judge, in some measnre, of the magni¬ 
tude of thl6 loss by observing the difference 
betw een skilled and unskilled labor—by watch¬ 
ing a “greenhorn” chopper who never hits 
twice in the same place, aud whose blow falls 
dead from not having the right direction, the 
peculiar slant and slight that dextrous work¬ 
men know so well how to give. It is notorious 
that yon may take two men of equal power, one 
carefully educated and practiced in the use of 
the ax and the other not, (though he may he 
good hi Latin and Greek, and even well versed 
in “ Mechanics,”) and the former will cut three 
logs off while the latter is cutting one. I have 
often seen it tried. 
There is one point of great weight in this 
connection, generally overlooked; the beginner 
when left to himself, confirms by practice the 
objectionable style which he jirst adopts. He drills 
himself In, he hardens himself, and he pertina¬ 
ciously perseveres, till he makes tolerable pro¬ 
gress at his work, but he has only modified his 
errors, and he will go through life expending a 
third more strength, and accomplishing a third 
less labor, than the man who is introduced to 
right methods on the start. The agony endured 
by men and boys who have the size and strength 
and tho ambition to “keep up,” but who work 
to a disadvantage, is really pitiful. They con¬ 
ceal their weariness and pains, strike hard and 
often, watching tho tardy sun which seems to 
stand still in mockery of their woe. Call it 
ambition, or pride, or chivalry, or folly, or what 
you will, multitudes of our most athletic and 
spirited young men—they are the very ones 
break down, the victims of disease, and pain, 
and premature death, in consequence of the 
Insane practice of commencing work before 
they have learned how to work. Such persons, if 
they hire out, should ask no more than a fair 
compensation, and then they should not be 
required to tie, nor be permitted to do, what 
their strength and health forbid. 
TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS 
Many people of good judgment in most things, 
evince a wonderful lack of this quality of mind 
when managing the brute creation. This was 
strikingly exemplified a few days since in one of 
the streets of this city. A man drove a span of 
horses np in front of a grocery store and left 
them there untied, aud went in for the purpose 
of making sale of some farm produce. The sun 
fell scorchingly upon the horses, but as If this 
wits not enough to properly test their patience, 
the flies added their bites to the measure of dis¬ 
comfort The poor brutes, thus assailed by heat 
and flies, became restive and moved along. The 
owner, from the grocery door, called out crossly, 
“Whoa.” The horses, obedient to the word, 
stopped as bidden to do. They are restive, 
kicking off a fly here and snapping at one there, 
and Anally move along again. The owner ob¬ 
serves them, and with an angry exclamation 
darts at the team, and commences belaboring 
the poor brutes most unmercifully. The result 
was the breaking of two traces or tugs, and the 
probable destruction of an eye of one of the 
horses. Iu this case tho man exhibited far less 
Of the quality of reason than the brutes he pun¬ 
ished, and if either party needed an application 
of the birch It certainly w ts not the horses. Why 
did he leave them, untied, to the annoyance of 
of sun and flies? Becau-e he was too iudolent 
to fasten them, and too inconsiderate to make 
allowance for the provocation they had to move 
along. Tho scene was a sad exhibition of human 
weakness and passion! and must have caused 
uncomfortable reflections to the perpetrator of 
the cruelty. 
The incident was a suggestive one as to the 
proper treatment of iliimals generally. These 
horses after the belabe ring they received, quiver¬ 
ed in every muscle with terror—were afraid to 
move lest a repetition of the beating should 
follow. They shuddered when their owner came 
uear them. Now, with proper treatment, these 
animals would have recognized the presence of 
their owuer by token* indicative of pleasure; 
would have obeyed his I chests with alacrity, and 
have evinced in varlou- ways their pleasure in 
being able to meet his wishes. It may be neces¬ 
sary sometimes, in mimaging beasts and men, 
to make use of the gad >f conviction, but in most 
Instances gentleness of manner and kind treat- 
medt will prove lar more efficacious with the 
former, at least, than the harshness and cruelty 
too often exercised towards them. It is cruel 
aud cowardly to ill-tieat man or beast, but 
especially so with respect to the latter, whose 
couditiou of vassalage precludes the possibility 
of retaliation how well so ever it may be deserved. 
ram” out of a 
ewe bred by Elitharp and sold by him to Rob¬ 
inson in the spring of 1848. This ewe was got 
by the “Atwood ram” out of a puce Panlar 
(Rich) ewe, bred by Robinson and sold by him 
to Elitharp in 1848. t 
We have confined ourselves to naked pedi¬ 
grees as blood, not quality, in the subject under 
investigation. Those who wish to understand 
the objects of the crosses made by Rich aud oth¬ 
ers, and the characteristics of the leading animals 
through which they were effected, will find lhat 
information, so far as we possess it, in the Prac¬ 
tical Shepherd, pp. 82, 128, 416-41S. 
Rich had fourteen ewes served by the “At¬ 
wood nun.” He used the “ Old Robinson ram ” 
to ft few ewes, one year, hut the Iufantado blood 
contained in his flock was chiefly infused into it 
by sons and grandsons of that ram bred from 
Paular ewes. 
To give a complete view of all the crosses 
taken by him, we must add that in 1851 or 1852, 
he sent a small number of ewes (we should say 
not to exceed half a dozen,) to the “Wooster 
- t 
* We inadvertantly left the impression in tho Prac¬ 
tical Shepherd ip, 34) that, this ram served all Hioii'u 
ewes In these years. This was a manifest physical 
impossibility as rams were then managed In the 
coupling season. 
t We may perhaps as well sat that all the pedigrees 
In this paragraph, except thn> ot the '• Atwood ram,” 
were given in ibe Practical Shepherd on the distinct, 
writteu recoiled urns ot Pnospkk EuTharp ; tbarthey 
wer<- confirmed at many point* and contradicted no¬ 
where ?<>• >ho written r< -< ectwins ot Jadne wains*; 
that L. c’ Kbmblee ha- n pressed to us, in con versa 
lion, his entire c»<ucorr< < <■ in them, so far as his own 
name and action are concerned; that all these wit¬ 
nesses are now living: and that, Anally, we have In 
our own possession pnigrve* of a number of the 
leading animals which ate unmet! above (all. we be¬ 
lieve. hut the" Elitharp” and "Old Roniuson” rams.) 
which said pedigrees we received from the breeders 
or owners of the animals from fifteen to twenty-one 
years ago, and they correspond at all points with those 
above given. 
mm 
