H 
TERMS, $3.00 PEE YEAR.] 
‘PROGRESS AND IMPROVEMENT.” 
[SUNTG-DE NO. TEN CENTS 
VOL. XVI. NO. 34.1 
ROCHESTER N. Y.-FOR THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, AUG. 26, 1865. 
S WHOLE NO. 814 
MOOKE’S KUEAL NEW-YORKER, 
AN ORIGINAL WEEKLY 
RURAL, LITERARY AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
CONDUCTED BY D, D. T. MOORE. 
HENRY S. RANDALL, LL, D., 
Editor of tbe Deportment of Sheep Huebandry. 
SPECIAL CONTRIBUTORS! 
P. BABBT, C. DEWEY, LL, D., 
H. T. BROOKS, L. B. BANG WORTHY, 
T. C. PETERS, EDWARD WEBSTER. 
Tub Rusal New-Yobkeh Is designed to be unsur¬ 
passed In Value, Parity, and Variety ol Contents, and 
unique and beautiful in Appearance. Its Conductor 
devotes his personal attention to the supervision of Its 
various departments, and earnestly labors to render the 
Rural an eminently Reliable Guide on all the Important 
Practical, Scientific and other SnbJecU intimately con¬ 
nected with the business of those whose Interests It 
zealously advocates. As a Family Journal it is emi¬ 
nently Instructive and Entertaining—being so conducted 
that It can be safely taken to the Homes of people of 
Intelligence, taste and discrimination. It embraces more 
Horticultural, BclenUflc, Educational, Literary and News 
Matter, Interspersed with appropriate Engravings, than 
any other journal,—rendering it far the most complete 
Agricultural, Literary and Family Newspaper 
In America. 
ty For Terms and other particulars, see last page. 
SMALL AND LARGE FARMS. 
Small Farms more Profitable in Propor¬ 
tion than Large ones. 
la this a conceded fact? I conclude SQ frotia 
the amount of testimony in favor of the propo¬ 
sition. But if so, is it. a necessary consequence ? 
Most assuredly not. With intelligent supervi¬ 
sion—with capital and labor in proportion,— 
certainly there is no reason why a large farm 
should not pay a better profit on its cost, than a 
small one. A fifty acre farm requires at least 
two-thirds as much value in buildings, fences, im- 
pliments and teams, as one of one. hundred acres 
of equal value per acre. Then, admitting a sin¬ 
gle family for each, exclusive of laborers, you 
have as many non-producers in one case as the 
other. If associated effort eau accomplish great 
ends in other business, why can it not in agri¬ 
culture ? A man who has 1,000 lbs. of wool, all 
of one quality, cau certainly make a better sale 
than if he had 100 lbs. My neighbor, with his 
1,000 bushels ot wheat, will bo looked up by a 
buyer sooner than I who have 100 to sell. On 
my fifty acre farm, I have as many fields as my 
three hundred acre neighbor, and I am obliged 
to have almost as many gates and pairs of bars, 
while my fences occupy a much greater amount 
ofland, in /import Con, than my neighbor’s. He 
i an put one team to plowing, another harrow¬ 
ing, still another hauling stone or manure, and 
so keepevery thing In its season ; while I must 
tug and toil alone, or with my one man or boy, 
and do each of these separate. When he gets 
ready to plant, he has men enough to do up the 
job in time, while I am obliged to scour the 
neighborhood for help or wait other men’s mo¬ 
tions. At harvest time he his men enough to 
“man" his machine, while 1, if 1 eau afford to 
own a machine, am obliged to ruu my chances 
for help. So in thrashing. My 800 acre neigh¬ 
bor has men and teams enough of his own, and 
I, of course, have to hire or “change works" 
with some one or two in the same coudltiou as 
myself. I might go on and multiply, ad infini¬ 
tum, arguments of the same character. 
Now, if it is the fact that small farms do pay 
better, in proportion, than large ones, it is owing 
to one or all of the following causesA lack of 
capital, labor, or intelligent management and 
supervision. A man may do mauy kiuds of 
work alone to good udvautage, but there are 
other jobs that require irom two to ten men. 
Now, an hour lost by a late Start lu the morning 
would not be worth naming in one man’s work, 
while, if the w hole ten wore idle, a whole work¬ 
ing day would be lost. 8o in planning work. 
The kind of men we hire now-a days rarely era- 
set themselves at work. If they get a job done, 
they are very apt to wait for the “ boss " to set 
them going again. 
We farmers, as a class, lack system. Large 
fannurs are very apt to attempt too much for 
the capital, labor and teams they employ 
yes, 1 may truly say, that they generally do this 
very unwise and unprofitable thing. Another 
unwise operation they sometimes engage in 
go into some outside speculation, or get Into 
some little petty office that calls them away from 
HIGGINS’ DERRICK FOR LOADING HAY'. 
Ol'B engraving represents a novel machine 
for loading hay on wagons. It is said to facili¬ 
tate and lessen the labor, and to be readily and 
easily operated, even by one not skilled lu the 
use of machinery — an item of considerable im¬ 
portance, as farmers are frequently obliged to 
employ men who know less than nothing ubout 
managing machines and implements- This 
machine is quite different from tbe Hay-Loader 
described in the Rural of the 12th inst. It is 
thus described: 
“ The machine, or derrick, is intended to per- 
torrn the whole labor of transferring the hay 
from the field to the cart, and this it does with 
great ease ami certainty. The details are us 
follows; — The framing, A, carries a circular 
table, B, whlAt revolves on a spindle In the cen¬ 
ter, The timber, C, is fastened to the table and 
moves with it; the boom, D, has a fork at the 
upper end, which is loaded by lowering the 
the farm. They should go into the field with 
their men, and stay with them, plan their work 
economically, encourage the willing, 
" Coaxing on the stubborn ones, 
Uushing on the lazy." 
Three men with a good “boss" to lead them, 
will accomplish more than jive alone. If a man 
is physically unlit to do that, let him seek out 
an industrious young man and give him a share 
iu the profits of the farm as an inducement to 
faithful service. Above all things be • thorough 
and systematic — remembering that whatever is 
worth doing at aU, i& worth doing well. Read 
the papers, compare notes with your neighbors, 
and by all means keep an accurate account of 
your receipts and expenditures lu such a man 
uer .that you will be able to tell wbpi, crops or 
stock pays you best;—and when this is done, 
communicate the fact to the papers, so that 
other people may have the benefit of your ex¬ 
perience. p. p. B. 
ITALIAN vs. COMMON BEES. 
Noticing a request for information as to the 
utility of the Italian beo over the common black 
bee, I have anxiously waited for some larger pen 
to auswiir; but there being uo response, aud 
presuming other anxious apiarians arc also wait¬ 
ing in suspense, I will give my experience. 
boom and taking on the hay. The boom is 
raised and lowered by the rope, E, which runs 
over a roller at the top of the upright, and it is 
retained iu place while the hay is being thrown 
off by a catch, F, fitting in a recess at the bot¬ 
tom of the upright, as shown. After the fork is 
unloaded the catch is thrown out by working 
the lever, G. The shank of the fork is at H, and 
is provided with an orifice on the end In which 
a pin works, as a^ I. This pin holds the fork 
together while the load is on, and can be with¬ 
drawn to trip the fork by the rope, J. The der¬ 
rick is provided with wheels to draw it to differ¬ 
ent points where it is to operate, and one of the 
wheels, K, is made to turn on a center so that it 
can be thrown out ol line, and thus act as a drag 
or anchor, to prevent the whole derrick from 
moving when a load is to be taken on. The 
circular table can be turned in any direction by 
tbe handle, L, and the rollers, M, keep it from 
Ihe 1st of October, 18(53, I introduced an Ital¬ 
ian queen into a hive containing black worker 
' bees; on the 8d liberated her from the cage. 
The 28th of January I uoticcd, for the first time, I 
j Italian workers; tin the morning there were 
I nene to be seen, bat at two o’clock quite a num¬ 
ber were out prospecting. February 27.—Noon 
| found a few drones May 19.—Removed two or 
I three frames with Worker brood susd drones with 
bees covering the brood placed in a hive with 
cards containing Joney. Removed a stock of 
the black bees that stood beside the Italian 
stock and placed tb s nuclei there. This nuclei 
(July lti) I remove! a card placed in a hive with 
other combs und placed as above mentioned in 
an other’s place. )July 8, made a second nuclei 
from the old parent stock hy taking three cards, 
performing as befoie. Result— my first aud third 
became pure Italian stocks, the second a half- 
bred. 
I highly appreciate the Italian bees. They are 
more vigorous wojkers than the black, and will 
defend their rights,-, no black bee can enter their 
hives. They willj when blossoms are scarce, 
work on the common field red clover; they will 
stand our severe winters much better than the 
black bet*. They a<b an admirable yellow-jacket¬ 
ed race, being quite transparent, (that is their 
lateral exterior.) At the waist they have three 
very beautiful golden belts; these are the marks 
tipping up, and also ease its motion. When th e 
machine is to be drawn, the brake, N, is tume 
out so as to bring it In line with the central hole 
in the guard, O; this jams the hauling line be¬ 
low, so that the derrick can be drawn over the 
field, as mentioned. The operator takes the 
hay from the swath just as it was left by the 
machine or alter tedding, and deposits it on the 
wagon, thus saving the expense and labor of 
raking and pfling it up." 
Two forks are used with the machine — one 
for taking it from the cock or winrow, and 
another, and wider one, to take it from the 
swath as left by the mower. All the usual opera¬ 
tions are combined in one in this machine, and 
It is believed that it will prove a valuable labor- 
saver to farmers. It was patented in January 
last by S, R. Higgins of Parma, Mich., and defi¬ 
nite information concerning it may be obtained 
by addressing R. E. Aldrich of the same place. 
of supremacy. Their musical hum is sharp, so 
that a blind man could discern the difference. 
The half-bred is somewhat cross, and the quart¬ 
er-bred is still more so. They all have stings, 
except the males,—but the full blood you can 
handle if you do not insult them or injure them. 
I might have had better success hud I not been 
an invalid. Wm. H. Embns. 
Clifton, Monroe Co., N. Y. 
BEETS AND BEET SEED. 
It is stated by practical experimentalists, that 
cows fed on sugar beets produce more butter 
tban when fed on carrots. Both are good and 
healthful food for cows fed on dry fodder. The 
beef, will keep later in spring tban the carrot. 
But in raising the seed wo find it has enemies. 
1 find on my seed a dark-colored \ egeUble in¬ 
sect, thickly covering the ends of the branches 
of the seed stalks. These I pick off and burn. 
I also find a worm about three-fourths of an Inch 
in length, which seen-' to feed upon the seed, 
and a small fly. I saw ihe same kind of worm 
on the sweet turnip; but not so numerous as on 
the beet seed. Thinking the worms sucked the 
juice from the green seed I killed them; but I 
Intend to watch my seed more closely, and try 
dusting it with dry ashes wlu-u the dew is on in 
the morning. H. 
EDITED BY HENRY 8. RANDALL, LL D. 
To Correspondents.— Mr. Randall’s address is 
Cortland Village, Cortland Co., N. Y. All communi¬ 
cations intended for this Department, and all inquiries 
relating to Bheep, should he addressed to him as above. 
THE TERMS PAULAR AND INFANTADO. 
[fifth paper.] 
We come now to Mr. Smith's interrogatory: 
“What is the necessity or propriety of the 
names Paular and Infantado, provided we call 
all the sorts American Merinos?” 
Both science and common custom recognize 
the necessity and propriety of terms which indi¬ 
cate the greater and lesser distinctions between 
animals, plants, etc. The name “sheep” em¬ 
braces groups of animals which are widely and 
permanently different from each other. They 
are, therefore, classified into breeds, which 
receive different names, in order that mankind 
may readily distinguish them one from the other 
in talking and writing—as Fat-Rumped Sheep, 
Fat-Tailed Sheep, Merinos, English Long Wools, 
English Middle Wools, Ac. Again, each of these 
breeds differs iu permanent characteristics, in 
differents countries, thus forming varieties. The 
Merino of France has become a different ani¬ 
mal iu appearance and in various qualities from 
that of Spain; aud the Merino of the United 
Spates differs as widely from both of them as 
ttjey do from each other. They are, then, ap¬ 
propriately and convenientlyclassified as Spanish, 
French and American Merinos. Finally, in each 
of the countries named, there are subdivisions of 
the National variety, which, by being kept dis¬ 
tinct in blood, or subjected to the operation of 
different natural and artificial circumstances, or 
by both causes combined, have come to exhibit 
more or less important minor points of differ¬ 
ence, which points are regularly reproduced in 
their offspring. 
Spain has thu3 had its various families of Me¬ 
rinos from time immemorial — its Gaudaloupes, 
its Negrettis, its tnfantados, its Paulars, etc. 
The English Long Wools are divided into Lei- 
cesters, Lincolns, Cotswolds, etc. The Ebglish 
Middle Wools are divided into South Downs, 
Hampshire Downs, Shropshire Downs, Oxford¬ 
shire Downs and others* There is not an exten¬ 
sive, national variety of sheep, or we might add 
of any ot»c«r domestic animals, on earth, which 
is not thua seaparated into families, which are 
recognized as such, end which receive separate 
names as such. 
Not one of these designations can be struck 
from the popular vocabulary without producing 
inconvenience and a confusion of ideas. Things 
must have nows, or else they cannot be talked 
about or written about nnderstaudingly without 
resorting to a description every time they are al- 
ludedto. Tbename 4- Hampshire Down,” forex- 
ample, has an established signification. It means 
I a kind of Down, differing from the parent stock, 
I ithe South Down,) and produced by a cross 
between the latter and the old horned white¬ 
faced sheep of Hampshire and Wiltshire. Now 
suppose every time we spoke or wrote of this 
I family, we were compelled, instead of using 
the comparatively short, comprehensive name 
44 Hampshire Down ” to term it 44 that family of 
Downs which was produced by a cross between 
the South Downs and the old “Hampshire 
sheep,” or use some equivalent descriptive ex¬ 
pressions ? 
We have established families of Merinos iu 
the United States which are different in blood, 
and which are as distinct from each other in 
appearance and qualities as are the South and 
Hampsmrc Downs, or as were the different eaua- 
nas of the migratory Merinos of Spain. Three 
of our families have received distluetive names, 
— the lnfantados, the Paulars and the Silesians. 
Can our correspondent give one solitary good rea¬ 
son against this, which would not equally go to 
show that the Spaniards and English ought not 
to have named their families of sheep ? 
Who are the objectors to sach names, in this 
country? They arc principally sheep-sellers, or ' 
would-be sheep-sellers, for whom these family 
designations, to employ a slang phrase, 44 make 
ttw- ring ” too large or too smalL Mr. A. B., for 
example, wishes it distinctly understood by all 
und sundry that bis sheep are of Mr. C. D.’s 
stock, i. e., that all of them are from his flock, 
or descended entirely from animals bred by him. 
