so.ry. F, dining room, 13 by 16 feet, connected with 
hall, pitting room, kitchen, and nursery, through 
bath room. Connected with nursery is bath room, 
G, 6 by 9 feet. 11, kitchen, 14 by 15 feet. I, pantry 
4 by 6 feet. J, china closet and store room, 4 by 6 
feet, with a door opening into dining room, and 
a slide partition connecting same with pantry. OH’ 
from dining room is the back stairs to chambers; 
also, a flight of stairs under same leading from 
kitchen to cellar. K, back hall, with doors opening 
into kitchen and dining room; also, a door open¬ 
ing out on piazza, L, L, piazzas. 
The Upper Floor is divided up into eight bed 
rooms, with a closet for each, all accessible from a 
hall which extends through the center of the entire 
building, as in the other plan. 
BAD TIMBER. 
All timber is good if put in the right place. 
Even rotten wood is a valuable absorbent and fer¬ 
tilize*. Many ol our modern carriages or imple¬ 
ments would find their appropriate sphere in the 
compost heap, where they might help to grow up 
honester men than the makers thereof,—but as 
designed for locomotion, severe trial, and long life, 
1 say it on my honor as a man, tlipy are, in too many 
cases, miserable abortions, l'ut into the compost 
heap, they fulfill a “glorious mission,” as axle-trees 
or wheels they break down in the mud, amid infinite 
disquiet, discomfort, and doubt as to how to get 
along on this journey of life. Though they are 
totally depraved, and all that sort of thing, it was 
not ray intention at this particular time to rail at 
mechanics ,— we farmers are verily guilty in this 
thiug. We own the timber, and, as a general thing 
in this country, w r e manufacture the timber into 
lumber, or have it done at the local mills. Do we 
have a single eye to the public good? Do we 
inquire whether the spoke timber we sell is just 
suited to its purpose, or simply whether the follows 
will buy it, and pay us more than it is worth for 
oven-wood? I take the confessional—I would like 
to get round it, but I own I have sold poorer lumber 
(I get logs into the mill sometimes.) than I would 
like to have put into my cart. 
My father was a thoughtful, prudent, Connecticut 
Yankee. He said to mo many a time, <l Pick out 
some good trees, have them worked into proper 
shape, and whenever you break a tongue or an 
axle-tree or a spoke, take along to the shop your 
own timber that you know is right, and be sure they 
put it in! ” 
If any man says there is no great difference in 
timber, I say he is a -just what you please. 
Christianly speaking, and really, we are all “ stew¬ 
ards," sent here simply to put ourselves, and all, to 
proper uses. Whoever claims a right to burn up 
best kind of ox-helve timber, will la? punished by 
the Court of Heaven, and would be by the other 
‘‘ Courts” if they knew or dared to do their duty. 
A lazy, lumbering lubber, who won’t take the 
trouble to discriminate between what ought to be 
sent to the wood-house and what ought to be sent 
to the saw-mill, had better enter upon some other 
mission, — send him to the Cannibals, for instance. 
I went into a friend's wood-house a while ago, and 
saw stove wood made from the toughest kind of hick¬ 
ory. I pulled off splinters and tested il. “What does 
this mean,” I said to him, ‘‘you have spoiled good 
axle-trees and ax-Iielves?" “ I sent my man to the 
woods, and he cut the wrong tree,” was the reply. 
“ Yes, bul why didn't you post up in English, Irish, 
and Dutch on all such trees , 1 Hands off ?' ” 
Here and there the choicest of choice timber will 
be found on the ground, to be reduced in quality 
before it is used, or to bocomo so utterly worthless 
by exposure that nobody would manufacture it, if. 
indeed, such a thing is possible. 
Now, this is to bear witness that every man who 
owns a tree should hold an inquest upon it, and 
decide upon competent authority what that tree is 
made for—what part in the original plan of the 
universe it was designed to play. If tough and 
elastic, its destiny may be whip-stocks, ax-lielvefe, 
or lmggy thills: if of irou firmness, plane-woods, 
mallets, or beetles; if easily worked, but subject to 
decay, like white-wood, inside mouldings; if of 
great strength and endurance, like the host oak and 
rock-elipj carriage geeriug, Ac. 
There was none too much made of anything, and 
when what was made for one purpose is desecrated 
to another, there is what treasury departments are 
familiar with, M a 'deficit ” somewhere. 
“ It won't pay to bother with this butt log. It is 
true it would make first rate carriage poles, and such 
are scarce, and mixed up intimately with the life 
and death of passengers; but it is five miles to a 
saw-mill, and I can’t afford to go there with it, and 
then sell it for twenty-five cents a pole.” So. on 
that score the while ash butt log. lit for wagon poles, 
the only one within three miles that is fit, goes into 
rails, when a stone wall or a thorn bush would 
answer the sajne purpose. When Mill that white 
ash log be replaced? Good wagon poles may be 
worth a dollar—the host possible may lie worth $10; 
at least you yourself might be inclined to that, side 
of the argument if you were lying upon your back at 
the foot of a hill with a broken leg, just because you 
trusted your life to a poor stick! 
Save your good timber while you have it, for it is 
getting scarce. — n. t. b. 
» » ♦ —» - 
POOR AND RICH FARMERS, AND WHY. 
As a farmer I have lived among farmers, without 
a change of residence, thirty-six years; and during 
that period of time have liad opportunity to observe 
the development of several generations of farmers. 
One generation I can trace from infancy to mature 
age; another, which first came under my notice at 
manhood, are nowold men: and others, according to 
their several ages, have had time more or less to 
exhibit what they are able to accomplish. The 
result of my observation, in one direction, has been, 
that the individuals composing these several gene¬ 
rations constantly range themselves under one of 
four classes. Class No. 1 is composed of those who 
are always poor; Class No. 2 includes those who 
barely make a living all their lives long; Class 
No. 3 numbers those who acquire a comfortable and 
a constantly increasing competence; and Class 
No. 4 is composed of those who acquire wealth. 
Numerically, each class diminishes as we advance 
in the classification. 1 have said that the individ¬ 
uals of each generation range themselves under one 
or other of these heads—and I believe that I am 
correct in saying so, notwithstanding the constant 
averment of Classes Nos, 1 and 2 that their want of 
success is to be attributed to the circumstances sur¬ 
rounding them. This averment 1 believe is errone¬ 
ous. The man himself, and what he is made of, 
determines to what class he will belong. It is true, 
surroun dings are sometimes favorable and sometimes I 
unfavorable, but the energetic and skillful tv ill dodge 
the unfavorable obstacles and avail themselves with 
great dexterity of all that will assist their progress. 
Dkmohtijknks had an impediment in his speech, 
yet he fo'Came the greatest of orators; with pebbles 
in his mouth, and where the surf of the sea shore 
was raging, he exercised himself in declaiming. 
The farmer of Class No. 2 will feed his stock on 
the ground, at a waste of perhaps $20 per annum. 
The farmer of Class No. 3 will provide racks and 
boxes, by using which he not only saves the $20, but 
his stock being $20 better for the care they have 
received, he is a clear gainer of $40 in liis annual 
income. Skill and persevering industry combined 
will constantly at bis touch turn into gold that from 
w hich his neighbor of Class No. 2 extracts no profit. 
His fuel will lx- provided at $10 or $15 less cost per 
year than the farmers of Class No. 2: his acre? will 
yield more grain, more grass, his sheep more wool, 
his cows more butter and cheese, and the prices he 
sells for will lx higher. His healthful comforts of 
garden and orchard will lx more abundant. Ilig 
fences, gates, and bars being good, his slock will bo 
well trained and orderly — no pig will ever lx Heen 
in liis door-yard or garden — for pigs show their 
training as well as children — and thus be will 
bp exempt from what farmer No. 2 will call acci¬ 
dental loss. In early life he will resolutely set his 
face against all expenditure above his means. Not 
until his income warrants will lie spend his income 
for other than necessary purposes. Indeed, of recre¬ 
ation he needs less than other men, because his 
“ work is as good as play,” and the success of his 
business is to him a continual source of delight. 
IIis joys are home joys—journeys and railroad 
trips take him away from what tie loves. Farmer of 
Class No. 3 will in all probability live twenty years 
longer than fanner of Class No. 2, and if we measure 
his life by the happiness lie enjoys, his years will to 1 
doubled. Of him, when he becomes auoldman.it 
will be remarked that he is one of the very few peo¬ 
ple who love work. To him employment has be¬ 
come habitual, and though age demands and receives 
what rest it needs, yet he will •• wear out rather than 
rust out,” and. like “a used key. will be always 
bright." 
[ have seen abundant evidence of the position, 
that under circumstances where one former would 
be poor, or barely live, another farmer, by industry, 
energy, perseverance, and skill, would obtain a com¬ 
petence; but then the circumstances surrounding 
him would rapidly change. Peter Hathaway. 
Milan. Erie Co., Ohio., 1862. 
Z \\ c # f c - c c p n*. 
Wintering Bees.’ 
Eds. Rural New-Yorker: — As we get your 
very useful and welcome paper from week to week, 
we of the bee-keeping part of your readers look to 
that department with great interest. You may 
think Wisconsin a poor place lor bee-keeping. For 
tweuty-two years 1 have been in this part of Wis¬ 
consin, on or near Green Lake. We Were the first 
while men that came to this part of the State. The 
honey bee came only a few years before us. The 
Indians tell us that the honey bee follows up the 
white man in .the new Territories of the West, none 
having Ixen seen here before the white muu came. 
At an early day here, when the whole country was 
covered with wild flowers, our bees made worlds of 
honey. We have taken one hundred and forty 
pounds from one bee tree; but after the country 
became settled, and the wild flowers plowed up, our 
bees could hardly make honey enough to winter on. 
Three years ago the white clover began to show 
itself on our prairies, and last summer the road side 
and vacant lots were covered and white with it, and 
our boos filled their hives, and in many cases four 
honey boxes, bolding eight pounds each. We think 
very much of Mr. Quimby. Many of his books are 
in our part ol the State, ami I think should be in 
the hands of every bee-keeper. The common box 
hive is in general use here, but the Langstroth hive 
is making its way through the State, and will soon 
be in geueral use. 
I Would like some of the able bee men of the 
country to explain the actions of my bees last sum¬ 
mer. I winter my bees in a large, dry cellar. 
They came out last spring strong, with plenty of 
honey. A neighbor wintered about the same mi ru¬ 
ber. arid bis bees came out poorly, w asting away in 
the spring months to near nothing, with very few 
bees and not much honey. Wo put our Ixes out in 
March, and mine were a third better in every 
respect, we thought. The 6th of July our bees 
were hanging out in great quantities. My neigh¬ 
bor’s bees had picked up and were in as good con¬ 
dition as mine, anil commenced throwing off their 
swarms a week in advance of mine. By the last of 
July he lmd hived two swarms from each stock 
hive, ami only three of mine had swarmed up 
to that time, and the rest did not throw oft’ their 
swarms until the first of August, From the 6th of 
July to first of August, bushels of bees were bung¬ 
ing out on my hives. IIow is this to be accounted 
for? In the spring my bees came out well wintered, 
with plenty of honey, brood comb, and bees. My 
neighbor, living in sight of me, with same number 
of swarms, (17.) came out of winter quarters in very 
poor condition, many of his swarms not. having over 
one pint of bees. It would seem from this that it 
does not make much difference w hat kind of condi¬ 
tion your bees are in when they come out of winter 
quarters. Let us hear from you on this subject. 
We get vezy few swarms out bore uutil July, which 
is our swarming month. From my new swarms com¬ 
ing in July. I always get from eight to sixteen pounds 
of drawn honey, leaving them enough to winter 
on. All of our old hives that do not swann in the 
season, give us about thirty-two pounds of honey. 
We get from eighteen to twenty cents per pound for 
drawn honey. R. Dart. 
Ripon, Wis.. Dec., 1861. 
We could not, of course, tell the cause of the dif¬ 
ference without an opportunity to examine the con¬ 
dition of the different hives, but we will make a 
suggestion or two that may throw some light on 
the mystery. What causes bees to swarm'/ 
The two leading causes are the antipathy ol’ the 
queens, and the want of room. When bees find 
themselves crowded for room, il in the height of the 
honey season, and the hive is in a country where 
plenty can be obtained, they will commence at once 
the constraetion of queen cells. Soon a queen is 
raised, and the old queen leaves with all of the 
colony that she can collect together. But if the lack 
of room occurs where honey is scarce, as it was prob¬ 
ably when your bees were in the proper condition 
for swarming, early in the season, no attempt would 
be made at swarming. When once the disposition 
to swann is suppressed by any cause, such as a long 
season of unfavorable weather, scarcity of honey, 
Ac., they are less likely to start royal ceils, without 
which there is no swarming. Tlx poor swarms were 
not in a fit condition for swarming until the very 
height of the honey season, and therelore received 
no check. One cause of the difference betw een the 
amount of honey produced by bees at an early day 
in Wisconsin and now, is doubtless the present lack 
of early flowers, which are needed more for their 
pollen, for the purpose of feeding the young brood, 
than for the honey. This w-ant may lx supplied in a 
great measure by feeding the bees rye or wheat 
flowers as soon as they begin to fly in the spring. 
Transferring Bees. 
Eds. Rubai. Nicw Yorker:—I wish to make some Inquiry 
through your paper in regard to bees. I have an ol(l swann 
of bees in the old-fashioned hive, without any boxes, and 
wish to get them into a hire with boxes. Ilow shall I do it, 
and when?—W C. W Chester, Windsor Co., Vt. 
To take a swann ofbeosand their brood, in the 
comb, out of one box hive and put them into another, 
is very difficult, because there is no safe way of 
fastening the combs in the new hive. Most fox- 
keepers who attempt it will fail and lose the swarm. 
What is termed a forced swarm may be obtained in 
this manner: Next, spring, as soon as bees begin to 
gather honey from which they can secrete their wax 
to build oomb, gently blow smoke into the hive, so 
as to set tlx lxes busy filling themselves with honey. 
Then gently turn the hive bottom side up and place 
an emply one directly over; drum with sticks on the 
lower part of the old hive, and the beos will ascend 
to the new, and can then be removed and placed 
upon a stand. The old hive may be put in place 
again. A few may remain and build up a new 
colony. Perhaps by drilling large holes through 
the old hive, boxes may lx placed upon it and the 
necessity of removal avoided. But the lxst way is 
to obtain a movable frame hive, remove the bees as 
before described, then take the old hive to pieces, 
remove the comb carefu 1 ly and attach it to the 
frames by a composition ol’ beeswax and resin, and 
strings. The frames are then placed in the hive, and 
the bees allowed to take possession. 
Humming in Cold Weather. 
Berlepbch thinks that the low and continued 
humming heard in some hives, in extreme cold 
weather, is not produced by the action of the bees’ 
wings. lie once cautiously opened a hive on such 
an occasion, when the thermometer in the open air 
was at 24 below zero. The bees were packed in 
dense masses between the combs. The humming 
was still heard, though there was no motion of 
wings perceptible among the bees on the exterior of 
the clusters; and it is hardly conceivable that, those 
confined in the interior would have room to move 
theirs. He suspects that the sound is produced by 
means of their organs of respiration, or results from 
some action of the tracheal system. 
Queens of second swarms appear to lx less pro¬ 
lific than others during the first season, merely 
because their colonies arc generally comparatively 
small. Introduce a liberal supply of brood in 
sealed cells, so that the population will speedily 
increase, and the queen will soon show that she has 
been incited to corresponding productiveness, and 
is fully qualified to assume aud discharge the task 
which surrounding circumstances seem then to 
impose oil her. Such a queen, so situated, being 
young and vigorous, will sometimes surpass an 
older one in fertility, even in her first summer .—Bee 
Journal. 
Spirit of the 
Rotation of Crop*. 
The Country Gentleman says that James Beatty 
and Sons, successful farmers in Cayuga county, N. Y., 
adopt the following rotation: 
Their fields successively lie in meadow two years; 
in pasture tie third; the fourth, corn is planted on 
the sod, tho manure having been applied the pre¬ 
vious autumn, and the sod plowed just before plant¬ 
ing. Corn is followed the fifth year by barley, which 
is seeded to clover by rolling. This clover is pas¬ 
tured with sheep, the pasture thus obtained being 
equal to the expense of seeding, until the following 
summer, when it, is converted to summer fallow for 
wheat. The droppings of the sheep, and the crop of 
clover, furnish an excellent preparation for this 
grain, W T hich is harvested the sixth year. It is fol¬ 
lowed by a growth of timothy and clover, M'liich 
constitutes meadow two years and pasture one year, 
as already mentioned. Umlerdraining and this 
rotation “have more than doubled the crops in the 
aggregate,” during the last ten years. 
Book to ilie Cellars. 
The Germantown Telegraph says that those 
who have in charge the cure of the household, should 
frequently think of their cellars, and though they 
may not be often exposed to the eye of strangers, 
take care that they are always kept in a cleanly con¬ 
dition, free from annoyances and nuisances of all 
kinds. A tidily kept cellar has much to do with the 
health of a family, especially in the spring of the 
year, or wherever “heaters” are introduced into 
houses. No vegetable except potatoes should be 
stored in the cellar. Especially should cabbages, 
beets, celery, and turnips be excluded. All these 
are offensive in themselves and injurious to health, 
while at the same time they are all preserved in a 
much superior manner out of doors. A cellar should 
be thoroughly whitewashed at least once a year, and 
swept and put in order twice a month. The air in a 
properly kept cellar will not become impure when 
the weather becomes sufficiently cold to render 
necessary the closing up of the open windows; 
while, on the other hand, the air of a cellar so closed 
up. which is untidily kept and filled with vegetables, 
some of them in a decayed state, may well be 
imagined. All cellars, however, should have the 
outside doors thrown open fur an hour or two in 
midday, in clear days, when the temperature is 
above the freezing point. 
How to Built) a 8moke House. 
In answer to a correspondent, the Working 
Farmer gives the following directions:—“Asmoke 
house should lx square, ils size varying from four to 
eight feet in diameter, according to the quantity of 
meat, required to be smoke .he lower portion, to 
the height of five feet. be of brick, with a 
door lined with sfo linn 'i tfo part may serve both 
as an ash -iousi ns tic r .per place for the fire 
to furnish the smol i. Fin mid be placed in the 
middle ami t >\ i -in th- material to be burned, 
so that tl nil-.-.. ; : r -nr nded by ashes, may 
maintain u n fur a lung time, giving oil' the 
smoke w h r ; rity. The upper part may be 
wood, an 1 the se| ration tVnn the lower part by 
joists, cov-ivd with scan ting. ,o as to leave spaces, 
averaging • rec : , hes in dinmeter, for the ascent of 
the smok» TJ ght m his upper portion may 
be four feet, besides the ascent of the roof, and 
should be furnished with a door that may lx locked, 
so that the door to the lower portion will not give 
ingress to meat-room. This separation between the 
two portions need not be locked, so as to enable the 
frequent removal of aslios from the house and the 
proper attention to the fire to be more readily 
performed. 
Sawdust placed over a few ignited coals will fur¬ 
nish the necessary material for smoking the meat. 
The sawdust., however, should lx from such wood aa 
is most free from resinous matter; the pyroligneous 
acid evaporation is of a better flavor from hard than 
from soft wood, while the amount of creosote, which 
is the preservative property, will bo the same." 
Photographic Picture ora Corn Barn. 
The editor of the New England Farmer has 
been looking into somebody's corn barn, and bag 
made a picture of it, which we transfer for the bene¬ 
fit of somebody, who perchance may see his own 
face in the mirrorwc bold up before him. Here it is: 
“ We have visited many corn barns, but have not, 
found a dozen in such condition as we thought 
properly protected the fanner’s property, and 
reflected credit upon him as a systematic economist. 
If they were not Pandora’s boxes, from whence 
flowed every evil, they certainly readily suggested 
that myth. Lot us walk into one of them and see. 
At the right is a narrow bin for the com. On tho 
further end is an old pair of broken sleigh runners, 
and the remnants of an ancient cheese-press, not 
over-nicely cleansed when its further service was 
dispensed with. Hard by these hangs the battered 
body of an old ‘ lin-lcitchen, r reminding one of the 
days of large fire-places, roasted sirloins, turkeys, 
and saddles of mutton. Three casks stand in a 
corner, the aggregate amount of hoops on which 
would not equal those of a Miss of sixteen to-day. 
In one of them is a peck of two year old beans, the 
second is filled with cobs, while the third has a 
miscellaneous collection of old hoes, horse shoes, 
broken whifllctroes, the greasy ‘spit,’ that belonged 
to the aforesaid ‘ tin-kitchen,' the ‘head and distaff” 
of a linen wheel, and various other things that had 
seen their day and generation. Two broken, rusty 
plows are perched on the end of the beam in 
another corner, while between is a bundle of cat¬ 
nip. another of mullein, and a handful of dock 
roots, hung there for the pious purpose of assuaging 
fevers, agues, and cramps, when—well, when the 
proprietor can’t work any longer! On a little shelf 
between the studding is a remnant of an old grease- 
pi it, which, whilom, produced a supply of lubrica¬ 
ting matter for the ox-curt or old chaise wheels—but 
its day bus long since departed, and it should have 
slept quietly with its mother earth many years ago. 
Intermingled with these interesting relies of hus¬ 
bandry are bits of old harness, as dry and hard as 
the heart that never softens at the sufferings of 
others or at children’s sweet words; here a broken 
hame. and there a ruptured collar with the rye 
straw protruding, showing that < all is not gold that 
glitters.’ ” 
ami gumms. 
Lolling in the TIouse.—M il] some of tlip Rusal’s renders 
tell me the best way to break or cure :t horse of hanging his 
tongue out ut o up side of tiis mouth? I have tried several 
plans, but without effect. A.s I have a horse that has got into 
that habit, ami would like to break him r>f it. any ouo will 
roofer a favor by answering.—W. 8. L., Stillwater, Tus. Co.. 
Ohio, 1S61. 
Foot-hot in BiiKicr.—Will some one that has experience in 
sheep raising tell ns through the columns of the Rural the 
cause and best preventive of the foot-rot in sheep? I believe 
1 am safe in saving there were more cases of that disease in 
this county last fall than in the five previous yearn. It then 
made its appearance for the first time in some flocks tbit had 
always been pastured on dry and rolling land An answer to 
the inquiry would be very acceptable to several farmers in this 
county —I. W. 8., Crawford Co., Pa., 1861. 
Soft, marshy pastures, says YODATT, are one of the roost 
fertile causes of this disease According to Mr Yopatt's 
observations, the Mountain or Down Sheep, which has no 
poachy walk in his grazing ground, unless exposed to infec¬ 
tion by reason of the virus is never thus troubled. Prof 
Dick remarks:—“The finest and richest old pastures and 
lawns are particularly liable to this disease, and so are soft, 
marshy, and luxuriant meadows. It exists, to a greater or 
less extent, in every situation that has a tendency to increase 
the growth of the hoof without wearing them away.” 
Where the disease exists the following has been found a 
ready and efficient remedy by experienced sheep breeders:— 
Procure a shallow trough eight or ten feet long, and about 
eight inches wide in the bottom. Place it between two yards, 
in such manner that sheep, in passing from one to the other, 
will bo obliged to traverse the bottom the whole length; which 
is best done by making a tight board fence from the top of 
each side of tin- trough and the whole length thereof, a little 
inclined outward, but not enough so as to enable the sheep to 
get a foothold npon tho inclined plane and thus escape the 
bottom of the trough Dissolve ten pounds sulphate of cop- 
pier (blue vitro!) in about four gallons of water, put it in tho 
trough and drive or call tho sheep from one yard to the other 
through the trough, every other day, until they have wet their 
feet in the solution five or six times. When no longer needed, 
the liquid may be ilraxffi off and saved for future use. 
Straw ah a Manure—Cokhkctjo.v—I will here correct a 
word or two in my communication about making straw into 
manure, where it says “'when through thrashing, get the 
straw into the barn.” I put it up wink thrashing. If any one 
cannot mow their grain so as to put the straw where their 
grain was while they ore thrashing, they had better build 
something to put the straw into.—A lonzo Green, Amboy, 0 
Winter Butter.— A good way to make butter in cold 
weather is to set the milk where it will freeze, and take the 
cream off before it thaws out. Keep the cream frozen until 
enough is collected for a churning, and then let it thaw gradu 
ally. The butter will be as good as any made in winter. It is 
alternately freezing and thawing winch makes the butter 
bitter. Those who have never tried the freezing process on 
milk will he surprised at the quantity of cream obtained.— 
Betty Wrinkle, Elkhom, HY.-t., 1861. 
Short Churnings and Good Butter.— In answer to the 
inquiry in a late It URAL, how to make short churnings, I will 
give you my rule, which I have found invariable, both for 
making short churnings and good butter. In cold weather, 
scald the milk, or heat it quite hot. but not boiling, set it in a 
warm place where it will sour in forty eight hours. Slam 
carefully draining off all the milk. Have the cream at the 
temperature of 58°. if you have a good ehu.m; if not, it should 
be at 60°. For malting butter earlier in the season, the tem¬ 
perature of the cream should be the same without scalding.— 
N, T. D.. Shoreham, Vt., 1S61. 
Bural Notes an ft Stems. 
The World s Fair. —We have several times of late alluded 
to the Worlds Fair, which opens at Loudon in May next 
Tin' indications arc that the Empire State will he well repre¬ 
sented at this great Industrial Exhibition. 'Fids State stands 
second to none in the North in inventive Lalent and genius, 
and high perfection ill the Mechanic Arts. We hope that the 
industrial pursuits of Rochester and Western New Y'ork may 
lie fairly represented at this great World s Congress. For the 
information of those who would like to send samples of Imple¬ 
ments, Machinery. Scientific Instruments, Grains. Seeds, or 
Uoehrster Flour,’we would stale that our fellow townsman. 
I) )>. T Moors; Esq editor of the Rural Arm-Yorker, has 
been appointed Agent for tills vicinity to examine and approve 
articles which it is proposed to scud for exhibition Mr 
Moore's appointment Is n very judicious one, and wc have no 
doubt that he will perform Ifs duties to the satisfaction of all 
parties interested. Any information in regard to the prepara¬ 
tion, manner of shipment. &r will ho cheerfully furnished 
by Mr. Moore. Thu loth of January is the limit of time 
fixed for the reception of articles for the exhibition, which are 
to he sent b,v the Government vessel. One-third of its space 
is already spoken for by citizens of this State.— Roch ■ Daily 
Democrat American. 
Tnr. Rural Recruiting fiKitvinn is very progressive about 
these days. This rooming (Dec. 30,) we received handsome 
accessions from the Eastern, Middle, Northern, and Western 
States, and Canada West. The firet opened was from T. L. 
F.\ lexer, M. D , of Marshall Co., Ill , and reads in this style: 
“ Dear Rural— This is Christinas morning—so a right 1 Merry 
Christmas ’ may it be to you and yours. But, as through the 
year you have been guilty of sundry derelictions — as, for 
instance, killing thrice the great' Prof.' of ‘ terra culture,' and 
exposing on sundry occasions the disinterestedness of your 
advertisers. flee.,— we have concluded you riohlt deserve a 
clubbing. So here comes our first club; may it not hare some 
little influence on yon in the year that is approaching? In¬ 
closed you will find $32.50 and 26 names, with my sincere 
hope that you may have a corresponding or even greater 
increase, of subscribers [most of these are NKWj alt over fM 
Loyal Stater. > our position on all questions amply and richly 
deserves it.”-A letter from C. C. Burl, of Litchfield, Conn., 
by same mail, and also containing $32.50, after alluding to the 
hard times, says:—" But. thinking the. Rural and the Country 
must be surtax'd. I have made an extra effort —with what 
result you see Amin hopes to add more.”-From Chen¬ 
ango Co., an agent-friend remits for a club of 21, adding that 
he fears some, in the excitement of the times, will drop the 
reliable and trustworthy Rural for more trashy and exciting 
journals. Others, of the Jeff. Davis school, think it is a little 
too strong for the Union. But never fear, friend Mooiu: 
Y'our position is commendable, and demands an mergrtic sup¬ 
port from all loyal and truth loving citizens. My eimiesi 
endeavor has been, where an old soldier [subscriber) fell by 
the. way, to fill his place with a new recruit, thus keeping the 
division full. Hope to send you more names soon." Right, 
friend Lewis! We ask only tho support of the loyal and 
truth-loving, aud that they will "keep the division full," by 
substituting new recruits for absentees at roll call 
— Many like cheering and well-timed letters greeted us this 
morning — especially from Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, 
Indiana. Illinois, Wisconsin. Iowa. Kentucky, California, 
Minnesota, and Canada West — but we must leave them and 
devote time, attention and space to other mattrin. 
The Rural's New Dress pleases us exceedingly, and we 
trust our readers will consider it an improvement. Though 
the kind of typo mostly used is on the same sized body (and 
occupying same space) as that in last volume, the face is much 
larger and bolder, and lienee mart) easily read. It is, in print 
er's phraseology, a “Brevier face on Minion body”-—and a 
good, broad Scotch face ut tliat. We hope it will be adapted 
to the eyes of many of our subscribers beside the Ohio one, 
who. in remitting his $2 for this year, says:—“ Allow me to 
express tlie opinion that, three-fourths of your subscribers 
would be much hotter pleased if you would dispose of all 
small type; vide ,V F Observer .” A compliance with the 
suggestion would save us considerable expense in cost of type 
and type setting, but also greatly reduce the quantity of read¬ 
ing. We think, however, that, onr present number exhibits 
decided progress — for our principal type ih plain aud bold, 
yet so compact as to give about the same amount of reading 
its formerly. Some friends have advised that we not only 
enlarge the type, but also reduce the size of our paper, on 
account of the times, as many other journals have done; but 
wc judged otherwise, qnd from present indications think we 
were right, a* the people seem to be resolved that the Rural 
shall hi- well sustained, war to the contrary notwithstanding. 
— Wc ought to add, in this connection, that our new dross 
is from the foundry of Mr. Nathan Lyman, of Buffalo, than 
whom there is no more honorable or reliable type, founder of 
our acquaintance. Mr. I.. is especially worthy the patronage 
of the craft in this region, the West, and Canada. 
Jewels for Swine, — V. It., of Milan. Ohio, writes:—“A 
recent number of the Rural describes an improved jewel for 
a swine's snout. 1 prefer an operation with a knife to any 
jewel that I have seen used. Operate as follows: Cast the pig 
on u plank on his right side, liis legs toward you, let an assist¬ 
ant hold liis liinder extremities, plane your knee on his neck, 
grasp with your left hand his jaws, so as to hold him silent: 
then willi a sharp-pointed, keen pen knife, inserted downward 
from tils face, and at right angles with the plane of the pig's 
nostrils, sever the rooting tendon, passing the cut into ono 
nostril, then reverse the edge of the knife and cut into the 
oilier nostril, so tliat the pig’s snout—the rooting appurtenance 
—will hang down slightly looped. Too much loop will breuk 
oft'; too little will retract and heal up. If done right — and a 
little practice will do it — the pig is cured of rooting for life, 
with less time, cost, and pain, than any other method I know.” 
New Subscribers. — The agent-friends of the Rural are 
doing nobly in the way of obtaining uew subscribers. As 
Instances, three letters received on tin? same day foot up in 
thiswise—*ne, 3 old aud IT new subscribers; one, 4 old and 
20 new; and one, 2 old and 22 new The writer of the latter 
(Mr. JC.Bkai.nerd, of Dodge Co.. Wis.,) says:—“If you 
take the satisfaction in receiving this money and the names of 
your new acquaintances that l do in forwarding them 
to you, it will add not a little to the pleasure of a passing 
hour.” We daily participate in the pleasure, alluded w> — for 
many kind friends are introducing new acquaintances to us in 
like uiauner. Thanks to the numerous Recruiting Agents who 
are so efficiently aiding the Rural ! Wefee! much like saying 
to each of them, what a Hibernian said to Us a few days ago — 
•• May you live forever, and die liappyt" 
Horse Exhibition at Chicago in 1862,—Another 
“National” Horse Fair is to come off in Chicago next fall. 
The announcement says “already the preliminary steps have 
been taken to render it one of the most brilliant affairs ever 
known in America ” At a recent meetiug, officers were 
elected as follows: President —Hon. F. C. Sherman, Chicago. 
Vice I‘resident —Geo. Wilkes, New York. Secretary— W. P. 
[sham, Chicago. Grand Marshall —J M. Cannon, Davenport, 
Iowa. Dep. Marshall —E. Waterman, Ottawa, Ill. There is 
to he an Executive Committee consisting of two citizens from 
each of the Union-loving States. Spturgos! —e. n. n. 
•-- ♦ ■- 
The Manual of Agriculture. — We are pleased to learn 
that this excellent work is becoming quite popular. The IV. 
R. Farmer states tliat it “is already largely called for by tho 
towns in Massachusetts, to be placed in their schools. One 
town has oidered two hundred copies, another one hundred, 
and many others twenty-five to fifty copies each We learn 
also tliat where it has been introduced, the pupils, both boys 
and girls, are delighted with the study. Wc supposed that 
such would be the case. Our youth will readily comprehend 
the importance to them of such a study—-u study that is always 
liigldy pleasing,? while it instructs. ” 
Roit'8 Western Reserve Cheese Vat, advertised in this 
paper by an enterprising Watertown firm, is worthy the atten¬ 
tion of Dairymen- It lias heretofore been favorably noticed 
by us, and also by contributors to the Rural. In his excel¬ 
lent series ol' articles on the Dairy, (given in our last volume,) 
Hon. T. 0- Petrus speaks of this vat as the best he has ever 
seen, and it is highly commended by other practical dairymeu. 
We trust this gratuitous and unsolicited notice of a valuable 
labor-saving invention will benefit many of our readers. 
Goon Cotswold Sheep. —Tho best lot of tat sheep we have 
seen for a long time were shipped in this city, for the East, a 
few days ago, by Jas. 11 At. lock & Bros., of Rush. It con¬ 
sisted of 25 Cotswolds, averaging about 250 lbs. each — tho 
heaviest weighing 280 lbs. These sheep were bred by Messrs. 
II. from imported stock. They were not only creditable, but 
profitable, as we understand they were sold at high figures, 
considering present prices. 
Goon Things Deferred.— Several excellent articles (by 
our Western Aid, Contributors, and Correspondents,) intended 
for this number, are necessarily deferred. We have quite a 
number of valuable and interesting articles, essays, and 
sketches on file for early publication, and some fine illustra¬ 
tions completed and in course of preparation. 
The Weather of the past two weeks has been seasonable — 
with fair sleighing most of tlie time. Christmas was a fine day 
—clear but cold. The bells jingled merrily, and many people 
seemed to enjoy the. good sleighing amazingly. The year orals 
with winter weather and passable “sledding." 
