ROCHESTER, N. Y. -FOR THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, JUNE 7, 1862. 
Seeds of lupine, used for manure, form in Tus¬ 
cany the basis of an important trade. To make 
these lose the germinative properties, they are 
slightly burned, or boiled by steam. 
Torteaux, or residuum of oil manufacture, ob¬ 
tained by pressure, are a superior manure. The 
less oil they contain the better they are, for oil is 
noxious to vegetation; if well divided, their action 
is greater. 
Pulp of Potatoes.. 5 3 
Juice “ 3 8 
Water of starch factory_0 0 
Deposit “ “ .. 3 6 
downward for four or five feet. The plant grows in 
the form of a lettuce; bearing, after the first year, 
blue flowers upon a rough, leafy stem, which shoots 
up from one to six feet high. Chicory has long been 
extensively cultivated on the continent of Europe 
as an herbage and pasturage plant, and is much 
used as a salad; while in 'Flanders and Germany 
the roots are in great request, as a substitute 
for coffee is prepared from them. Morton says: 
“ It was introduced into field culture in Europe, by 
Arthur Young, in 1780, and was grown principally 
for sheep feed, and found to be very profitable, as it 
will flourish upon almost any kind of land, and 
probably keep more sheep per acre, during the early 
summer months, than any other kind of herbage 
plant. Lucerne requires a rich soil, or its cultiva¬ 
tion will not be accompanied by much advantage; 
but chicory has been found to be abundantly profit¬ 
able upon poor sandy lands, and soils which were 
weak and wanted rost, as well as on richer and 
more productive soils. It also thrives on fen and 
peat soils; and will last for seven or eight years, 
yielding several cuttings during each year, though 
the full crop is not obtained until the second year. 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER 
TUB LEADING AMERICAN WEEKLY 
RURAL, LITERARY AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
With an Able Corps of Assistants and Contributors. 
CHAS. D. BRAQDON. Western Corsespondjng Editor, 
The Rural New-Yorker is designed to be uneurpaseed in 
Value, Fnrity. Usefulness and Variety of Contents, and unique 
and beautiful in Appearance. Its Conductor devotee Ids pet-, 
sonal attention to the supervision of its various departments, 
and earnestly labors to render the Ren At. an eminently Reliable 
Guide on all the important Practical. Scientific and other 
Subjects intimately connected with the business of those whose 
interests it zealously advocates. As a Family Journal it is 
eminently Instructive and Entertaining— being so conducted 
that it cad be safely taken to the Hearts and Homes of people 
of iatolliyence, taste and discrimination. It embraces more 
Agricultural, Horticultural. Scientific. Educational, Literary 
and News Matter, interspersed with appropriate and beautiful 
Engravings, than any other journal,—rendering it the most 
complete Agricultural, Literary and Family Newspaper 
in America _ 
!5P“ For Terms and other particulars, see last page. 
Water of farm manure... 
Locust wood (sawdust)... 
Oak “ " 
Solid excrements of cow . 
“ horse 
Urine of cow_ 
“ horse..... 
New excrements of cow . 
“ “ horse 
“ pig-- 
“ “ sheep 
“ “ goat. 
ELEVATION. 
probably at least equal, if not superior, to any struc¬ 
ture of the kind which we have examined in the 
State—the Amphitheatre of the Ontario County 
Agricultural Society (heretofore illustrated and 
described in the Rural, ) alone excelling it in cost, 
extent and convenience; but that is not an exhibi¬ 
tion building of the style and class we are describ¬ 
ing. From the elevated balconies at each end, a fine 
view can be had of the village and surrounding 
country—a panorama which would delight the poet, 
painter and lover of natural scenery, improved by 
art and industry, [We believe the building was 
designed by Carlton H. Rogers, Esq.] 
The arrangement and conveniences of the Grounds 
are so well shown in our diagram, and its references, 
that any detailed description ia unnecessaiy. Could 
the reader have viewed the grounds (and their 
varied contents or covering,) during the recent Fair 
EXHIBITION BUTIXjDITV <3- 
FAIK GROUNDS AND EXHIBITION HALL 
OF THE PALM Yea UNION AG. SOCIETY. 
Thus we see the urine of the herbivorous animals 
is richer in nitrogen than their excrements, so it is 
advantageous for farmers to collect it carefully. 
The quantity of nitrogen contained in the excre¬ 
ments of sheep and goats indicate the effects to be 
obtained from their mixture with those of cows, 
horses, etc., which consist of mixed excrements. 
Normal guano__ „.49 7 
Guano passed to the sieve_63 9 
Excrements of pigeons.83 0 
Oyster shells.. 3 2 
Soot of eos.1 .. ...13 5 
Soot of wood.___ 11 5 
Coal by its distillation gives carbonate of am¬ 
monia, which explains why its soot is richer in 
nitrogen than that of wood. 
Marl „. 6 1 
Ash. 6 5 
Dry museulary meat. 130 4 
Salted codfish_ 67 0 
Washed codfish, pressed_168 6 
Dry blood, soluble.. 121 8 
Liquid blood, soluble.27 1 
Coagulated blood, pressed.46 1 
Dry Wood, insoluble.... 148 7 
Feathers. 153 4 
Oxen hair. 137 8 
Woolen rags..179 8 
Sawdust of horn.,.,,.143 6 
These last manures are very rich in nitrogen, but 
they require fivo or six years before they are eutirely 
decomposed; they are used for orchards, vines, etc. 
They follow slowly the progress of vegetation. 
Bone, dry to the air__ 72 2 
Bone without grease (wet)..63 1 
Bono with grease ... 62 1 
Residuum of bone glue. 5 2 
Residuum of tucltoa tallow_118 7 
Marc of bone glue.... 37 3 
The residuum of melted tallow is formed of 
adipose membranes extracted from greases; it is a 
very rich substance. 
Animal black of refiners. 10 6 
Black animalizcd.. 10 9 
Animal black of refiners is used to decolorize 
sirups; it contains 15 per cent, of coagulated blood. 
It is one of the most highly estimated manures.” 
Many, on reading the above, no doubt, will be 
struck with the great value of many things to which 
little attention has been paid. Feathers, hair, 
woolen rags, horn dust, and shavings, and bones, are 
of the very highest manorial value, and yet how 
little care is taken, usually, to save these materials, 
some of which are made and wasted on almost 
every farm. A few pounds of hen's feathers or rags 
will add immensely to the value of the compost 
heap, and in this situation will decay more rapidly 
than if applied directly to the soil. The sweepings 
of chimneys, too, may be used in the same manner, 
but this substance is almost invaluable in the 
kitchen garden, and may be saved for this purpose. 
A few bushels for melons, cucumbers, radishes, Ac., 
will do much towards keeping off insects and add 
materially to the warmth ot the soil. 
[We are occasionally inquired of, verbally and otherwise, 
relative to the arrangement of Fair Grounds, Buildings, &c., 
for the Exhibitions of Agricultural Societies,—and as the 
season of preparation for the annual shows of such associa¬ 
tions is at hand, we rc-publish the accompanying description 
and illustrations of the model grounds aud building of the 
Palmyra Union Society, in the belief that the same will prove 
of interest and value to all desiring information on the general 
subject. Though neither the same arrangement, of grounds 
or plan of building may be adopted entire, wc are confident 
that those engaged in arranging grounds and fixtures for 
Rural Exhibitions must derive useful hints and suggestions 
from a careful examination of the diagram and plans here¬ 
with presented.] 
The Fair Grounds of the Union Agricultural 
Society at Palmyra, (Wayne County, N. Y.,) are 
among tho best we have ever seen—_ 
most creditable to all who participated ~ 
in their arrangement and completion, £ s 
and a good model for similar associa- / 
tions. So thinking, we present the ac- z / 
companying diagram of the grounds, E I 
and plan of the main exhibition build- r 
ing,—with such references as will con- 2 
vey a clear idea of their arrangement, ? 
capacity, and convenience. ~ 
The Grounds of the Society are situ- ^ 
ated on Jackson Avenue, within the Y 
limits of tho village of Palmyra, and 
comprise about nineteen acres — the 
whole being inclosed by a substantial : 
board fence, eight feet high. The main = 
It is hard for people to understand the compara¬ 
tive value of manures. Many times have wo known 
persons to purchase and draw manures a long dis¬ 
tance, that were hardly worth the carriage, while 
perhaps they had on their own grounds a far more 
valuable material that could be put into proper 
condition for food for plants, with a very little labor. 
Then, bow often, especially during the summer 
season, is one-half the manure wasted or rather 
destroyed, for want of attention, while a little labor 
in composting with materials at hand, and cost big 
nothing, would have made the whole of great value. 
All farmers who live near large cities or manufac¬ 
turing villages, can often obtain manures of great 
value and sometimes at a very little cost. It is 
therefore very necessary that there should be a 
pretty general knowledge of the comparative value 
of different substances used as manures, at least 
sufficient to enable all to act understandingly. On 
this -subject we find an article in the Industrial 
Chemist, a part ol which we extract, and which we 
think will be valuable for present perusal aud for 
future reference: 
“ Nitrogen is one of the constituent principles of 
the bodies of animals, iu which it enters in consider¬ 
able quantity. This fluid is powerfully absorbed by 
vegetables, principally through the means of light, 
which is the reason that vegetation rendent the air 
purer in increasing the proportional quantity of 
oxygen gas, inhaled by plants. 
Nitrogen is not of service in respiratipn nor com¬ 
bustion; but evidently plays a very active part in 
vegetation. It is met everywhere, in more or less 
quantity; it is art essentially organizing principle. 
Rain water always contains nitrogen, and that which 
falls in summer during thunder storms contains it to 
a large amount. Nitrogen constitutes the real value 
of a manure, first ol' which we. shall place Dry 
Blood , which has the essential condition of a manure 
of the first order. While nitrogen ia of great im¬ 
portance, we cannot deny the equally importat fact, 
that matters not uitrogeni/.ed perform a part, in the 
act of vegetation; but the agriculturist should pre¬ 
fer to use for manures, substances which in a small 
volume contain the most nitrogen. 
We give now the quantity of nitrogen contained 
in the principal natural substances used for manure. 
We take for basis the farm manure, which contains 
four per 1,000 of nitrogen. 11 a certain space and 
quality of land require 10,000 pounds of that 
manure, it will take only 5,000 pounds of a matter 
containing eight per 1,000 of nitrogen to obtain the 
same results, and so forth. 
Farm manure contains four-thousandths of nitro¬ 
gen, i. e., 4 parts nitrogen in 1,000 parts of manure. 
Hundredths of 
Thousandths. Thousandths. 
The straw of Peas contain...17 9 
“ Millet. 8 
“ Buckwheat_4 8 
“ Oats.2 S 
“ Barley__ 2 3 
“ Rye...1 7 
11 Wheat...4 9 
Leaves of Madia....5 7 
11 Beet.... 5 0 
Potatoes ....5 5 
Carrots... 8 5 
Autumn leaves of Oak_11 7 
“ Poplar.5 3 
Leaves, principally autumnal leaves, contain a 
quantity of nitrogen, which explains the goodness of 
the manure they furnish. Green leaves are less 
nitrogenized than autumnal, then in all their per¬ 
fection. 
Fucus Digitatus (sea weed)_8 6 
“ “ “ .9 5 
“ Saccharinus (dry)....13 8 
“ . 6 4 
Burnt sea weed. ‘.. '..'.'.'. .'.'. '.1.3 8 
The Fuci, (family of sea weeds,) collected to be 
burnt and manufactured into natural soda, make a 
superior manure, especially when mixed with farm 
manure. 
Radicles of germinated Barley, residu- 
urn of brewery_ ... 45 l 
• Roots of Clover..___ i y 
Seeds of Lupine .. . . . ". . . . "34 9 
CHICORY. 
“ When it is intended to grow chicory for grazing 
purposes, the seed is usually sown broadcast, in 
April, upon land that lias been dug or deeply 
plowed, from seven to twelve pounds per acre; aud 
growing in this manner, it forms a considerable 
proportion of many of the best meadows in the 
south of France and in Lombardy. The best mode 
of culture, however, for a fodder or herbage crop, is 
as follows:—Prepare the soil, by thorough cleans¬ 
ing and pulverization, as early iu tho spring aB the 
season will admit; apply a good coat of partially 
decayed fold-yard dung, and drill in the seed during 
March, four pounds per acre, at about nine-inch 
intervals between the rows. When the plants are 
about five inches in height, carefully hoe them, and 
single out, leaving them about six inches apart, 
after the usual method of turnip culture,—that is, 
by boys following the hoers. Some recommend that 
the seed be sown in a bed, and when the plants are 
fit for transplanting—which will be when about 
five inches high —they are to bo set out in rows 
nine inches apart, and at six-inch intervals from 
plant to plant in the rows. In either case, tho land 
must be kept clean, and well hoed, particularly in 
the first season; ordinary attention will afterwards 
suffice, and the crop will continue luxuriant and 
profitable for five years at least, and frequently from 
eight to ten. When tho plants begin to exhibit 
symptoms of failure, the ground should he cleared 
ot the roots, another course of cropping pursued for 
a few years, and it may then be again sown or 
planted with chicory. 
“ Chicory is of far more value to mow than to 
graze, it has been much used as a pasturage for 
sheep, and found to be very useful in this respect, 
for a small extent of chicory ground will fatten a 
large Humber of sheep; but theu it is only the 
radical leaves shooting up close to the ground which 
are continually cropped by the sheep, the stalks not 
affording them proper nourishment. The best way 
is to let the plant reach its full growth, the full 
succulence being retained until the flower-buds 
appear, iu which state (not being permitted to 
flower) it has attained its greatest perfection; it may 
then be cut off near the ground, and will be eaten by 
all kinds of stock with the greatest relish and benefit. 
“As it is a plant of such speedy growth, and in all 
seasons, wet or dry, it cannot be too strongly recom¬ 
mended for general use, and more particularly for 
the smaller occupiers. Cow-keepers would do well 
to cultivate it, and cottagers ought by all means to 
employ it in a double manner.” 
Chicory is now grown in many parts of England, 
chiefly for the sake of preparing a “substitute for 
coffee ” from the root—a practice whieh has existed 
on the Continent for nearly seventy years; “and of 
all plants,” says Yon Tuaek, “which have been 
prepared as substitutes for coffee, and which, when 
roasted and steeped iu boiling water, yield an infus¬ 
ion resembling coffee, chicory is the only one which 
has maintained its ground.” 
Great quantities of chicory are imported into this 
country, and used in the adulturation of coffee, or 
as a substitute for this article. It is this that is now 
so largely advertised as dandelion coffee. Much of 
it must be used at the West, tor in the autumn of 
1856 we saw very large quantities in the warehouses 
at Chicago. 
Eds. Rural New-Yorker: —Looking over the Albany 
Cultivator for 1856, 1 observe that a gentleman near Philadel¬ 
phia, F. A. Nauts, by name, highly recommends Chicory as 
a plant to be cultivated both for forage for all kinds of stock 
and for tho sale of the roots, estimating Uio net profits iu tho 
fourth year at. more that $500 per acre. 1 would like to know 
your opinion of it in tho two respects mentioned; aud as 
coll'ee will probably be dear for sometime to eome, would you 
advise its culture? if so, please state the method, and where 
and at what cost the seed can be obtained.—A Schscriher, 
Birmingham , Mich., 1862. 
Chicory is grown extensively in somo portions of 
Europe for feeding, and is said by the best author¬ 
ities to give several good cuttings of herbage in a 
season, besides from eight to sixteen tuna of nutri¬ 
tious roots to the acre. We have had but little 
experience with this plant, though we,have culti¬ 
vated a little for several years. It grows very 
freely, and spreads rapidly; and it may become some¬ 
what obnoxious as a weed, though we have never 
heard any complaints of this kind from European 
growers. Darlington says, “in this country it is 
generally, and I think justly, regarded as an objec¬ 
tionable weed, which ought to be expelled from our 
pastures.” Anything, however, is a weed that is 
out of place, growing where it is not wanted. 
Chicory is a perennial plant, which is found wild 
in many parts of England, and in various countries 
of Europe possessing a similar temperature. It 
has a root similar in shape to the parsnip, or white 
carrot, but smaller, growing from one to two feet in 
the ground, and in some instances sending its libers 
DIAGRAM OF FAIR GROUNDS. 
A, Entrance for carriages. L, Stalls for Cattle. 
B, Exit way for carriages. M, Posts for hitching fat cattle. 
C, Way for persons on foot. JV, N. Welt* 
D , Entrance for Stock. O. Posts for'hilching teams. 
E, Ticket Office. p. Judge s Stand. 
E > Florid Hall (60x96.) A’, Track for horses (half mile long— 
G, Ground for Farm Implements, 40 feet wide.) 
&o. S. Scats (150 feet long.) 
n, Stalls for lforsea. T, T Village lots. 
/, Stalls for Cattle. Two parallel lines, stream, bridged 
K, Pens for Sheep and Swine. over at track, 
vitli shade of the Society, as we did, he would have concurred 
imeuts for with us in pronouncing all most complete and com- 
fith ticket mendable. Be that as it may, however, we regard 
exit, are the subject of our notice worthy of this illustrative 
stock, ma- description, and trust its presentation will awaken a 
he almnd- spirit of emulation in such matters among the num- 
a living erous Societies within the somewhat wide range of 
the items the Rural’s circulation. 
jeast. — As a large number of Agricultural Societies, 
ral Hall— in this and other States, have secured permanent 
dries high, Fair Grounds, with a view of ere long constructing 
the whole durable buildings and fixtures, we shall be glad to 
ubstantial receive and publish any suggestions calculated to 
;hted with cheapen or otherwise facilitate the early adoption 
Ig appear- of the deeired improvements. The best style of 
beauty of constructing the requisite buildings, stables, sheds, 
d adapta- pens, etc., having regard to economy, convenience, 
nded, it is and durability, is the great desideratum. 
O 
o 
24 
h4 
i 
