BE NOT CAST DOWN 
[Written for Moore's Rural New-Yorker.] 
grammarians WITHOUT GRAMMAR. 
Mortem to 
In a late Rural. and in the department entitled 
“ The Educator.’’ we find an essay on the “Study of 
Grammar." This essay contains so many errors of 
language, of facts, and of theory, that it deserves a 
brief notice. 
We concede the writer's fundamental position that 
custom, and not the grammarian, gives law to lan¬ 
guage. but we deny his inference that we can more 
easily learn that law from reading or conversation 
than from the study of some thorough work on 
grammar. Well-written books are not uniiormly 
written; well-educated people are not invariably 
accurate iu speech. Trusting to these guides alone, 
as our essayist evidently has done, he forgets that 
verbal nouns can not govern the objective ease, and 
writes, “ the committing them to memory;” he for¬ 
gets that when nouns have not a close connection or 
common dependence, the article must be repeated, 
and writes, “a boy or girl;” he forgets that when a 
pronoun has two antecedents connected by or, it 
must agree with them in the singular number, and 
writes of his “boy or girl,” “when they come to 
parsing;" he forgets everything, and writes, "what 
hinders us all learning.”—“all the grammars, from 
Lin'd ley Murray down;’ 1 and many other pas¬ 
sages, equally erroneous. 
We will speak ot his errors of facts, lie affirms 
that Bulwkr has said that “grammar was not 
heard nf before the time of Murray.” If he made 
this statement, he simply stated what is not true. 
Ben. Jonson wrote and published a grammar of 
the English language a hundred years before Mur¬ 
ray was born. Aud it is an easy matter to furnish 
the names of a score or more of others who wrote 
aud published works on the same subjects before 
Murray’s day. 
Again, we are referred to Shakspeare, Byron, 
Addison and Macaulay, as the proper sources of 
grammatical lore, aud to them we may go and find 
all the fundamental rules of the language quite as 
easily as does the grammarian. But Shakspeare 
is full of archaisms.—he writes an for if, withouten 
for without. Byron and Addison furnish a liberal 
o - cean, on the o - cean, sails unfurled ami nn-clior weigh'd,Hreezes blow 
‘‘‘‘iz - ea blow-ihg on her course our 
o - cenn 
waves we 
wa - ters viM - ly rush a - round our bow 
a s torm come, yet our hea rts shall know n o fear, Tho' in moun-tains, tho’ in mpun-tains, high- er yet the waves appear 
come 
ing, bear us far from friends and home, On the o - cean, on th 
ny leagues a - way we roam 
e o - cean, rn: 
com - mo - tion, come 
Wild-ly roar - ing, wild-lv roar - ing, tho’ the winds do 
mad - ly ravc> On the o - cean, on. the o - cean, trust we him whoso 
BE NOT CAST DOWN 
lUodernto 
but to wake tc> new sor - row 
full of sin, must have sad - ness 
and in faith per - se - ver - ing; 
[From Asaph, a collection of Sacred and Secular Music, by Lowell ami William Mason 
fixes their utility in tho mind. As the mind is ever 
pleased with beauty in every form, so it may be 
pleased with this science, presented in all its sym¬ 
metry of proportion and perfection, conveying to us 
in elegance, the genius, the talents and intelligence 
of those accomplished in this beautiful art. It is the 
vehicle in which our thoughts may be recorded 
or exchanged, and in return we receive the rich 
profusion of ideas and the well planned thoughts of 
inventive genius, thereby securing to us intellectual 
enjoyment, comfort, happiness, and prosperity. 
Naples, N. Y., 1862. S. II. S. 
and with an ordinary display of generalship, ought 
to make the invasion of Maryland synonymous with 
the destruction of the rebel army. 
The particulars that we give in relation to the 
movements of the rebels in Maryland have been 
gathered from various sources, and much care taken 
to avoid all exaggerated accounts. Necessarily, 
however, we have to rely principally upon the 
reports of those who have fled from Frederick and 
its vicinity, the excitement, of whose ieelings would 
involuntarily predetermine (hem to an exaggerated 
statement nf the condition of alfairs. For this some 
allowance must be made. Of the scores oi rumors 
that were 1 built up on the facts known we have taken 
no notice. 
Invasion of Pennsylvania. —There can no 
longer be any doubt that it is tho purpose of the rebels 
to throw their entire army across the Potomac, as they 
have extended their pickets a distance of twenty 
miles on all the roads leading from Frederick, east 
and west, while the main column was, at last 
accounts, moving direct for the Pennsylvania line. 
Pickets are reported on the National road, within 
a distance of about 
pcncn men uve rnues nearer vvasmngton than our 
rear, and was moving to strike upon the flank. 
Gen. Stevens’ division, the advance of Reuo’s corps, 
was on the left of the road taken by the trains, and 
intercepted the enemy. He saw that the rebels 
must be beaten back at once, or during the night 
they would .stampede the wagons, and probably so 
disconcert our retreat that the last divisions would 
fall a prey to their main force. He decided to 
attack immediately, at the same time sending back 
for support. 
Having made his dispositions, ho led the attack 
on foot at the head of the“l)th (Highlanders.) Soon 
meeting a withering fire, and the Color Sergeant, 
Sandy Campbell, a grizzled old Scotchman, being 
wounded, they faltered. One of the color guard 
took up the flag, when the General snatched it from 
him. The wounded Highlander at his feet cried. 
u God 8 sake. General, don't you take the colors; 
they 11 shoot you if you do!" The answer was, 
“Give me the colors! If they don’t follow now, 
they never will;’’ and he sprang forward, crying, 
“M e are all Highlanders; follow Highlanders; for¬ 
ward. ray Highlanders!” The Highlanders did fol¬ 
low their chief; but while sweeping forward, a ball 
struck him on his right temple. He died instantly. 
An hour afterward, when taken up, his hands were 
still clenched around the flag-staff. 
A moment after seizing the colors, his son, Capt. 
Hazzard. Stevens, fell wounded, and cried to his 
father that he was hurt. With but a glance back, 
that Roman father said:—“I can’t attend to you 
now, Hazzard. Corporal Thomson, see to my boy.” 
The language given as Gen. Stevens’, was taken 
down upon the field by a member of his staff. He 
had often remarked, that if it were his fate to fall in 
STUDIES FOR SUMMER, 
Many things can be taught better in summer than 
in winter, and it should be an object to teach things 
naturally. The teacher’s plan ought to keep this 
principle iu view. Thus Geography, Botany, and 
Geology are summer studies. Take your pupils 
into a field and try the object-lesson plan; show 
them a peninsula, island, cape, promontory, and an 
Isthmus, and they will always remember the defini¬ 
tion. Let them discover, and find the productions 
of a field, then of a farm, then a town, county, 
state. Let them take this natural course, even if 
there is no text-book to follow and ask questions 
out of. After the children have exhausted all their 
knowledge, they will seize the books and newspa¬ 
pers readily enough. Let the children bring all 
kinds of plants to you, show them the distinction 
and varieties, orders and classes; and after 
Hark to the sound! there’s a foe on our border, 
A foe striding on to the gulf of his doom ; 
Free men are rising, and marching iu order, 
Leaving the plow, and anvil, aflC loom! 
ltust dims the I invest sheen 
Of scythe and sickle keen. 
The axe sleeps in peace by the tree it would mar 
Veteran and youth are out, 
Swelling the battle shout. 
Grasping the bolts of the thunders of war !” 
seven miles of Hagerstown 
twenty miles of Frederick. 
The news caused a deep and strong excitement in 
the city yesterday, but its manifestations were nei¬ 
ther noisy nor unruly. The people assembled in 
throngs in Baltimore street, anxiously looking for 
news, and everywhere the important event was dis¬ 
cussed with reference to its probable or possible 
effect upon our city. There was, however, no dis¬ 
order or breaches of tho peace, aud, beyond tho 
s of interest, the day was as 
ROCHESTER, N. Y., SEPTEMBER 20, 1862, 
THE WAR’S PROGRESS 
benevolent desire to lubricate its stiffness, and 
diluting its dryness with the attractions of familiar¬ 
ity and the oil of small-talk. 
We teach Brown’s Institutes, and our pupils find 
no difficulty in learning its text or in understanding 
ns terms. It is a systematic work, covers the whole 
subject, and leaves no point unsettled in the intri¬ 
cacies of our mother tongue. Its study affords the 
most direet means of obtaining an accurate knowl¬ 
edge of our language. a. w. 0 . 
Canandaigua, N. Y., 1862. 
every 
weed and herb has been submitted to your gaze and 
briefly explained to them, they will be prepared to 
hear and read of those in strange countries. Let 
them bring all ot the different kinds of rocks and 
minerals; save a specimen of each kind, extempor¬ 
ize a cabinet, and build a play bouse of the refuse; 
then will you make every plant a lesson and each 
stone fence a volume from which your children will 
study and learn profitable lessons never to be for¬ 
gotten. There are other summer studies, but I 
cannot mention them now. — Conn, Com. School 
Journal. 
deep manifestation 
orderly as a Sunday in less eventful limes. 
There is every reason to believe that the main 
body of tho rebel army will cross the Potomac by 
way of Martinsburg, at Williamsport, and that the 
portion now passing through Frederick county i 3 
merely a lower line of defense. From Williams¬ 
port their route will be through Hagerstown to 
Chambersburg, and thence to Harrisburg. Ac¬ 
counts from the Susquehanna region represent the 
greatest excitement to be prevailing along the whole 
line, while the Unionists at Hagerstown are fleeing 
before the advancing column, there being no troops 
in that vicinity to stay their progress. 
It has been intimated that tho destination of the 
rebel army is Harrisburg, though we do not see 
how they propose to cross the Susquehanna, as a 
few hours’ work would be sufficient to destroy the 
shore spans of all the bridges over the river, where 
their progress would be impeded. It might, at the 
present low stage of water, be forded at stone points 
by infantry, but it would be impossible to drag 
artillery over its rocky bed, and such a force as will 
be gathered on the opposite shore, could make it a 
most hazardous undertaking even for infantry. 
•A few days will, however, show something of 
their purpose and destination, and we are not with¬ 
out our suspicions that they will first destroy our 
railroads and then sweep around towards Baltimore 
and Washington, depending on their superior lieot- 
uess to outmarch the Federal army, which they will 
endeavor to lead as far from Washington as possible 
in pursuit of them. 
Preparations for Defense.— Gen, McClellan 
has command of the entire army acting within and 
without the line of defense of Washington, also 
embracing the defense of Baltimore, and we learn 
that he will take the field this morning. As to the 
movement of troops to resist this invasion of Mary¬ 
land. it would not be proper for us to state them at 
present, but should the. rebels remain at Frederick, 
there is no doubt that there will be a fierce battle in 
that vicinity within the next, forty-eight hours. 
In connection with this subject of the defense of 
Baltimore, it may be proper here to state that the 
Federal lines at Georgetown are twenty miles 
[Written for Moore's Rural New-Yorker.] 
PENMANSHIP. 
There is nothing, perhaps, that characterizes a 
good scholar more than to write a beautiful hand; 
aud yet Low much do both parent and teacher neg¬ 
lect to impress its importance, and exhibit a just 
appreciation of its value on the minds of the young. 
If a scholar is accomplished in this art in yoiith. he 
i* bkely to be systematic, correct, and intelligent in 
manhood. If be seeks honorable and profitable pre¬ 
ferment, his good -writing facilitates his progress to 
wealth and distinction. And here I would impress 
Uie importance of beginning early to teach children 
to imitate some easy Jessou from the blackboard. 
The exercise, in the first place, will afford much 
pleasure and recreation of a harmless nature to the 
child, and, if pursued with increasing interest, it 
will gradually inculcate a perception of the beauti¬ 
ful, both in nature and in art; and also divert the 
tuiud from the contemplation of grovelling objects, 
discipline the eyo and hand in a most useful branch 
ot study, and at least enable the scholar, during his 
course of life, to form a much more clear judgment 
on matters oi size, figure, and mechanical desigu, 
than if he had received no such instruction. 
1 cung children are fond of malting marks, and. 
With proper attention, will learn to form letters as 
readily, perhaps, as they will when older. At this 
'ge. too, the teacher finds a difficulty in Confining 
their restless minds to books for any length of time; 
aud writing comes in as a variety and an amnse- 
^ ent - As it is, the minds of children are puzzled 
for years with oloyies and oyrajJiies, and the study of 
tviiting- i? delayed until the exgeneies of life imper¬ 
atively demand its requisition. They enter upon 
De : ' lct | ve duties of life unskilled aud incapacitated 
or business, trusting to memory for their record, 
. frequently becoming involved in litigation and 
iscord, uud losing the pleasure and practice of 
mposition m the social correspondence with 
‘lends. IIow divinely good it is to hold sweet com- 
■ mion with friends far away, through {intelligent 
orrespondence. in pleasantries, in the description, 
urration. and history of events. How welcome t he 
Camp to Gen. Me.Comb, Nov., 1S40; and to Gen. 
Scott from Doc., 1841, to April, 1844; Captain, Dec., 
1S40; commanded First Dragoons in the Valley of 
Mexico; breveted Major for gallant and meritorious 
conduct at Contreras aud Chnrubusco; wounded_ 
lost his left arm in charging with his command near 
Gate San Antonio; resigned nth Oct., 1851. After 
resigning he visited Europe, and participated in a 
number of engagements there, lie was with Napo¬ 
leon throughout the Italian campaign. On his 
return irom Europe he was commissioned a Briga- 
dier General, his comission bearing the earliest date 
of appointments to that grade —May 17th, 1861. 
Gen. K. met his death in carrying out one of the 
rules, of the elder Napoleon—“ That where it is 
practicable, and an important reconnoissance is to 
be made, no one can better perform the service than 
the General himself.” Kearney knew the terrible 
desperation of the enemy, and was well aware of his 
cunning; he would trust no one but himself to go to 
the front and reconnoiter, on Monday night, in view 
of the hazardous situation of our army. Alter visiting 
his pickets and outpost guards, saluting each with 
au admonition to be cautious, courageous and vigi¬ 
lant, he proceeded forward to reconnoiter th* ene¬ 
my's position. Moving stealthily about, he suddenly 
came upon the picket guard of the enemy, when the 
advance sentinel shot him. and New Jersey’s great¬ 
est, bravest, noblest son fell mortally wounded. 
Gen. Isaac Ingalls Stevens was born in Massachu¬ 
setts. and graduated at, West Point in 183!), standing 
at the head of his class, and entering the Engineer 
Corps as a matter of course. lie was promoted to 
first Lieutenant in 1840; Adjutant, of Engineers in 
1847-8; breveted Captain for gallant aud merito- 
A GOOD EXERCISE 
Several months ago, in visiting the school of 
Mr. Marsh, in New London, we witnessed a brief 
exercise which might very profitably be introduced 
into all our schools, and that without any interfer¬ 
ence with the regular lessons. It was a simple les- 
sou, intended to train the eye and judgment in esti¬ 
mating distance or length, The plan was some¬ 
what as follows:—A class of ten or twelve boys was 
called to tho blackboard, when directions were 
given to draw a line 6 inches long; a line 2 feet 
long; aline 3 feet long; a figure 1 foot long and 8 
inches wide; a circle 6 inches in diameter; a line 1 
yard long, divided into feet and inches, etc. After 
each was done, the teacher passed along with a 
tape or stick, and tested each. The 
mac. The following, from the Baltimore Ajmerlean, 
seems to be a careful calculation of the strength of 
the invading force and the designs of the rebel 
leaders; 
The invasion ot Maryland by the rebel army is 
an accomplished fact. With a force variously stated 
at from twenty to fifty thousand men, during Friday 
and Saturday they crossed the Potomac at points 
above and below the Point of Rocks, and pushed 
forward iu the direction of Frederick City, taking 
possession of that place on Saturday, about noon. 
The first division that crossed was under command 
of Gen. Hill, and was followed by Gen. Jackson. 
Our small force at Frederick, after destroying the 
stores there, with the exception of those left tor the 
men in the hospitals. 
measuring 
pupils had had some practice in such exercises, and 
they performed them with a surprising degree of 
promptness and accuracy. They had gained habits 
of observation aud comparison, Not more than 
five minutes at a time need be taken at the board, 
but it will be lound that the pupils will be induced 
to spend many minutes, that would otherwise be 
misimproved, in practicing upon their slates. 
Teacher, try it. The exercise will afford relief from 
the severer studies oi the school, and give a pleas¬ 
ant variety.—Gown. Com. School Journal. 
evacuated the place, retiring 
| towards Pennsylvania. The rebels, on entering the 
town, established a provost guard, and the noto¬ 
rious Bradley Johusou made a speech, professing 
that they had come as friends to relieve Maryland 
from oppression; that private rights would be re¬ 
spected, non-combatants unmolested, and much more 
to the same effect. The rebels are buying cattle, 
horses, Ac., paying for them in United States de¬ 
mand notes, and in Confederate scrip and Southern 
money. So far as known, the behavior ot the rebels 
was orderly, and they are reported to have done no 
damage to the Baltimore and Ohio railroad beyond 
the taking up of some rails beyond Ijamsvllle, this 
side of the Monocacy. The main body of the rebel 
army is reported to have passed through Frederick 
up it ci JjA. A A 1 IUN IN TUB JSJ) IX'ATIOX OF 
Children.— Sir Benjamin Brodio thus expresses 
his opinion on this subject:—“ It is only to a limited 
extent that the education of children can be advan¬ 
tageously combined with bodily labor. Even in the 
case of grown-up persons, some intervals of leisure 
are necessary to keep the mind iu a healthful aud 
vigorous state, 
It is when thus relieved from the 
state of tension belonging to actual study that boys 
and girls, as well us men and women, acquire the 
habit ot thought and reflection, and of forming their 
own conclusions, independently of what they are 
taught and the authority of others. In younger 
persons, it is not the mind only that sutlers from too 
large a demand being made on it for the purposes of 
study. Relaxation and cheerful occupation are es¬ 
sential to the proper development of the corporal 
structure and faculties; aud the want of them oper¬ 
ates like au unwholesome atmosphere, or defective 
nourishment, in producing the lasting evils of de¬ 
fective health and a stunted growth, with all the 
secondary evils to which they lead.” 
on their way to Emmitsburg, and declared their 
purpose to invade Pennsylvania. The attempt is 
so audacious that we hardly know how to give it 
credit. Every step in that direction takes them 
will increase the obstacles in their way. 
We are not permitted, nor would our loyal read¬ 
ers wish us to state, the measures which the gov¬ 
ernment is taking in this important yet not unex¬ 
pected emergency. It is sufficient to say that they 
have been prompt and energetic, and that there is 
now between Baltimore and the rebels an army 
sufficient to stay their advances in this direction, or 
to follow them up it they are really moving toward 
Pennsylvania. That army will be daily re-enforced, 
