frauds are mostly exposed in the agricultural jour¬ 
nals, and he who will not read them deserves to lose 
ten limes Ihe subscription every year. But the 
seedsman who knowingly sells l>ad seeds, barters 
his conscience to the devil fur a very email sum, 
even if the price of his five or ten cent papers is alt 
profit. Cannot your self-protecting association in 
elude this class of dealers also? Cau they not be 
brought up with a round turn, ami made to be honest 
from tear of exposure if not so? Let seedsmen lie 
notified, that when they put up and vend worthles- 
seeds, they are to be held bound lor the loss, and 
for all the labor and disappointment caused thereby; 
that for five or ten cents received for trash, Ihey will 
be expected to pay as many dollars, and they wilt 
soon understand what is meant, by a hundredfold.’ ’ 
It is quite natural for men to blame others for the 
results of their own misconduct. This desire to 
think the responsibility of our evil deeds was inher¬ 
ited, and it is as natural as breathing. Adam, when 
helound himself iu a scrape, excused himself by say¬ 
ing, “the woman whom thou guvest to be with me. 
she gave me of the tree, and I did eat.” Scores ot 
times have we seen trees utterly mined by neglect, 
and tbe owners, never ouce thought that they were 
in the. least chargablu lor their loss, of the trees, hut 
were very bitter in their denunciation of dishonest 
nurserymen who furnished trees that would not 
grow, and this class of people will be found gene¬ 
rally among the “ weeping sufferers,” for it. seems a 
great deal more easy for some people to suffer, and 
cry, than to do right. A few years ago we were 
traveling in the western part, of Canada, and observ¬ 
ing a line looking farm with Ihe bouse standing 
liaie, without a traitor shade tree, or floweraround. 
we inquired of the owner, who happened to be near 
the house with his team, why he did not plant an 
orchard and obtain fruit for use and sale, and a few 
flowers, and make his home pleasant, when he in¬ 
formed us that he had twice planted an orchard, and 
not a tree would grow —they were half dead when 
they leached him, and one after another died until 
they were all gone. He would not waste any more 
money iu that way. Would rather buy what apples 
he wanted, and thought the nurserymen a dishonest, 
set, whose main business seemed to be to impost* 
upon honest farmers. He then pointed out half-a- 
dozen neglected scrubby trees, growing in a low 
meadow, that were the remains of his two pur¬ 
chases. We suggested very mildly that he had not 
taken care of the trees, but this he would not admit 
foi a moment. Passing on, iu less than a quarter 
of a mile, we came to a blacksmith's shop, and on 
a side hill near we observed a neat huuse with a 
flower and vegetable garden, and about au acre in 
young apple trees, about six or seven years planted, 
and as thrifty as could be desired. The baik was 
smooth and glossy, and there was every evidence 
of thrift. We alighted and asked of (ho honest 
blacksmith the privilege of examining the trees 
and making some inquiries. The first question was 
how he succeeded in growing such fine trees when 
his neighbors failed. The answer was, “I take 
care of my trees. I don’t buy them to throw away 
oi make kindlings, nor to feed cattle with.” I re¬ 
marked that one of his neighbors had informed me 
that he tiied twice and failed, and that his trees 
bad been well cared for. “I know who you mean,” 
was his reply, “for ho is always grumbling about 
those trees. Mv trees was bought with hi* 
leaves behind him a family of two daughters, the 
eldest having nearly attained womanhood ; the 
youngest is still at school. These young ladies 
have the sympathies of the numerous friends of 
iheir deceased father in their bereavement As for 
this world’s goods, they are well provided, mid we 
commend them to the care of Him who is the 
father of the fatherless. r? 
ItitquirifS and SUtsiws 
SEEDS AND TREES 
Cklkry.—W ill you pW*o tell me the best way to 
store Celery tor winter use ?—Amatkur. * 
There are many ways of storing celery. The plants may 
remain it. the ({round where grown, and h« covered with 
hoards, over which manure, leaves, &o., are placed to prevent 
'* A ver > K ,,od W 'W is to dig trenehoa—Bome three 
J- Set tho roots 
the plant* being erect, so that 
even with the top of 
support each other, 
■n cover the trench with boards over 
which throw loaves or manure to keep out the frost. Some 
pack tlnir celery in the cellar, in a corner or barrel, covering 
the roots and a portion of the stems with earth. P,.r early use 
the cellar is the best place, but. It will not keep ns long ns out¬ 
ride. The Gardener's Monthly gives the following method:— 
“ Au elevated piece of ground is chowsn, where the water can 
easily run off. A double row of celery is then laid along on 
the ground, each row slightly elevated to throw out any moist¬ 
ure that may chance to get in A thin lajer of soil is then 
thrown over, and another layer of celery, unttinir each l/n », „ 
No class of meu have received better advice, and 
perhaps none have been better abused, than the nui'j 
serymen and seedsmen. If they do not improve 
under such treatment, and become models of busi¬ 
ness integrity, there will be much good advice and 
labor lost The last infliction of tbe kind we find in 
the November number of the Horticulturist, mid as 
it contains some very good things which all would 
do well to remember, and gives us an opportunity 
to make a few remarks which we think are neces¬ 
sary to a proper understanding of the subject we 
copy it entire: 
tli Weeping Sufferer’ has struck a lead , as we 
say at the mines, which I hope to see followed up, 
lie i3 alter the lrandulent nurserymen. May he 
lack no recruits to join in the hue and cry, until 
they skedaddle across the mountains into ihe Pacific, 
and take up their abode among iheir Chinese breth¬ 
ren. A pretty sure way to get a good fruit, tree 
from a known plant-swindler is to contract tor some 
worthless sort which is so out of date as not to be 
had. lie, determined not to be outdone, puts in 
something good, in order to satisfy his evil disposi¬ 
tion by supplying an article cot contracted for. To 
illustrate: 
Several years ago, I had the misfortune to allow a 
person of this class to become indebted to me. Ho 
was apparently a man ot large means; but 1 knew 
that he never paid his contracts except in nursery- 
stock. I hud resolved to cultivate tine pears. I 
knew he bad some young dwarfs, just budded with 
good varieties. I also knew, if I contracted for 
these, I was quite sure to get those not budded at 
all, or, it so, of worthless sorts. 1 therefore pro¬ 
posed to take in payment, Summer Bell, Summer 
Bon ChreiieD, and Bergamot Suisse, as being of old 
and tried sorts. My nurseryman was at first a little 
non plugged; said they were gening very scarce; 
great demand; large orders; becoming popular; 
doubts as to newer varieties succeeding; dwarfs an 
experiment; might not succeed; rather believed 
they would; knew a party lhat had a few; held at a 
high figure; lived a hundred miles up the counlry; 
expensive going there; mail but once a week; could 
get them to oblige a friend. 
The result was, I contracted for the number of 
trees wanted, and had the satisfaction of knowiug 
that they were dug out on bis own grounds, from 
the recently budded varieties, and have this year 
enjoyed Beurro Giffard, Duchesse de Berry d’Ete, 
Stevens' Genesee, etc., to the gratification of mysell 
and family, feeling satisfied that if I had contracted 
for these varieties, I should have been choked oil 
from pear culture entirely, and have been ready 
now, with many of his customers, to declare dwatl 
pears a failure. 
freezing. 
feet deep, according to the height of the celery, 
on tbe bottom of the trench, f 
the tops of the leaves will come about 
the trench. Pack so that r.ho plants will 
but not too close, ami the 
fiartiruttural 
Piutitb Rkoki vicn.—Krom William Fikldiko, of Clarksou, 
a basket of splendid Baldwin apples-thc larger uud finest we 
have seen this season. 
I-mm K. Chambkkliic, Rochester, a box of Isabella grapes 
large and ripe. 
Rrnm Prof. S. 9. Ccrruto, Rochester, a very large and line 
specimen of the lluerre Du-1 pear. 
Prom GkOHOg Mkrcrr, Ocnesflo, N. Y., a pear forname- 
the Onondaga or Swan's Orange. 
I'fOrn Prof S. W. Clark, of Homer, superior specimens of 
Isabella grape*, grown iu his vineyard at Nuples. His crop 
sold at i2J» cts. per lb.— a largo price for this year. 
uurnmoK icon iso.—ic win thus be seen (says the C 
Oardrruyr , of a London exhibition,) that whenever a 
•Show 1« held, there are some kinds Which are sure to 
leading place ; and that all over the country General J; 
rninot, Kogene Apport, Madame Vidot, Jules Margottii 
other well known names are certain of victory, or of a 
iu the victor's triumph. 
A Curiosity. _ Did you ever see or hear of the like ? I 
never did Probably It may be callud a Canadian curiosity f 
What lilt? Why-an apple tree in blow from the month of 
May until September. Let me explain. In tile garden of Mr. 
OrIbtok, iu the village of Orono, four miles from tho north 
shore of Lake Ontario, is an apple tree which has this year, 
and lam told in former years, behaved in (hat manner. This 
year it blowed out fully at. the Kcgolar time, and apples formed, 
but instead of desisting it. continued to blossom, sometimes 
more, sometimes less, until the last of August or tlm first of 
September, bearing apples of all sizes, from a ben s egg 
downwards, whilst the ground underneath was nearly covered 
wiili fallen fruit, vary mg in size from half au inch in diameter 
downwards, 
Perhaps some of your readers will hardly believe this story, 
but as seeing is believing, i must believe it-as I have seen it a 
dozen times dining tho Summer. I will also inclose a speci¬ 
men which I took from the tree about the first of August, so 
that you tnay see us well as myself. Yours truly, — J B 
Ay ls worth. 
THE LATE WILLIAM REID, 
Nurseryman, of Elisabeth, JV J. 
The uncertainty of human life comes home to us 
with peculiar force in the case of our late friend, 
Wm, Reid. During tho meeting of the American 
Bornological Society, iu Boston, from the 15 h to 
the 19th of September, Mr. Reid was with us, and 
participated In all the proceedings of the Sociely. 
On the morning of the lfith, I purred with him, as 
we approached the city of New York on the [-'all 
River steamer, hoping to have the pleasure of meet¬ 
ing him in a short, time. 
In loss than three weeks fx - om that day we were 
summoned to attend his funeral. For a year or 
two past, Mr. Run had suffered ftom an affection of 
the heart.. He caught cold at Boston, which aggra¬ 
vated his illness somewhat aud 
his friends there, but. he seemed to 
APPLE RUTTER. 
Ens. Rural New-Yorker: —Weare exceedingly 
anptious to make a little apple blitter, but do not 
understand the way. Please inform and oblige— 
Mrs G. D. R., Corning, Steuben. CoN. Y., 18(52. 
In answer to the foregoing query we re publish, 
from the Rural of Nov. 3d, 1860, three methods, its 
ihen furnished by correspondents: 
Eliza, of West Fayette, N. Y,, saya that she can 
recommend apple hotter thus made;—Take two 
barrels of cider manufactured from nice, sound, 
sweet, apples; draw oft - six or eight gallons; then 
boil the remainder to sirup. Peel and core five 
bushels ot sweet, uud the same quantity of sour 
apples,—put the raw cider in Ihe kettle, (which 
should be copper or brass,) boil and skim it; then 
put in the sweet apples, and boil liii tender. Dip 
part of them out aud put in the sour ones; boil a 
lew minutes; then gradually add the apples you 
took out, arid Ihe sirup; boil till smooth; spice to 
taste. Commence stirring as soon as you put iu the 
apples, aud continue till done, or it will be very 
s ue to burn fa.-i to the kettle. 
Nettie E., of Clyde, says the apples must be 
either all sweet or all sour Pure, core, and cut as 
lor drying. Boil in a little wafer, until they can be 
strained through a sieve. It sweet, add to one pint 
Cjkout.ar. — American Pohologjcal Society —The uti- 
(iersigoe.1, President of the American Pomologi.-al Society, 
congratulates the cultivators of Fruit and the public general!} 
upon tho gratifying progress which the science of Pomology 
has made in our country. This advance is mainly to be attrib¬ 
uted to the establishment and influence of Uoiticultural Soci¬ 
eties. Prominent among thexe i» the American Pnmulnglenl 
Society, embracing ns it does, within its Organization all the 
Slates and Territories of tho Union, the Canadas, and the East¬ 
ern British Provinces. This Association held its ninth session 
in the city of Boston, during the last month. The attendance 
was large, embracing ncariy two hundred delegates aud mem 
hers, and iu which fourteen Slates and Territories were repre- 
rented. The contributions of fruit were numerous, and the 
discussions of a highly it teresting character. These, like (he 
•ormer proceedings, are to be published in the volumes of the 
Society, and in which will also appear the new Catalogue of 
Fruits, together with a li»t of the various .States aud districts 
to which they are best adapted 
All person* who nre desirous of ohtaiuing these Transac- 
tions, nre respectfully solicited to become members of the 
Society, by forwarding to Thomas P. Jambs, Esq., Treasurer, 
Ptilladclpbin, or to the undersigned, at BoMua, the requisite 
fees Ten Dollars constitutes a Life, and Two Dollars a Bien¬ 
nial Membership. Life Members will he furnished, as far a* 
possible, with the back volumes of the Society’s Publications. 
Persons desirous of responding to this Circular will please 
do so immediately, that their names may appear in the forth 
coming volume. Marshall P. Wiljojer, President. 
Boston, Mass., Oct. 25, 1862. 
gave uneasiness to 
- .j recover on bis 
way home, and before be bad reached New York, 
appeared to have regained his usual health. Very 
soon after that,, however, ho was prostrated with 
another attack, which resulted fatally in a few days 
In the words ot another, “ We have lost a good 
friend, and the community a valuable citizen.” 1 
first made the acquaintance of Mr. Reid some 25 
years ago, when his nursery was at Murray HU1, 
now occupied with Ihe most costly dwelling houses 
in the city of New York. In 1S3'J or ’40, he removed 
to Elizabeth, N. J. His grounds there, when 
they cume into his possession, were of tho most 
uupromising description. Low, wet, and mostly a 
still obdurate clay, that few men would have had 
sufficient courage to enter upon with a view to 
found a large nursery. But a short time elapsed, 
however, before the scene was changed. Ilis prac¬ 
tical miod at once suggested ijfo course to be pur- 
-ued. and in a lew years we tlfid it converted into a 
perfect Eden. 
His trees were remarkable for their vigorous 
giowth, and his grass, walks, and live hedges ol 
great variety, models of perfection. From one 
extremity of his grounds to the other, order, sys¬ 
tem and skill, with a liberal and refined tasle, were 
practically illustrated, and thus his nursery became 
au object of the highest interest and Importance to 
the Horticultural world. As a proot of this, I 
would quote from the Country Gentleman, edited by 
Joun J. I uoMAS, whose taste, discrimination and 
truthfulness are universally acknowledged: 
\\ e have never seen so neatly kept a nursery as 
that of W illiam Rich), of Elizabeth, N. J. Its cul- 
livation is nearly perfect. Ilis common rule is to 
allow no weeds whatever. We have seen his 
grounds without a solitary specimen. But during a 
recent visit, we actually detected at least ouo dozen, 
in his nursery of forty acres, after a wet season 
But it is not merely the absence of weeds that ren¬ 
ders his place so remarkable a specimen ot neat¬ 
ness. His walks, alleys, boundaries, and lines of 
nees, are arranged with mathematical precision. 
Miles ot grass walk, between the nursery rows, in 
its short, velvetty turf, constantly reminded us of a 
Wilton carpet Even the sides of tho open drains, 
which in some places are necessary for carrying off 
the surplus water, are trimmed like velvet” 
Mr. Reid was not only distinguished for his skill 
and taste as a cultivator, but also tor his enterprise 
and public spirit Ho entered heartily iuto all pub- 
lio movements for the promotion of horticulture, 
and was an active member and supporter of the 
various Horticultural Societies that existed in and 
around New York, as well as in New Jersey. He 
Had your correspondent tried my 
plan, he probably would have got Delaware instead 
of spurious Dianas, and had less reason to ** weep” 
or “sutler” from the imposition. There is this dif¬ 
ference between us: I had my eye teeth cut a quar¬ 
ter of a century ago; his canines are just appearing. 
But, aside from ail badinage, why do not the nur¬ 
serymen unite in their might and put down these 
few pretenders who ♦ tirew suen discredit on ibetr 
profession? What if a meal or two has made 
money by cheating? they have prostituted talents, 
which, honestly applied, would have quadrupled 
their worldly goods, and laid up treasure iu heaven 
at the same time. What thiir chance for the future 
is, I will not presume to say. Houesty is the best 
policy. 1 know more than one nurseryman who has 
tried it successfully; not he. however, who declines 
to make restitution for a fraud, or he who refuses to 
pay his honest debts under ihe plea that he ‘can 
not claim any thing as his own,’ because it has been 
previously legally! transferred to his wife or son. 
But, Mr. Editor, there is another grievous evil 
which your patrons are suffering from yearly, that 
you alouu can correct by holding the parties up to 
scorn and ridicule. The amount involved is bo 
small that each prefers to ‘bear the ilis we have, 
than fly to others that we know' not of;’ that is, to 
put up with a small fraud rather than to go to law 
for redress, i allude to tho frauds in seeds. The 
nuisance has, however, become to extensive, that 
^ if. IQ ! i mu In onaalr I »,_x_* a 
ILLINOIS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
PROGRAMME) OF EXERCISES FOR WINTER MEETING, 
Commencing Dec. 2d, at 10 A. M., at Bloomington. 
To Contivuk Four Days. 
FlKai- UjY. 
Homing Exercises—Essays and Addresses. 
Address by O. B. Galusha, the President. 
Essays on Apples. 
9 G. Hinkler, Specie Grove. 
K. K Phoenix, Bloomington. 
G. U. BaSer, Cobden. 
Afternoon Exercises—Essays on Pears. 
Robert Dough-- Waukegan. 
Verry Alitiic;. I’iriuliviv. 
C. A. Mniitfo.., Ceutraha. 
Evening Exercises—Essays on Peaches. 
James E. Starr. Alton, 
-Clark, South Pass. 
SKCOND DAY. 
Homing Exercises—Essays on Grapes. 
C N. Andrew-, Rockford. 
H. I.. Brush, Ottawa, 
C U. Roscnatiel, Freeport, 
country towns are loaded down with garden aud 
other seeds, which often remain over from year to 
year, and have no vitality. These are put up by 
unknown persons, living in obscure places, so that 
they can not be hunted up or exposed. This might 
be corre-cled, it in each country town some one per¬ 
son of character would undertake the seed business, 
and assume the responsibility to sell none but good 
seed, purchasing their stock from well-established 
houses in the larger cities, or from men of character 
who grow them. 
The frauds in seeds affect a class of people who 
are less able to bear the disappointment, than those 
who own large tracts of land on which to plant 
orchards and vineyards; they are the laborers, 
pare tbe ground, and the more they study the nature 
and wants of the plants they cultivate, the better 
tbe crop. Another fact should be remembered, that 
not one seed in a thousand matured by our forest 
trees and shrubs, produces a living plant. We can 
not afford to purchase costly seeds and lose such a 
large proportion, which we shall do if we plant in 
the same manner. Our weeds are hardy and prolific, 
very tenacious of life, and are able to propagate 
themselves under the most unfavorable circum¬ 
stances, otherwise they would not be weeds. Most 
of our troublesome weeds are of foreign origin, the 
seeds being brought here by accident. Perhaps the 
largest part thus introduced have lived for a season 
and perished unnoticed, while the hardiest became 
naturalized. If the florist would bo satisfied with 
only the most hardy and prolific flowers, such as 
would take care of themselves, then he might pur¬ 
sue a careless system of planting and cultivation, 
aud mi his grounds with dandelions and poppies; 
but he wants the rare aud beautiful flowers of every 
land, as far as climate will permit, to adorn his gar¬ 
den. He must have those that flourish naturally in 
warmer climes, and under more genial skies, and to 
do so, care and skill is required, aud a different sys¬ 
tem of culture than is necessary for the propagation 
on Foreign Grapes. 
Afternoon Exercises—Essays on small Fruits, Strawberries 
and Eliickbtmrics. 
II. M. Kidder. Evanston on Strawberries. 
It Shaw Tieniont. on Strawberries 
Cbaa Menitt, Battle Ore vie Mi<ih . It lurk berries 
A. t*. Crosby, Centralia, on Blackberries. 
Earning Exercise,-Essays on small Emits, Raspberries, dec. 
!: lm " Keiiti’eott, Sandoval, on small Fruit* of Eirynt 
It M. Kidder, on Rv*pberrie*. sjc • 
C II. Roaenstu-l. on Raspberries, 
J Asa iveniucott, Cbii ago, Ornamental Fruit Trees. 
Question for discus-inn on the second day p. m.: 
Resolved, That this Sucmiy disprove* the extensive cultiat- 
Uoi. ot troll lor u,v purpose of manufacturing stimulate *r 
intoxicating drinks, 6 ° 
third day. 
Homing Exercises— Essw* on small Fruits. 
Cbas Hamilton. Henry, on Go We berries. 
J. T. Muff). Dixon, Currants. 
Jas Wakcmao, C..tt««e Hill, on Cherries. 
C. H. KoseusticI, Frey port, on Plum*, Piunesand Cherries. 
Afternoon Exermses—Essays on Evergreens, <£c. 
S Edwards, LaMuttle. on Evergreens. 
M l- Dunlap, Champaign, on Screen*, Ac. 
O. K. Overman, on Landscape Gardenin'*. 
C 1 Chase, Chicago, Beautify ing otir Homes. 
Election ot Officer*. 
Evnvng Exercises—Hisctllgwons Essays. 
J. Pertain, Hope, Kitchen and Market Gardening. 
G. W. Miniep. Mackinaw, Forest Trees. 
Dr. Geo. Uasltvli, Fruits of Michigan. 
VO ORTH DAY. 
Homing Exercises—Hi: o-Uaneous Essays. 
J. A. Warder Cincdnnati. optional. 
R. D Walsh, Bock Island. Entomology. 
P. R. Hoy, Racine, Wia., optional. 
The essays and addresses will be followed by discussions on 
the topic* treated of. 
Evening— \ Social re-union. 
The oitiaens of Bloomington, with their nstial liberality of- 
terto the member* the hospitalities of their home* 
By order of the President, 
C. T Chaws, Cor. Secretary. 
There are thousands of Rural reader* in the West who 
will read the above programme. They are respectfully urged 
or he present at thin meeting The programme alone ou a ht 
to he Hufflelciita'tiaction , hut with ti l( . e-r-uysa. suggestion* 
the discus-don* will lie animated and nmhtsbb— .....I -- 1 
Baked Beans.— Few people know the luxuryof 
baked beans, simply because few cooks properly 
prepare them. Beans, generally, are not cooked 
halt long enough. This is a sure method:—Two 
quarts of while beans, two pounds of salt pork, and 
one spoonful of molasses. Pick the beaus, wash 
a gallon of boiling hot soft water, 
overnight; in the morning, put 
them, and add 
Let them soak ia it 
them in tiesh water, and boil gently till tbe skin is 
very tender and about to break, adding a teaspoon¬ 
ful of saleratus; take them up dry, put them in jour 
dish, stir in the molasses: gash the pork and put it 
in the dish, so as to have tbe beans cover all but the 
upper surface; turn in boiling water till the topis 
just covered; bake them with a steady fire, four or 
live hours; watch them and add more wafer from 
time to time as it dries away —Ilumehold Journal. 
Curds and \V he v. —Infuse a piece of rennet in a 
little boiling water, as for making cheese; let it 
stand au hour or two; then put a table-spoonful to 
three pints of new milk warmed. Cover with a 
cloth, and leave until the curd is (hick. Frees out 
and use tho whey, or sweeten and use both whey 
and curd. This makes a vei 7 nice dessert for 
dinner. 
Bread I’udding.— Fill a four quai’t pan half full 
of light bread, crumbled fine; add milk so as to 
nearly fill the pan; let it soak for two hours; then 
add two thirds of a cup of sugar, two eggs, two 
spoonfuls of sweet cream, a tea-spoonful of salt, 
half a nutmeg. Bake three fourths of an hour. 
outside influences, were permitted to come between 
him and bis business. Not even failing health could 
dampen the ardor which characterized his whole 
life. The nurserymen of Ameriea-tbe earnest men 
among them who love their profession—will cherish 
the memory of Mr. Reid as one who in his time 
contributed largely to the honor and interest of his 
profession—they will hold him np os a noble exam 
pie for those who are to follow, 
Mr. Reid'3 business aud social relations with his 
brethren in the trade were of the most agreeable 
kind. Wherever he went among them he was wel¬ 
comed as a friend and brother. At home, no man 
could be more courteous to straugers who visited 
his grounds, nor more kindly cordial and hospitable 
to his friends. His heart was warm, generous and 
sympathizing. In society he discharged his various 
duties with scrupulous fidelity, deserving and re¬ 
ceiving Ihe respect and esteem of his fellow citizens. 
Mr. Reid lost his wife several years ago, and 
