by all of the above names. It is known in Penn¬ 
sylvania as the Powder Willow, where it has been 
grown and used a great many years for this pur- 
•pose. Men who are familiar with it. and who make 
some pretensions to botanical knowledge, have 
called it, both the Gray and Black and Timber Wil¬ 
low. These are provincialisms which may seem ol 
little consequence in this discussion. But a man 
may sell the White Willow and sell a very different 
willow from the one now recommended, and have 
authority for it. For Salix Candida —a shrub four 
to six. feet high—is called the White Willow by 
Wood, a botanist of some note and authority. 
Grey calls the same Sulix Candida, “ Hoary Wil¬ 
low," describing it as‘’of very white aspect in ex¬ 
posed situations, but green in the shade.” Wood, 
in the latest editions ot bis botany, does not give 
any such species as Salix Alba, which my friend, 
with Grey, calls the “ While Willow.” The willow 
under consideration is called 8, fragllis — Crack 
Willow—Bedford Willow. It is described by Wood 
Ellwanuer testified to the merits of the Honey 
Locust for a hedge. He regarded it superior to the 
Osage in all respects. The color of its foliage and 
the compactness of the hedge it made, compared 
favorably, as grown here, with the Osage. It is not 
as rapid a grower; hence a better hedge plant. 
THE “ WHITE WILLOW.” 
I saw no willow hedges here. Mr. E. did not 
express a high opinion of the willow for hedges—of 
any willow for that purpose. I asked if he knew 
aught of the White, or Gray, or Powder Willow; for 
it i 3 known in different localities by each of these 
and has been called the Black Willow also. 
Ttorfkutturat gotfs 
A Rociikstku Nurskry as sben by Western Eyes.—O ur 
Western Editor whim on :t recent visit East, paid Ids respects 
to the celebrated Nurseries of Rochester, and we devote a good 
deni of our space this week to a description of. what he saw, 
heard and said, in one of the most extensive and complete es¬ 
tablishments of the kind in the world. 
rpREES AND SEEDLING STOCKS.— JOHN 
J . 'UNDRY ifomnodv Bristol & Wimjamh.J Pausville, 
Lmngtim Oo., N. Y-, invites the attention of 
Planters, Nurserymen and Dealers, . 
to his (hie stork of I’ear. Plum, and Appt,. HcoUIiibh. Also, 
“Year old Standard and llwarl Pear Trees of leading varieties, 
which he oilers for the Kail and .Spring trade, cheap for cash. 
MMSt] JOHN GOUNDRY, Dansyille, Liv. Co * N V. 
AT ILLWANQIH & BARRY’S. 
There are few persons who visit Rochester who 
do not visit the Mount Hope Nurseries; I did so. 
Welcomed and gnided by Mr. Eli. wan her — a , 
shrewd, intelligent, philosophical German — we 
were soon wandering over the area devoted to 
specimen orchards, fruits, flowers, hedges, <£c. 
the grapery, 
Where the identity of the vines they propagate is 
established, and from the wood of which they sup¬ 
ply customers, was filled with exotic vines made 
beautiful and attractive by hundreds of pendant 
clusters of ripe and ripening grapes. 
The advantage of ibis practice is manifold. The 
nurseryman is sure that lie is propagating what is 
true after having seen the fruit; the buyer can see 
for himself and, if a dealer, can speak iinderstand- 
ingly to his customers; the amateur who seeks to 
make a choice collection, suited to his tastes and 
desires, can here determine the matter, decide for 
himself without taking anybody’s say so. It is a 
good institution, this vinery of exotics. 
rnE pear orchards. 
Adjoining the grapery is one of the pear orchards— 
the dwarfs—some of them still holding their fruit; 
all bearing evidence of great fruitfulness. The 
remarks made of the advantage of a specimen 
grapery applies with equal force—or greater—to 
the pear, apple, plum, and cherry orchards. These 
orchards are schools to the fruit grower. They 
teach him to know and identify varieties; enable 
him to study the best mode of culture, of training, 
pruning, the habits of growth, character of foliage, 
&c. For this purpose, an annual pilgrimage to 
these nurseries will pay the orchardist or nursery¬ 
man who desires thoroughly to educate himself and 
keep posted in all that relates to this peculiar hus¬ 
bandry. We found no pear blight on the trees. 
There is but one remedy for pear blight, so far as I 
have been able to discover; and that is, continual 
planting. Renew the orchards. 
THE DWARF PLUM TREES 
Were literally loaded with fruit, and the ground 
mosaic with the golden, purple, and crimson spheres. 
How do you save the fruit from the curculio? I 
asked. “Shake him off on sheets and destroy him. 
It is the only way we know of to do it; and it does it; 
you see we get fruit enough to pay us lor our pains." 
“But is it not too much trouble?— should think it 
would require a great deal of patience?” 
“ Too much trouble! Why, my dear sir, it is less 
trouble than it is to be deprived of the fruit.” It is 
made, here, a part of the system of the culture of 
the plum, to look after the “little Turk.” If weeds 
spring up out of the earth, they are cut down—uo 
one complains that their destruction is too much 
trouble, if it is found that by don g it a crop of corn, 
potatoes, or anything else valuable is secured. No 
one seems astonished that all plants have not a posi¬ 
tive and apparent economic use; of complaining 
that they caunot grow grain or vegetables because 
weeds choke them. And yet few seem to remember 
that there are insects that bear the same relation to 
vegetation that weeds do; that it coats as little to 
protect the plant from the one as the other; that 
each la alike easily exterminated if vigilance is 
used and effort made; and that it pays to do both 
thoroughly, and in the season when the weed and the 
insect are most injurious. 
THE DWARF CHERRIES 
Did not, of course, show as advantageously as they 
would if it had been the season of fruit; but the pyr¬ 
amid form, and the dark mass of foliage, presented a 
beautiful outline and symmetrical object for or¬ 
chard or lawn. Let all good horticulturists work 
and pray for the time when fruit trees shall enter 
more largely into the system of ornamental plant¬ 
ing, giving, as tribute to such appreciation, annu¬ 
ally, a beautiful promise of fragrant bloom, and a 
harvest of equally brilliant, beautiful, fragrant., and 
luscious fruit. That the cherry may become a lawn 
tree without any deterioration of its bearing quali¬ 
ties, there is evidence enough, especially the rapid 
growing variety, bearing, (when cultivated,) rich 
English varieties. It seems to me that some of the 
wise ones might spend some time profitably, by 
elaborating this suggestion, which their experience 
and familiarity with varieties will enable them to do 
much better than I can. 
DWARF APPLES. 
So far as I have heard any expression from 
western nurserymen —lor I do not know that west¬ 
ern orehardists have given any based upon experi¬ 
ence—they profess to distrust dwarf apples. Some 
of them have, if 1 remember aright, positively con¬ 
demned them. What the reasons for ibis condemna¬ 
tion are 1 do not, at this writing, remember; and have 
no means of determining. But here is a condensed 
edition of an apple orchard—the trees occupying 
but little more room than the same number or dwarf 
pear trees, and bearing abundantly. There are cer¬ 
tain advantages resulting from this mode of training 
the apple which will commend it to western men. 
There may be equally important disadvantages; if 
so, they ought to bo taithtiilly presented. The ad¬ 
vantages are—1. The habit of the tree is such that 
the trunk is in no wise exposed to the sun, and the 
whole tree is less exposed to the wind. 2. It is 
asserted that more fruit can be grown on the same 
area; for trees can be planted much closer. 3. It 
costs less to gather the fruit, and less to protect the 
trees from insects. 4. It costs less to cultivate the 
same number of trees. 
There may be other advantages which do not 
occur to me now. Here, this mode is adopted not 
only for the purpose of showing what can be done 
with the apple as a dwarf, but because land here has 
a high value, and specimen samples of the different 
varieties of apples can be grown near the office, and 
in connection with the specimen orchards of other 
fruits. Especially, on small places, in or near towns, 
where but little land can be devoted to fruit, the 
dwarf apple orchard may profitably, perhaps, be 
inaugurated. It is astonishing how much fruit may 
be grown on a quarter of an acre. 
SPECIMEN HEDGES. 
We pass down a grassy avenue bordered by 
hedges, deciduous and evergreen, composed of 
1 almost every hedging plant which has been proved 
desirable, native and foreign, ornamental and useful. 
\ The Arbor Vifffis, Hemlock, Spruce, Cedar, &c., 
/ among the evergreens; the Osage Honey Locust, 
l Thorn, Birch, Privet, <&c., among the deciduous trees. 
/ Here, again, is the advantage of models and samples 
s self-evident. The effect of the different habits and 
1 foliage of the plants, and of the different forms of 
& training or cutting the hedges may be seen. Mr. 
MASSACHUSETTS Horticultural Sooiety. —The annual 
Meeting of this Society was held In October, and the following 
officers elected: 
President— Charles M. Hovey. 
Vice. I'i esidents—i F C. Hyde, C. O. Whitmore, W. C. 
Strong, Geo. W Kratt. 
Treasurer— William It. Austin. 
Corresponding Secretary— Ebon Wight. 
Uncording Secretary —K. Lyman Wiimhip. 
names, 
He said he supposed he had it; and it so, he did not 
think it could be regarded a good hedge plant I 
refer to this matter here because it is the testimony 
of many who have known it long in the west. The 
Illinois Horticultural Sooiety recently refused to 
recommend it; and several members denounced the 
effort to sell it for hedging purposes in no measured 
terms—calling it. a swindle, &c. 
Per contra , my courteous young friend of the 
Prairie Farmer has assumed ils championship, and 
has become the advocate of all such as have willow 
cuttings for sale. 
He calls me dogmatical because I had asserted it 
was not a hedge plant. Notwithstanding my pro¬ 
verbial arrogance (!) I am not so opinionated that I 
will not cheerfully retract all \ have said against the 
“ White Willow” as a hedge plant, the moment it is 
established that I am wrong. And, I am willing to 
give all the. evidence that can be adduced, based 
upon fads, that go to prove ibis willow valuable 
for this purpose, in addition toils other useful quali¬ 
ties. Until now the evidence has been against it. 
The reader may judge for himself of the following 
testimony — extracts from an article in the Chicago 
Tribune , written by M. L. Dunlap, well known as 
a practical man and horticulturist Ho describes 
a hedge he recently visited, as follows: 
The first planting of these willows not being on 
the line, were cut, down on the sale of one of the 
farms to the present owner in the spring of lfi53, and 
the cuttings put out one foot apart for a distance of 
some twenty rods. The soil is Hat just, above. Ibe 
THE (5 Tit )VE IN IT KSK RY._ Dr. 
L JOHN A K1NNICOTT, Tin: GttOVB P. 0., Omm Co., Il¬ 
linois, still sells nil kinds ol Nursery Gnek, suited to the North¬ 
west Fruit, Ornamental aud Timber Tines, Splendid Rvkr- 
IIRRKNS, sure to Uve —'’Small KruitA," of (ill host sorts. near 300 
varieties ol hardy Shrubs and Flowering Plants and some that 
are tender Pieplant, Asparagus Roots, Ac., ail "honest M 
Rood," and at rates tmsed on the price of (arm products umljH 
Dor—nearly all at an ftyeraye of less than baft the pnces^H 
yoarsaijol Par king extra, warranted safe. Terms, sk.h|S 
so.'wn customers. Cash with Liu: order. Priced Lists and ifl^P 
station free. (ffT 
Riiiiion Flownk-Bkd. —The authorities at the Kew (Nation¬ 
al Gardens) arranged during the past year the various flowers 
at their disposal in. the form of a “ribbon flower-bed,” fifty 
feet in length by seven in breadth. The effect of this arrange¬ 
ment was exceedingly brilliant, and bus been very happily 
turned to a practical aOCOUot. inasmuch as all the great cen¬ 
ters of English industry have sent, iigenls nnd artists to copy 
it. as designs and patterns for the goods Uiey manufacture, 
via.: Manchester, prints, chintz, draperies, &u.; Coventry, rib¬ 
bons ; Kidderminster, carpets ; Glasgow, muslins, shawls, &e,; 
Yorkshire, colored table covers ; Belfast, damask table-linen, 
&c.; Nottingham, lacc ; Macclesfield, Derby and Spitulfields, 
silks, embroideries, &n.; Dublin, mixed fabrics; Paisley, 
Scotch goods and window muslins; Bradford, moreens and 
'damasks; Clerkenwell, artificial flowers; and the potteries, 
china and porcelain. One lady ordered to be manufactured 
for her fifty yards of stair- carpeting and a drawing-room carpet, 
the borders and centers of wldeh are to ho an exact imitation 
of the borders and centers of the flower-bed in question, 
/ I^VKIC’IS SCHOOL "VIHIXClfSA 
VOL. VII., * 
A DAY SCHOOL MONTHLY. 
The Visitor will commence its seventh volume with the Janu¬ 
ary No., 1863 This is the only Dan School Periodical published 
at 
Fifty Cents a Year! 
Magiuinn form. Beautifully iUustrstwl. Readings, Music, 
Speeches, Dialogues, Stories, Puzzles, Ac.. &c., from the very 
BEST Whiter0. 
Tho Visitor has the largest circulation of any Educational 
Journal published. 
Now is the lima to form olnh". (or Winter ScIiooIm. Send for a 
specimen, and see inducement, to clubs. Address 
BAUGIUDAY & HAMMOND. POKLiyllRUS, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Exchanges eopying the above, and sending a marked copy, 
will receive tho V isitor fur one year. «U7-Iteow 
Kttqnivics ami gwsurm 
r |’HE INDEFENTDEATT, 
EDITED BY 
n E N It Y W A It D II E ECIIER, 
IS A RELIGIOUS NEWSPAPER, 
AND A REAL NEWSPAPER. 
Fruits for Notukkn Ohio.—I am a subscriber, and wish 
to set out an orchard of about three hundred Apple trees, 
fifty Peach trees, sixty dwarf Pear trees, fifteen Cherry trees, 
and a few Plutii trees. As we have to depend upon the Rural 
ns our only sure guide. I would like you to name about eight 
varieties "f summer Apples, eight of fad. and sixteen of win¬ 
ter, trees that would ho most suitable for pruinesoilin North¬ 
western Ohio, depending upon a market seventeen miles, ex¬ 
cepting what is wanted for a large family.—J. A. SfAKEORD, 
Hull Prairie. Wood Co , Ohio, Oct . 1802. 
In reply to tho above we give the list of fruits recommend¬ 
ed by the American Pomotogical Society for Northern Ohio. 
This catalogue is compiled from reports of the most intelligent 
and experienced fruit-growers in that section of the State 
Apples — Summer .—American Summer Pearnoain, Early 
Harvest, Red Astraclmu. Tetfosky. Autumn .— Cogswell, 
Duchess of Oldenburg, Fall Pippiu, Garden Royal, Jersey 
Sweeting, Maiden’s Blush Myera Nonpareil. Winter. —Bel¬ 
mont. Fallawater, Paradise Winter Sweet, Hatubo, Red Cana¬ 
da. R. I. Greening. Smith’s Cider Svvaar. 
Peaks on Quince.— Belle Lucrative, lleurre d’ Anjou, 
White Doyenne. Louiso Bonne do Jersey, Noiveau Poiteuu, 
Urhaniste. 
Cherries — Belle ds> Choisy, Belle Magnifiquo, Yellow 
Spanish, Black Tartarian, Carnation, Cleveland Bigarreau, 
Donna Maria, Early Purple Guigtie. Governor Wood, Jeffrey's 
Duke, Kentish, Louis Philippe, May Duke, Morello. Napoleon 
Bigarreau, Plumstone Morello, Red Jacket, lteitie Hortonse 
Uockport Bigarreau. 
Plums. —Bradshaw, Coe's Golden Drop, Damson, Duaue’s 
Purple, Green Gage, Imperial Gage, Srulth’3 Orleans, Wash¬ 
ington, Prince's Yellow Gage. 
PKACflKS.— Cooled go's Favorite, Crawford's Early, Craw¬ 
ford's Late, Early York, Grosso Mignonne, Hyslop Cling, 
Large Early York, Old Mixon Free, Sturtevant of Ohio, 
Ward's Lato Free, Yellow Rare ripe. 
it affords its readers ; 
Fair and thoughtful editorial discussions of tho most import¬ 
ant facts and occurrences ami interesta of this nation and of the 
world. 
a comprehensive record of facts, men and movements of the 
Religions World. 
A full «ud careful weekly history of the progress of the 
Rebellion, 
Ample elirouirte* of the important general news, home and 
foreign. 
Fair iirul careful accounts of new boohs, made on the express 
principle or serving as a safe gn du to buyers. 
Interesting correspondence from Washington, from the West, 
from the Army, liom Abroad. 
Siix columns a week of carefully seleeleii mutter for Family 
Beading; being prose and poetry, suited to Interest both the 
Old People and the Young People. 
A full chronicle of Ihe progress of business nnd nfthe current 
prices of merchandise, produce and live stock in New York 
ONE SERMON EVERY WEEK 
TUB FOLLOWING EMINENT WRITERS ARB SPECIAL CON- 
TRUIUTORS TO ITS COLUMNS f 
Mrs. Harriet Bf.kcuer Stowe, 
Rkv, Theodore L. Cutler, 
Rev. Robert M. Hatfield, 
Rev. George B. Cheever, 
Horace Greeley, 
Bayard Taylor, 
John G. Whittier. 
TFJIM9 — $2 per aonum, paid in advance. Specimen num¬ 
ber sent gratis. JOSEPH M. RICHARDS, Publisher, 
668-9t No. 5 Beekman Street, New York. 
FOB SALE BY NEWS AGENTS. 
and which would produce nearly or quite a cord ot 
wood to the rod. or about Uv«nr,y-{ivo poles thirty 
feet long, with an average of six loch vs diameter at 
tho base, two feet from the gronnd. The cost of this 
was setting the cuttings alongside of a post and rail 
fence, and cultivating them with the plow when the 
field had its annual seeding of grain. 01 course this 
result surprised all who saw it; for ia live years the 
fence was taken away, and the wall of willows has, 
since that time, protected that portion of Ihe field. 
Within the past tour years a largo number of farm¬ 
ers, probably over one hundred, have planted cut¬ 
tings of this willow for fences, over ouo hundred 
miles of which we saw yeeterday. As yet none of 
ibis recent planting will turn stock, but, wh see no 
reason why it will not iu two or three years more; 
aud notwithstanding the history of other willows 
and our own previous expressed opinions, we have 
tho evidence and assurance that, this willow will 
make an efficient fence as above indicated. We 
also visited an adjoining larra along the bottom 
lands of this stream, and found a fence of about a 
quarter of a mile, most of it set seven or eight years 
ago of this willow, in the unbroken sod land, and 
these, with the exception of an occasional loss of a 
cutting, makes a sufficient fence for all stock usually 
allowed to run out. On Ihe same farm, and in the 
same connection, is an attempt to use the golden 
willow for the same purpose, but it is a decided 
failure. The trees do not grow of a uniform size, 
and those taking the lead crowding the others out, 
thus spoiling the symmetry and value of the fence. 
On the other hand, the grey willow has a uaiform 
growth, which prevents one tree front crowding the 
otlmr out; and growing of uniform size, they soon 
make snoi ' ‘ " 
•pSE NEW YORK OBSERVER 
IS A RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR 
NEWSPAPER, 
PUBLISHED ON A DOUBLE SHEET, SO AS TO BE 
EASILY SEPARATED INTO 
TWO D IS TI NOT PAP EE S. 
In Religion it in free from sectarianism. nn<! gives a full, fair 
ami impartial report cvrrv -vueic of all matters of mineral 
interest. 
IN ALL THE DENOMINATIONS. 
Tn Politics it is entirely free from party relations or affinities, 
discuss-ing great, pilnciph’s with fre.udom and candor, and giving 
the fullest and latest intelligence of all the movements of the 
day. 
IT SUPPORTS THE GOVERNMENT WITH VIGOR, 
FIDELITY AND ZEAL, IN ITS EFFORTS TO 
CRUSH TDK REBELLION, 
and restore the Union, and preserve the Constitution. It criti¬ 
cises with fieedotn whatever measures me not adapted to the ac¬ 
complishment of these ends; but its steady purpose, from the 
heaiuuiug of the war, hat been, and will he, to unhold the 
hands and strengthen ihe heart of the Government, while it 
puts forth ils energies to protect us against the most unholy 
rebellion that ever disturbed the peace ot' any country. 
The New York Observer is the most complete family news¬ 
paper' 
IN THE WORLD, 
Iu the variety of its Departments, 
In the i'n liners of it 1 - Information, 
In the extent of Its Correspondence, 
In the number of minds enlisted in its Editorial and other 
columns, 
Iti the amount of money expended in procuring materials to 
enrich aud adorn Its |»nji.s, 
In the healthful, re tig nuts, conservative, genial tone that per- 
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I n its stores of anecdote, biography, poetry, science, art, and 
general literature, it will strive to exceed every other weekly 
newspaper. 
ABOUT CORNED BEEF 
auu {giowm^ ui iiuiiuriu i/.o, nicy BUG II 
h a barrier that no largo auimal can crowd, 
its way through between the UmuoruuH branches 
that grow up—some upright, others shooting out at 
angles in all directions—givingspace for the growth 
ol the numerous trunks, yet none to ppare lor the 
passage way of cattle. This not having been in¬ 
tended for a fence, of course is not as perfect as 
those of later planting, which look as though they 
would answer as good a purpose, even against 
prowling hogs, as the average of Osage hedges. 
[ have no disposition to be captious; neither have 
I any desire to establish that this willow is not 
worthy general adoption as a hedge plant on our 
prairies. That it will make a valuable timber belt 
—a screen, a protection, a shelter, and quickly fur¬ 
nish an abundance of good timber for fuel, for rails, 
for the manufacture of valuable charcoal, for hoops, 
and lor many other economic purposes, there is 
abundant testimony. That it will make a fence 
against stock, Mr. Dunlap has furnished evidence 
that I have no disposition to gainsay; so will almost 
any other strong-growing, soft-wooded tree, plantud 
in the same manner; but it does uot prove that, it, 
or all, or any other ot the strong-growing trees, 
ought to he recommended as suitable hedge-plants 
for general fence-making purposes. Few will pre¬ 
tend that it is desirable to fence every forty-acre 
field with a live hedge “towering forty feet high,” 
with a base (inverted or otherwise) of thirty feet. 
The best hedging plants are uot those which grow 
strongest and tower highest, but, such as are of slow 
growth and dwarfed habit. If it is desired to make 
the live fence the timber lot—the source ol supply 
ol fuel, of rail timber, of posts—for it is asserted 
that it makeH excellent pust timber alter being char¬ 
red—this willow seems to be the tree. If it is 
desired to make it simply a hedge—a live fence 
which shall not occupy too much ground nor shade 
au immense urea—a fence which will protect crops 
against stock of all kinds aud even against rabbits, 
then 1 have seen no evidence that it is that kind of 
a hedge plank If it can be proved that it is—all 
right, I shall be glad to record the fact. 
ABOUT THE CUTTINGS. 
There is too much asked for them. There are 
plenty of them, and they should be cheap. But a 
more important matter to the larmer is, that he be 
careful of whom be purchases, and what he pays 
bis money for. AU willow cuttings that are sold in 
the West are not of this particular willow under 
consideration. For the 
NAME OF THIS WILLOW 
Is not so thoroughly established as my courteous 
young friend rather dogmatically asserts. He says; 
And before we close we will say a word about Ihe 
name ol this tree. It is White Willow (Salix Alba) 
nnd not Timber Willow, Gray Willow, or l’owder 
Willow. Will it not lie just as well for writers to 
do away with this multiplicity of names, and settle 
down upon the one name proper? 
Better botanists than either of us have oalled it 
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its doauinal view h, making a complete library ot re I igious biog¬ 
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We will funiiah the whole set of 'da billowing works to any 
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ry, uei'Jivr the beginner, uor the more advanced farmer need 
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They are here placed within the reach of every young mart in 
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668-St Editors k Proprietors, 37 Park Row, N. Y. 
To Preserve Pippins in Slices.— Take the 
fairest pippins, pare them, and cut them in slices a 
quarter of an inch thick, without taking out the 
cores; boil two or three lemons, and slice them with 
the apples; take the same weight of while sugar, (or 
clarified brown sugar,) put half a gill of wafer for 
each pound of sugar, dissolve it and set it over the 
fire; when it is boiling hot put in the slices; let them 
boil very gently until they are clear, then take them 
with a Fkimmer, and spread them out on flat dishes 
to cool; boil the sirup until it is quite thick, and 
pour it over them. These may be done a day be¬ 
fore they are wanted; two hours will be sutheient to 
make a line dish for dessert or supper. 
To Wash Muslin (Swiss) Lawn, Brown or 
Grey Linen,— Two quarts wheat bran, boiled half 
an hour iu soft water, strained, and poured into the 
soft water in which the article is to be washed, with¬ 
out soap; rime once; use no starch. Articles done 
up in this way look like new. 
(0)^1 
