382 
in lower latitudes than their fossil habitats, living along the Australian 
coast-; such are Trivia avelkmoides and Trigonia margaritacca, var. acuti- 
costata. Although many of the genera and even of the species of the Janjukian 
fauna are still living, the general facies is that of a much warmer climate than 
at present found in southern Australia. There is abundant proof of this in 
the fact that many of the Janjukian types of mollusca must now be looked 
for in the Queensland coast fauna and still farther northward. 
The abundance of the large volutes, as well as the occurrence of the 
genera Harpa, Phos, Ancilla , Pyrula and Cuciillcea , with many others, are 
strongly indicative of warmer coast lines, some being peculiarly Indo-Pacific 
generic types. Specifically, many of the fossils are closely related to Miocene 
forms found in the Vienna basin, in the deposits of which the shells clearly 
indicate a warm temperate to sub-tropical conditions. With regard to this 
latter point, the peculiar variety of Ampliistegina Icssomi, with a thin peri¬ 
phery and prominent umbilical bosses, formerly known as A. hauerii, is the 
abundant form both in our Janjukian series and the Vienna Tertiaries. 
The ostracoda of the Janjukian from the Batesford limestone area have 
lately received some attention from myself, 1 and the present results are now 
combined with them, and furnish very interesting data. Thus, a considerable 
number of the fossil species are living, and can now be found, like some of 
the foraminifera presently to be mentioned, only to the north of the 35th 
parallel. 
The large discoidal Orbitolites complanata, which, by the way, was common 
in the warm Tertiary seas of the Paris basin, was abundant when the Janjukian 
green-sands of the Mallee were laid down, but it has now retreated to lower 
latitudes, being found in Sharks’ Bay, Western Australia, at latitude 26°, 
and off the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, at about the same parallel. It 
should be stated, however, that Orbitolites was a common genus in South 
Australian waters in Upper Pliocene times 2 where, in the limited area of the 
Adelaide Plains basin, it appeared to survive in a “ biological backwater,” to 
quote a significant phrase of Professor Gregory. 
The lepidocycline foraminifera peculiar to the Balcombian and Janjukian 
stages have now become extinct, but their trend of habitat was along the 
tropical and warm temperate coast-line of the old Tethvs or Mediterranean 
Sea from Australia to India and Southern Europe, and even as far as the 
Antillean region of the West Indies. 
The Rev. W. Howchin, F.G.S., has already 3 estimated the climatal 
range of the Muddy Creek foraminifera of the lower bed, which is 
a stage older than the oldest beds of the “ Murray Gulf,” and which I regard 
as of Oligocene age. Mr. Howchin finds 26 per cent, tropical forms of forami¬ 
nifera, 47 per cent, warm temperate and tropical, 6 per cent, temperate, 
and 34 per cent, cosmopolitan. The Janjukian fauna I would regard as 
showing quite as high, if not higher, thermal conditions, as proved by the 
prevalence of foraminifera of a distinct coral-sea type. 
The Kalimnan Climate. 
The climate at this period must have cooled down considerably after 
Janjukian times, since the molluscan shells indicate fairly low temperatures, 
probably varying from warm temperate to cold conditions, the latter charac¬ 
teristic being seen in the presence of Saxicava and the abundance of Tellina 
and Natica. 
1 “ A Study of the Batesford Limestone.” Proc. Bov. Soc. Viet., Vol. XXII. (N.S.), Pt. II., 1910, 
pp. 29S-301, pi. LII. 
* See Prof. T. W. E. David. Presidential Address, Bep. Aust. Ass. Adv. Sci., Melbourne Meeting, 
1918. p. LXXX., footnote 1. 
* Trans. Boy. Soc. S. Aust., Vol. XII., 18S9, p. IS. 
