383 
By his estimation of climate, from the foraminiferal evidence, Mr. Howchin 
finds 1 that the Kalimnan of Muddy Creek affords 18 per cent, of tropical species 
of foraminifera, 35 per cent, warm temperate and tropical, 3 per cent, tem¬ 
perate, and 43 per cent, cosmopolitan. This estimation does not include 
the factor of relative abundance of specimens, but only of the number of 
species. From the data afforded by the common forms of Kalimnan forami- 
fera enumerated by Iiowchin in his “ Census,” 2 I arrive at the conclusion 
that, with the exception of Orbitolites, they are all especially characteristic 
as temperate to cold water species, of shallow-water habitat. 
The-Post-Kalimnan Climate. 
The next series in ascending order are the Post-Kalimnan estuarine beds 
with shallow water and brackish foraminifera of a facies exactly like that 
of the estuarine foraminiferal clays of the north of Ireland, 3 and the deep- 
seated silts, 15-109 feet below the bed of the Buffalo Biver in South Africa. 4 * 
The deep-seated estuarine beds of the Mallee may for the present be referred 
tentatively to the Werrikooian stage of Hall and Pritchard (=Limestone 
Creek beds, Glenelg River), and probably are on the Upper Pliocene horizon. 
The microzoa in these deposits point to temperate and cold conditions, the 
temperate and shallow-water foraminifera, Rotalia beccarii, being especially 
abundant in some of the bores. 
The succeeding deposits, here referred to Pleistocene, are devoid of fossil 
remains. 
The rainfall was then probably greater than at present, as shown by the 
vast sheets of ferruginous and sub-angular sands which were laid down at 
this time, covering what is termed by Prof. Tate the Murray Plateau. 6 That 
arenaceous deposit may also be partly accounted for on Professor Tate’s 
assumption that the Murray waters were impounded and spread over a larger 
area than at present during flood season. 6 
The Holocene deposits are sandy and calcareous, the latter affording 
evidence of a saline lacustrine fauna in places, in all probability similar to that 
existing at the present time, with the surface area becoming more and more 
desiccated. 
9. NOTES ON THE FAUNAS. 
Fauna of the Janjukian Series. 
The oldest of the Cainozoic series touched by the present borings is, as 
already stated, of Janjukian age. In the earlier bores, situated to the west 
of the line of borings, the samples of this age, which are comparable with the 
Spring Creek or Torquay series, are generally of a glauconitic nature, although 
there is, in the deeper parts, a trace of the white polyzoal rock of the eastern 
bores. This glauconitic marl is very like that found in the top of the dome¬ 
shaped anticline at the foot of Bird Rock, Torquay, and represents fairly 
1 Trans. R.oy. Soc. S. Aust., Vol. XII., 1889, p. 19. 
' Aust. Ass. Adv. Sci. Adelaide, 1893, pp. 352-4. 
• J. Wright. Proc. Belfast Nat. Field Club. Appendix, 1879-80, p. 149-163. 
4 F. Chapman. Rec. Albany Mus., Vol. II., No. 1, 1907, pp. 6-17. 
• Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Au3t., Vol. VII., 1885, p. 25. 
• Loc. cit., pp. 31, 32. 
