96 
to five gray bands Adult: —Beneath, pearl-gray; tibite and 
lining of wing rufous; crissum whitish: Young. —Beneath, 
white or ochraceous, with lanceolate or ovate stripes of brown- 
isli-black on breast and sides. Upper parts much variegated by 
white spotting; no distinct nuchal collar. Bab .—Eastern 
South America. 
Certain single characters, or peculiar combinations of conspicuous 
characters, serve for the easy identification of the species; the following 
being the more prominent ones : — 
A. Tibia3 uniform rufous. 
a. Size large. 
* Breast and belly plain pearl-gray. 
1. Lining of wing whitish.. bicolor, adult. 
2. Lining of wing rufous... pileatus, adult. 
** Breast and belly spotted with white. 
1. Ground-color of breast pale fawn-rufous. guttatus , adult. 
2. Ground-color of breast slaty or umber. chilensis , adult. - 
b. Size small. 
* Breast white, faintly streaked or striped_ salvini, ad and yng. 
Breast white, with broad sagittate spots of brown. 
1. Black bands on tail and gray interspaces equal in width, 
erythrocnemis , young. 
2. Black bands on tail decidedly wider than gray interspaces, 
colors all darker.. r entrails, young. 
* Breast white, with narrow transverse bars . .erythrocnemis, adult. 
** Breast plain rufous, or with faint whitish bars in middle por¬ 
tion . ventralis, adult. 
* Breast plain plumbeous. nigroplumbeus, adult. 
B. Tibiae mixed white and rufous. 
a. Size large. 
* Breast plain gray. gundlachi , adult. 
** Breast spotted rufous and white.. .cooperi , adult. 
b. Size small. 
* Cheeks rusty-white, with dusky streaks; tibiae with broad rufous 
spots.- . fuscus , adult. 
** Cheeks plain rufous, without streaks; tibiae with narrow bars of 
rufous... fringilloides , adult. 
C. Tibiae white, with narrow bars of brown. .fringilloides, young. 
D. Tibiae plain buff or ochraceous; breast pure white, with dusky shaft- 
streaks; size small. chionogaster , adult and young. 
E. Tibiae white or rusty, with spots or streaks of brown. 
a. Breast thickly striped with deep sepia-brown, the sides with broad 
bars of the same. 
* Size large. gundlachi, young. 
** Size small. fuscus, young. 
b. Breast with narrow stripes of paler brown ; the sides also striped. 
* Size large.-. cooperi, young. 
** Size small. fuscus , young. 
c. Sides of breast with lanceolate or ovate stripes of blackish. 
* Above much varigated with whitish spotting- pileatus, young. 
** Above without exposed white spotting. chilensis, young. 
F. Lower parts immaculate white or ochraceous; a distinct nuchal 
collar of the same. bicolor , young. 
