1913-14 
HARVARD UNIVERSITY 
BOTANY 7 
Part I (one hour) 
Answer six questions 
1. What peculiarity of the seed allies the Caryophyllaceae to the 
Chenopodiaceae ? Distinguish the Portulacaceae from the Caryo¬ 
phyllaceae. 
2. State five leading characteristics of the Cruciferae. Name 
four useful members of this family. In what classes of soils are the 
Cruciferae best developed ? 
3. How are the Rosales distinguished from the Ranunculales ? 
Name two families of each order and four useful plants of the 
Rosales. 
4. What do you know of the variability and reproduction of (1) 
Rubus, (2) Viola , (3) Antennaria ? 
5. Describe the inflorescence of Euphorbia. 
6. How does the foliage of Fraxinus americana vary when the 
tree is forced to develop a second leafage in one season ? 
7. Describe the leading characters of the Compositae. How does 
Taraxacum differ from Helianthus ? 
8. What are the leading principles underlying the Engler and 
Prantl system of classification ? 
Part II (two hours) 
Answer nine questions 
9. What is the geographic affinity of the alpine and subalpine 
flora (1) of the calcareous cliffs of the lower St. Lawrence; (2) of 
our granitic alpine areas ? 
10. What region of the world has a flora most closely related to 
that of our rich Alleghanian woods ? 
11. Describe the distribution (1) of Eriocaulon septangulare; (2) 
of the genus Carema. What geological fact does their present 
distribution indicate ? 
12. Discuss briefly the inland occurrence of our coastal plants. 
13. Discuss the peculiarities of distribution, and the significance 
of their present occurrence of the isolated plants of pond-shores 
(such as those of Winter Pond or Boot Pond) of eastern Massachu¬ 
setts. 
14. Discuss the general characteristics of the vegetation of 
Mt. Albert (serpentine), Gaspe. 
15. What do you know of the distribution of (1) Belula nigra; 
(2) Magnolia virginiana; (3) Opuntia vulgaris ? 
16. What do you know of the distribution of (1) Colula coro- 
nopifolia, (2) the genus Schizaea ? 
17. What do you know of the present distribution of (1) Lirio- 
dendron Tulipifera, (2) Podophyllum. (3) Caulophyllum; and of 
the past distribution of Liriodendron ? 
18. In what habitat or habitats would you expect to find (1) 
Sarracenia, (2) Salicernia, (3) Pinus rigida, (4) Caltha palustris, 
(5) Hudsonia, (6) Lespedeza capitata, (7) Lathyrus maritimus, (8) 
Chenopodium album ? 
19. Why do European plants introduced into America success¬ 
fully compete with our indigenous species ? 
20. Discuss the behavior in changed environments of Poly¬ 
gonum amphibium. 
191V 
Final. 
