•jKEBSW 
ESTABLISHED IN 1S50 
difficulty Ib it wont keep; it becomes raucid in 
three months. Soft water regions make the best 
long-keeping butter. The older the pastures, too, 
the better the dairy. The true dairy region of 
the United StdteB is very limited. Ab good 
cheese cannot be made in the hard water regions 
as in the soft. In fifty years good dairy lands 
will bear higher prices than any other whatso¬ 
ever. 
Geo. Geddes, Onondaga, said that the ques- 
tion relative to the merits of the hard and soft 
water regions, for dairy products, had been 
agitated a lODg time and never settled; nor 
would it be now. Many good butter regions 
are limestone; on the Mohawk Flats —a lime¬ 
stone region — the best of butter is made. He 
did not believe such fine discrimination could 
be made in dairy products. The market is the 
best test. If the dealer wants to send butter 
once or twice round the globe let him take the 
risk. 
Mr. Thomas, Herkimer, said that oue cause 
of bad butter and cheese, was the allowing of 
too long intervals between milking, and using 
impure or diseased milk. Farms that grow 
large crops of red clover cannot produce good 
butter. If milk will boil without curdling it Is 
good. If the cows eat red clover the butter 
wont keep; it is the fine, old grasses that pro¬ 
duce sweet and aromatic butter. 
Mr. Hawley, Onondaga, thought that the 
qualities of butter depended a great deal on the 
packages. These should be soaked with salt 
water to prevent the wood from drawing salt 
from the butter. Cellars in which butter is kept 
should be free from all foul smells. Vegetables 
should not be stored in the cellar with butter. 
In taking it to market, care should be exercised 
not to expose it to a hot sun. For salting, Ash¬ 
ton and Onondaga Factory arc the only kinds fit 
to use. Thought the representations of dirty 
milkers to strong; it was wrong to publish such 
statements to the public. 
Mr. Burgess, Vt, stated that the water is hard 
in his section, yet good butter and cheese are 
made. The grass is muiuly timothy. Farmers 
are tarnlng their attention from wool growing 
to dairying. Fancy sheep may pay better, but 
not wool growing proper. He could make three 
pounds of butter to one of wool; sold the wool 
at 55 and the butter at 45 eents per pound. Con¬ 
sidered whey valuable for fattening bogs. 
Mr. Thomas, Herkimer, said the best way to 
prepare firkins for packing butter is to put but¬ 
termilk in them, let It remain two days, Bcaldand 
then fill with salt. He complained that some 
factories in Herkimer were managed dishonest¬ 
ly, thereby entailing loss on the farmers. He 
thought cheese factories were bound to go 
down, for it could be made cheaper at home, 
and there is no cheating then. Besides, the de¬ 
mand for large sizes had changed, those weigh¬ 
ing from forty to sixty pounds being now called 
lor. A cool temperature has much to do with 
the production of a good article; CO' is the 
proper temperature. If too warm, cool by sur¬ 
rounding the churn with ice, but put nothing In 
the cream. 
Mr. Hawley thought that in sending butter 
to a distant market it would be well to surround 
the packages with larger ones containing saw¬ 
dust or salt. These substances are non-con¬ 
ductors and the heat would not affect the butter. 
An ounce of salt to a pound of butter is the 
right quantity for salting, but care should be 
taken not to work the butter when it becomes 
pasty or salvy. The hand should be kept out of 
butter as much as possible; it should not be 
washed too much with water; work it as soon 
as churned, and again the next morning. 
Mr. McGraw, Tompkins, 6aid that In making 
butter and cheese, three pounds of the latter can 
be made to one of the former. Nine and a half 
pounds of milk make one pound of cheese. 
There is not much diiference in the profit of 
cheese and butter-making. The season makeB a 
great difference In the quality of butter. Of 
course that made in some months is better than 
in others. The food of cows has a great influ¬ 
ence, as the milk is flavored by what they eat, 
hence the sweet grasses and soft water are the 
best, In reply to a question, the speaker said 
that hogs would thrive well on whey alone — 
without even grass — but they must be sold be¬ 
fore cold weather comes. In cold weather they 
will not drink enough whey to keep them thriv¬ 
ing. When cowb are worth one hundred dollars 
it pays to raise calves of the best milkers. Both 
parents of the calves 6hould descend from a long 
line of good milkers; we cross our cows with 
Short-horn bulls; such do the best for us. 
Mr. Ralph, Oneida, believed that profitable 
feeding of whey depends much on its age. It 
should not be fed less than twelve, nor more 
than twenty-four hours after being made. The 
sugar of milk is the article of value in whey for 
feeding purposes; if it gets too old this turns 
to an acid, and hogs eating it scour, run down 
and die. 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
AN ORIGINAL WEEKLY 
RURAL, LITERARY ANT) FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
With a Corps of Able Assistants and Contributors 
HENRY S. RANDALL, LL, D., 
Editor of the Department of Sheep Husbandry, 
THE FARMER'S FALL CAMPAIGN, 
Farmers have had a breathing spell,— the se¬ 
vere labors of the summer harvest were followed 
by a 6hort season of leisurely work, but now 
that the Fall Campaign is fairly eiitered upon 
every nerve must be strained and every moment 
improved until the last potato is in the pit or 
cellar, the last ear of corn In the crib, and all 
the fields cleared of their useful products. In 
gathering his antumn harvest the farmer works 
to the greatest disadvantage; lie can call little 
machinery to his aid 
HON. T. C. PETERS, 
Late Pres't N. Y. Stale Ag. Soo’y. Southern Cor. Editor, 
Tmi Uveal Kew-Yohker Is designed to be unsur¬ 
passed In Value. Purity, and Variety ot Contents. Its 
Conductor earnestly lahors to render the Rural r Reli¬ 
able Guide on all Hie Important Practical, Scientific and 
other Subjects connected with the business of those 
whose Interests It zealously advocates. As a Family 
Journal It 1» eminently Instructive aud Entertaining— 
being so conducted that It can be solely token to the 
Homes ol people ot Intelligence, taste and discrimination. 
It embraces more Agricultural, Horticultural, Scientific, 
Educational, Literary and Kew9 Matter, interspersed 
with appropriate engravings, than any other Journal,— 
rendering It by l'ar the most complete Agricultural, 
Litkeaby and Famjlt Nkwbpapeb In America. 
the corn is yet cut with 
the knife and husked with the hand, and the po¬ 
tato is pulled out with the hook — the days are 
short and the weather uncertain. Energy and 
calculation — making the best use of what help 
he is able to command, will, at this juncture, 
distinguish the successful farmer. Seasonable 
hints are not out of place. 
Gut corn as soon as possible. It may not be 
fully ripe —all the ears bard —bnt all the nutri¬ 
ment the plant will draw from the earth is 
already in it, and if cut and shocked the juices 
will slowly pass from the stalk to the grain and 
mature It. A frost ou the standing corn would 
check this operation, ^kl'ake pains aigi shock 
the corn up well; it tbrWa oil' the rain better 
and the fodder is kept In good condition. 
If the corn is husked early tie up the stalks in 
firm, erect bundles and Secure in the stack or 
barn when they get in good condition. It is 
better to make small stacks, both on account of 
convenience in feeding and the sound keeping of 
the fodder. If put in the bam they should be 
very dry or mould will be formed. Dry straw 
scattered between the layers will check this 
tendency. 
Cut clover seed when the headB are all turned 
brown. Use tbe reaper and lay the clover in 
winrows; the gavels may be turned once or 
twice, and then loaded with barley forks. This 
course saves much Iobs from shelling. Rain 
will not hurt clover Bced except what loss results 
in handling from increased facility of shelling. 
Dig potatoes as soon as possible. Heavy fall 
rains decay theii. Do not expose them long to 
the Bun. Handle carefully; they will look bet¬ 
ter aud sell for higher prices. The potato loves 
coolness and moisture. Put the vinca in the 
hog-pen ; they will make bedding and manure. 
Draw corn into the barn or under the sheds to 
husk on rainy days. 
When the weather is fine eat breakfast by 
lamp-light, and do the chores before breakfast. 
E3V Fob Terms and other particulars bcc last page, 
DISCUSSIONS AT THE STATE PAIR, 
Tuesday Evening.—Subject, The Dairy. 
At 7}:j o’clock an audience gathered in St. 
Nicholas Hall, to hear and take part in the dis¬ 
cussion of subjects relating to the Dairy. B. S. 
Whitman, little Falls, N. 1'., opened with an 
address treating, mainly, the uncleanly practices 
and the evil results flowing therefrom, which 
might be observed in many dairies of the coun¬ 
try. Mr. W. observed that some dairymen do 
not deem it necessary that cheese shall be clean, 
in order to sell, but they seem to have adopted 
the motto “the more there is in it the more 
there is of it.” The speaker thought all dairy¬ 
men would'coucede that others might be filthy, 
though they would not call their own practices 
ia question. Milk, in all its relations, requires 
more care than any other food product of the 
farm. Cleanliness In every stage of its manage¬ 
ment is necessary to success; the construction 
of barns — tbe appliances for milking—should 
insure cleanliness. We would not wonder that 
people are sometimes poisoned with cheese, if 
we considered all the uncleanliness attending the 
making. Factories do not obviate this evil, but 
rather encourage it. 
President Go eld said the faet6 mentioned by 
Mr. Whitman had long been known to the N. 
Y. State Agricultural Society, and it had been 
deemed an absolute necessity to present them 
to the public. They are a cause of great com¬ 
plaint among cheese dealers. 
Mr. McGraw, Tompkins Co., contended that 
a good article of yheese or butter cannot be 
made from the best grass and water in the coun¬ 
try, unless the milk is rightly taken care of. He 
deemed what had been said on the subject of 
cleanliness in the dairy of great Importance. 
Had. bought a great deal of dairy product, and 
never ^handled any with loss that was well made. 
Milk should be put in the pan3 clean; no milker 
should put his fingers in the milk, to wet them 
when stripping, and the udder and teats should 
be cleaned with water and a cloth before milking. 
The dairy-house should be clean —the pig-^ty 
distant —and no stench near it. Packages 
should be clean. Cleanliness is at the very root 
of dairy prosperity. But a fine article of butter 
and cheese cannot be made where there is not 
soft water and fine grasses. 
Geo, Geddes, Onondaga, thought the idea of 
carrying a towel and water into the bam-yard, 
among the cows, was certainly a new one. 
Mr. Faxton, Oueida, believed that good but¬ 
ter and cheese could be made in the limestone 
regions. li&l a favorable experience of twenty 
years in using butter made on limestone land. 
Mr. McGraw, Tompkins, thought the last 
speaker’s taste for butter was educated to a false 
standard. The test for good butter is the mar¬ 
ket, The first question the dealer asks is 
“ where is your butter made i” If Mr. F. sent 
a lot of butter to inaikftt, part of it made in the 
soft and part in the bard water regions, he would 
find his returns greatly favoring the soft water 
butter. 
Lewis F. Allen, Black Rock, said excellent 
butter was made ia limestone regions, but the 
Our engraving represents a front view of a 
Potato Digger recently patented and now being 
manufactured by Mr. A. Marckt.lus of Pitta- 
iord, Monroe Co., N. Y. We have seen tbis 
machine, but had no opportunity of witnessing 
its operation. Practical men who have examined 
the machine and seen It in operation are favora¬ 
bly impressed as to its value, and think the in¬ 
ventor has Bnpplicd a long sought desideratum. 
Mr. Marcellus thus describes bis invention: 
“ This machine is draw r n by two horses, and 
consists of a double mould board plow which 
divides, or splits the row and throws the earth 
and potatoes Iut,o two separators. The separa¬ 
tors constitute the wheels of the carriage; as 
the wheels revolve the earth is separated from 
the potatoes aud they arc discharged in the rear 
into the furrow from which they were taken.’, 
This is a novel plan, but ia said to be a sure pre¬ 
ventive — the moth seldom going over the bat¬ 
ting. Another plan 1 have found successful: 
the use of a leaden or tin trough encircling the 
base of the tree and imbedded in the ground,— 
the trough filled with coal oil. The oil is sure 
to kill the moth if he gets on it.” 
Both of these plans would prove rather ex¬ 
pensive at the present prices of cotton, tin and 
lead, if applied to an extensive apple orchard. 
It ia believed that the hay-band process, recom¬ 
mended by an orehardist in New Jersey, will 
prove equally as effective with the canker worm, 
while it Is certainly much less expensive than 
with the cotton or the oil. 
land may be made very productive by simply 
pulverizing the soil to a miaute degree. This 
operation renders the plant-food contained there¬ 
in available to tbe growth of the crop. It adds 
nothing to what was previously there, but opens 
the way for the roots of plants to reach and ap¬ 
propriate the entire nutriment in the soil. For 
this object we plow and harrow. But the sub¬ 
soil plan goes deeper and obviously opens uew 
and rich sources oi mineral food to the searching 
roots of oar grasses and cereal. Deep plowing, 
with an ordinary implement, is not always wise, 
for tbe reason that it throws on the surface a 
soil deficient in vegetable mold, which forms a 
poor seed-bed to support the first and most fee¬ 
ble growth of the young plant. But snb-soiling 
—the loosening of the under soil without bring¬ 
ing it to the surface -throws open to the vigor¬ 
ous roots of the plant rich sources of food. Bub- 
soiling should follow under draining. Gn strong 
loams or days It Is of the greatest use,—in pure 
sands of the least. Where clay underlies sand, so 
close to the surface that It may be reached with 
the sub-soil plow, it is of great benefit to use it. 
The best time to sub-soil is in the autumn; the 
frost and the air go down. The water settles 
early in the spring. The labor of sub-soiling in 
the fall is much more, however, than in the 
spring. 
Production of Timber, 
Bayard Taylor, in a recent letter from 
Kansas, says that hundreds of acres of prairie, 
which have been protected from fire by contigu¬ 
ous cultivated fields, arc overgrown with hick¬ 
ory and oak trees from four to six feet high. 
Where land is tolerably well watered and undis¬ 
turbed, especially if ill vicinity of wooded coun¬ 
try, it will give support to what Is commonly 
called a spontaneous growth of timber. The 
character of the growth depends mainly upon 
the quality of the soil. The seed may have re¬ 
mained for years in the soil, possessing a latent 
vitality, which awaits only favorable conditions 
for its development. Poor soils seem first to 
favor the pine, and tbis in turn gives place to 
the more rapid growing deciduous trees, until 
the cheatnnt and the oak find fitting support and 
conditions for their growth and development. 
VARIOUS TOPICS DISCUSSED 
Against Salt for Man or Beast. 
A correspondent from Mich, sends us a 
communication in which he argues against the 
eating of salt by man or beast. Want of room 
compels us to select the strong points of his 
argument. He supposes the love of this condi¬ 
ment a depraved and accqnired taste, and asserts 
in support that young stock will not eat it ex¬ 
cept in cases where the taste, like that for rum 
in some people, is inherited. “Alt creation 
appears to indicate a wise designer and an adap¬ 
tation of means to ends. Noiv, would it not be 
unwise and even cruel to place animals on this 
earth with their food before them containing an 
Insufficiency of some of the elements necessary 
to their health and comfort. Numerous spccieB 
of animals never toate^ of salt, and millions of 
the human race have lived healthfully and died 
at a good old age without using it at all, and 
millions more live in perfect health who do not 
taste it either a3 food or condiment. In over 
doses it is repulsive and even a jioison to the 
human system, and it is said not to afford any 
nutriment but to pass out in tbe secretions with¬ 
out change, and when by reason of low vitality 
the system is unable to expel all, scrofula, 
ulcers and cancers may be produced.” 
Extraordinary Vitality of Seed Peas. 
A recent issue of The Farmer (Scottish) 
contains the following:—“Three years ago, Mr. 
John Hill, tailor, of Dnlverton, Somerset, re¬ 
ceived from his sister, who resides at Pontypool 
in Wales, three single peas, taken from a bottle 
found buried in an old ruin near that town. The 
bottle contains a parchment, from which it ap¬ 
peared that it had been deposited there 200 years 
before. Mr. Ilill planted the peas, aud in his 
garden plot the produce may now be seen, a 
most luxuriant crop of gigantic peas, the stocks 
much above the usual height, and covered with 
very light green semi-transparent pods of enor¬ 
mous dimensions, one of which measures 5% 
inches in length and 8 in circumference, another 
being 7 SncbeB long and 1% inches wide.” 
About Flax. 
Mr. Haymans IT ye, the British Vice Consul 
at Ghent, writes about the treatment of flax 
in that country thus: — “The new system of 
treating flax consists in planting elm trees round 
the ponds or along the ditches in which the flax 
is retted; when the leaves fall they are gathered 
and thrown Into the water, where of course^ 
they decay, which impregnates the water, and 
gives the flax a more even color ( as it is called, 
Bilvcry blue) and renders the fiber softer and 
silky. When the ponds and ditches become 
almost dry they carefully take out the first layer 
of mud, and place it in heaps on the sides, 
which is again thrown into the water when the 
retting seuson returns, and thus repeated every 
year. As color aud softness Increase its value 
so considerably, and as the method of producing 
these qualities appears so simple, the information 
given by Mr. Haymans Hye may perhapB be of 
much iDterest.” 
Heading the Canker Worm. 
Ira Phillips Corresponding Secretary of the 
State Agricultural Society, Iowa, speaking of 
the means proposed for destroying the canker 
worm, says they have been so numerous and 
many of them so absurd as not to be worth 
mentioning. He adds:—“The most effective 
means have been a strip of cotton batting tied 
around the tree and the edges well fringed out. 
Sub-Soiling Land, 
Will it pay to sub-soil land, and if so, which 
is the best season to do It ? is a question pro¬ 
pounded to us by a correspondent. Perhaps we 
can best answer by considering some of the re¬ 
sults of thorough sub-soiling. It is a fact that 
Bra 
IBA - M 
