£>TURE 
if^ziGRlCULTURT 
ESTABLISHED IN 1850 
ciety has been organized under very promising 
circumstances, " 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
AS 0KI8INXL 'WEEKLY 
RURAL, literary and family newspaper. 
No State has a finer Held for a 
well-conducted Agricultural Society. Its capi¬ 
tal city is easy of access to all its inhabitants, 
and the fixtures for its annual bIiowb can be 
made permanent. It is also easy of access to 
Delaware, Southern Pennsylvania, and Northern 
Virginia, whilst, its fairs would become of vast 
importance to n u whole South as affording the 
rtnest chanco for the purchase of choice stock 
and implements, and bringing the inhabitants 
of both North and South into such an acqnnlnt- 
ance as will be mutually beneficial. 
Iu Virginia, also, they are again moving in 
their agricultural matters. The State Society 
had a meeting not long since, at which I Should 
have been present but for the fact that I had 
not, time, after hearing of the meeting, to get 
to Richmond. They Imvo a great field for the 
energies of tlielr best men to develop their vast 
resonrees. Much, very much, of the early devel- 
opment, both of Maryland and of Virginia, wil 
now depend upon the judicious labors of their 
Agricultural Societies. And the motive power 
of all these movements will be found in small 
appropriations by their Legislatures to aid the 
cause. 
Some facts iu regard to the cultivation of the 
peach and grape have come under my uotlco 
lately, which only eoufirm me more strongly in 
the great, profits which may be realized in this 
region. A neighbor, some two miles from me, 
has a young peach orchard which came Into 
bearing last year, the third from its planting. 
Last year ho sold $1,000 worth of fruit from 
1,200 trees. This year the crop was compara¬ 
tively a failuvo, only about paying interest. But 
the next season, if only a fair one, be will realize 
at least f2,000 from his orchard. It. is worthy 
of note that only the very latest varieties arc 
profitable here and,generally realize large crops. 
A man who has been experimenting with 
grupcs on a small scale has become satisfied 
of the great profit in tlielr culture, and is now 
preparing a vineyard of several thousand plant-B, 
covering many acres. The Concord has thus 
far proved the favorite, and beeu perfectly 
healthy. I cannot but hope that these hills 
will bo clothed with vines iu a very few years, 
for I feel sure a man cannot make money so 
safely and so fast in any branch of farming as 
to cultivate grapes and peaches and other fruits, 
In this fiue climate and fine soil, and upon these 
cheap lands. 
Northern emigrants keep coming, and still 
there is room. t, c. r. 
Dec. 6,1866. 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
With a Corps of Able Assistants and Contributors, 
HENRY S. RANDALL, LL, D. t 
Editor of the Department of Steep Husbandry, 
HON. T. C. PETERS, 
Late Pres‘t W. Y. State Ag. Soo’y, Southern Cor. Editor, 
TEN-HOUR SYSTEM FOR FARMERS, 
Can furmers adopt the ten or eight-hour 
system, or, iu a broader sense, any definite lim¬ 
itation to the time of daily labor on the farm ? 
We think not; and any law designed to enforce 
such a system of farm labor would fall null and 
powerless from the legislators’ hands, unless the 
power of making special contracts were likewise 
destroyed. 
It is not advisable to adopt a system against 
the regular operation of which frequent excep¬ 
tions are liable to arise; and how often it is au 
absolute necessity for the farmer, in order to 
secure his crops from the weather, over which 
he has no control, to call his help early to the 
field and continue work until iu the dark. To 
offset against these extra hours of labor the 
workman has the benefit, of rainy days, and 
many periods of leisure occur iu the fairest 
weather, and on the best ordered farm, result¬ 
ing from broken implements, the changing of 
work, and the waiting for teams to feed and 
rest. To illustrate: suppose a plowman is 
“ breaking up ” in J uiy; lor some' days the ther¬ 
mometer ranges from DO’ to 100 ’ in the hottest 
hours of the day, 
s work with a team, unless ho is 
Ths Rural Nx-.v-Yor.KBB is designed to be unsur¬ 
passed la Value, Purity. and Variety ot Contents. Its 
Conductor eanip.stly labors to render the Bubal a Reli¬ 
able Guido on all the Important Practical, Scientific and 
other Subjects connected with the business or those 
■whose Interests It zealously advocates. As a Family 
J otrEMAi.it is eminently Instructive uud fcntertalnlng - 
being so conducted that It can be-rudely taken to the 
Homesol people ot intelligence, tnsto and discrimination. 
It embraces more Agricultural, Horticultural, Scientific,. 
Educational, Literary and News Matter, Interspersed 
with appropriate engravings, than any Other Journal,— 
rendering It by far the most complete Agkicultvbal, 
Litbraky and Family Newspaper In America. 
FINANCE AND MARKETS 
It is then impossible for him 
drive oh pipe wells, with Pumps attached. 
lo do a loir day’ 
in the field by daylight, and, resting four or five 
hours iu the middle of the day, continues his 
labor again until the stars glimmer iu the sky. 
Again, It is not practicable for the farmer to 
adopt aay6tem for his hired help which he could 
not for himself, and no sensible working farmer 
would think of limiting his own day’s work to 
eight or ten hours. 
I he constant variation of farm labor from 
light to heavy, from ouo kind to another, is a 
strong argument against the ten-hour system. 
The farmer must rise early to do the light 
“ chores,” to milk the cows, feed the stuck and 
teams before breakfast. This exercise iu the 
morning air is but a mere appetizer. In the field 
the real labor of the day begins and end*, and 
at this kind the farm hand does not toil more 
hours in the whole year than the operator in the 
factory, or the carpenter at bis bench. For sev¬ 
eral months of the year the principal work is 
taking cure of stock, and the skillful and suc¬ 
cessful farmer must regulate his time of labor 
to the wants of the cattle. 
If the ten-hour system means to the farmer 
that his time of daily labor shall be equal at all 
seasons of the year, and in all kinds of weather, 
manifestly he cannot adopt it. He cannot light 
up in the hours of night, or protect from storm 
and cold his fields and barns; so, of necessity, 
what time is losti n wet weather, and iu the Bhort 
days and the storms of winter, must be recov¬ 
ered in the fairer season of summer. And if the 
ten-hour system means that a specified number of 
hours be the measure of a day’s work, then 
from the incessant variableness of his labor It is 
imparcticable for him to adopt it. 
HINTS TO HORSE KEEPERS. 
Never feed grain or give water to a horse 
when warm lrom exercise. Sweat is not always 
a sign of warmth; place the hand on the chest 
for a test. Water given after a meal is safer 
than to give it before. 
Never drive fast or draw them hard immedi¬ 
ately after giving food and drink. 
Never drive faster than a walk with heavv 
loads. 
Do not let horses stand long in the stable at 
any time of year, without exercising. 
Feed regulaily, and in quantity according to 
the appetite of the animal and the labor it 
performs. 
Do not drive er work long in storms. 
Do not let the horses stand in the stable cased 
in boots of dried mud, and coats of matted 
hair. Groom them. 
At all times of the year make your horses 
comfortable when tied in the stable. They can¬ 
not help themselves there. 
Learn your horses to trust and have confi¬ 
dence in you rather than fear. 
DRIVE OR PIPE WELLS, 
before using. I would advise, where they are 
out doors, to dig down about five or six feet 
and stouc up like a well, and put the bucket 
and valves below the frost, and theu you need 
have no trouble from freezing up. Ours stands 
in the house. Wo like it very much—prefer It 
to any other well, because the water is clean 
and pure, and nothing can get Into the well to 
make the water unclean or impuro, and wo have 
no cleaning of wells to do. It is twenty-six feet 
deep. The pipe well is patented, and there is a 
suit now puiidlng (unless very recently decided) 
between two claimants, residing in this county 
to the title.” 
Iu connection with the above communication 
we give an engraving which illustrates the pipe 
or drive wells, with the pumps of Cowing & 
Co., (alluded to by our correspondent,) attached. 
The pipe is represented as having been driven 
down to a stratum of gravel aud sand, which is 
abundantly saturated with water. After pump¬ 
ing a short time the fine particles of sand and 
gravel at the bottom end of the pipe will be 
drawn to the surface, making a cavity which 
will be always filled with pure water. 
Mr. J. D. F. Woolston of Cortland Co., 
N. Y., sends us the following in respect to 
several inquiries published iu this volume of 
the Rural 
We have used a pipe well over 
two years, and will answer the inquiries, In 
the first place, let me say that I have no inter¬ 
est, direct or indirect, in the sale of pipe wells, 
and write only for the information of the many 
readers of your excellent journal. In soma 
localities they work well; iu other localities 
they will not. In almost any locality where 
there is a good reservoir of water in the ground 
I think they will work well. In this Yalley, 
whore yon reach the water at depths varying 
from ten to fifty feet, we find an abundance of 
water, and (comparatively speaking) it is like 
putting a pump into a cistern, reservoir or 
lake, the supply being inexhaustible. On the 
hills they dig until they find a spring, and then 
stoue up the well, which forms a reservoir for 
the water. I do not know of any of the pipe 
wells being put down on the hills, and think 
they would be worthless if put down. In this 
valley there arc hundreds of them in use, and 
they work admirably when in order. They use 
pipe from one and a fourth to two inches bore. 
Have heard that some put down a galvanized 
pipe, but all that I know of use the common 
iron pipe, generally called gas or water pipe. 
“ The way they make well} is to make a hole 
with an iron bar about the required depth; then 
take the pipe with the lower end plugged up 
with a pointed iron plug—two or three feet of 
the lower end of the pipe being drilled full of 
holes about one-fourth of an inch iu diameter, 
to admit the water into the pipe—drive down 
the pipe a good depth into the water (say three 
or four feet) and Bcrew on one of Cowing & 
Co.’s cast-iron cistern pumps, and you have a 
good well. Sometimes the water will be rlley 
and full of sand and very fine gravel for half a 
day’s continuons pumping, aud sometimes there 
will be a trifie of sand or fine gravel 
DURABLE FENCE POSTS, 
S. 8. Westcott, Saratoga Co., N. Y., sends 
ui a drawing and description of a fence post 
which he thinks will last one’s lifetime, Mr. 
W. writes that this kind of post has stood for 
ten years in his yard and garden fences, and is 
now as firm and sound as when first put up. 
SOUTHERN EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE 
The Weather—Halation of Crops- The of Fertilizers— 
State Agricultural Societies if Maryland and Vir¬ 
ginia— reaches— Crapes. 
come up 
for several months, but the water is clear and 
good; the only hurt It docs is to get under the 
valve and make the pump leak so as to let the 
water out of the pump, which then will require 
priming before using again. If-it should leak 
out, it is not over ten minutes work to take oil' 
top of pump and clean out the particles from 
under the valve so the pump will hold water, 
aud get water from the first stroke of the han¬ 
dle- Where they use water at the house, most 
people put them in the kitchen, and have a 
water pail stand in the sink; being where it is 
warm they do not freeze. Where they stand 
out doors, iu freezing weather you must raise 
the handle, which lets the water out so it will 
not freeze, and the pump must be primed again 
percent io conate, condense and impart the most 
important and valuable information obtainable 
concerning the Commerce, Finances and Mar¬ 
kets of this Country and Europe—one who has 
long studied the whole subject, and possesses 
