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MOOEE’S EUEAL NEW-YOEKEE, 
A.Y ORIGINAL WEEKLY 
RURAL, LITERARY AND PA1IILY NEWSPAPER, 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
With a Corps of Able Assistants and Contributors. 
C. D. HliAGDON, Western Corresponding ICS It or. 
Tub Rural Nkw-Youkbr is designed to be unsurpassed 
in Value, Purity and Variety of Contents, and unique and 
beautiful in Appearance. Ttg Conductor devotes bis per¬ 
sonal attention to the supervision of its various depart¬ 
ments, and earnestly Inborn to render the Rural an 
eminently Reliable Guide on all the important Practical, 
Scientific and other Subjects intimately connected with 
the business of those whose interests it zealously advo¬ 
cates. As a Family Journal it is eminently Instructive 
and Entei-tai(dug — being so conducted thatitean be safely 
taken to the Homes of people of intelligence, taste and 
discrimination. Tt embraces more Agricultural, Horticul¬ 
tural, Scientific, Educational, Literary and News Matter, 
interspersed with appropriate Engravings, than any other 
journal,—rendering it thr* mostcomplete Agricultural, 
Litkiiakv AND FamtLT N’kwspapkr in America. 
*37“ For Terms and other particulars, see last page. 
THE SUCCESSFUL FARMER-WHO IS HE I 
It is a matter worthy of the attention of Kura l 
Readers — a question worthy of some effort to 
solve. The question may be answered nega¬ 
tively : 
1 . He is not an Idler. He has no time to spend 
in lounging about by-places, where loungers 
gather to talk politics, and gossip about the af¬ 
fairs Of their neiqhhom with which they have no 
business. 1 It* dews not consume a halt day trans¬ 
acting a business matter which maybe accom¬ 
plished iu half an hour. If he goes to the store, 
grocery or post-office, he does lii.s business di¬ 
rectly, and leaves to accomplish some other duly. 
He knows the value of time, as all thinking men 
do. He spends none of it in thoughtless inaction. 
2 . He is not an ignoramus. He is vigilantly 
watchful of the progress of all matters, whether 
scientific, political, commercial or religious, 
which will in any degree affect Ida or the public 
interest He is a thinker, as all intelligent men 
are. lie glorifies and encourages the dissemina¬ 
tion of knowledge of whatever character—no 
matter whether it particularly relates to his busi¬ 
ness or not Bat lie is especially interested In 
whatever tends to dignify labor and elevate the 
laborer—in whatever creates a higher standard 
of thought, feeling, refinement and motive among 
the class to which he, by his pursuits, belongs. 
3. He is not a Bigot. 1 le does not decry other 
classes and interests with a view to build up 
his own. He does not see (as some do) only an¬ 
tagonism and enmity in other pursuits than his 
own. He concedes the mutual dependence and 
co-operative relation of all industrial and com¬ 
mercial enterprises with his own. He does not 
stand aloof from these' classes and claim to be 
holier and purer than they—but mingles with 
them, investigating the justice and animus of 
their acts, pointing out in what manner they 
trespass upon his rights, and entering protests 
which exert an influence. While ho claims and 
defends his own rights he concedes the legitimate 
right ot life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness 
to all men. lie is respected; and his opinions 
and propositions arc received and weighed by 
conflicting interests. 
4. (Positively) — He respects himself and his 
Occupation.—And this is one of the most essen¬ 
tial requisites to the farmer if he would be suc¬ 
cessful. < Its absence, gives to the speculating 
classes a power over the individual and the class 
of individuals which nothing else will. Such a 
want of self-respect paralyzes and destroys man¬ 
hood. Its presence vitalizes the m an— makes the 
man, dignifies hirn, and commands l’or him the 
respect of all men. Only a farmer” is a feel¬ 
ing which ought never to be harbored, mnch less 
nourished by any one of the class. Gild your 
occupation with intelligence and self-respect 
Do not destroy your influence by neglecting to 
acquire the knowledge which will command the 
respect of others and give you confidence in 
yourself Never speak deprecatingly of your 
business. No successful farmer ever does. 
5. He is always wide awake. Nothim? escapes 
his observation that can possibly yield him profit; 
or add to bis resources. To this end he goes 
abroad. He visits bis neighbors. Ue looks after 
ideas. He heeds suggestions by whomsoever 
made. He mingles with the best and most suc¬ 
cessful men of his class. He visits their farms, 
examines their systems of husbandry, adopts all 
proved improvements, invents others, experi¬ 
ments to prove \v*hat is new. But he does not 
make such experiments until he is well satisfied 
there is a germ of success in the theories he un- 
derlukes to demonstrate. He analyzes, by the 
aid of knowledge, a sound judgment and a clear 
head, the arguments, opinious, theories and prac¬ 
tices of others—adopting such as seem practica¬ 
ble and promise profit 
6 . He is Systematic. He rnay not labor hard 
with his hands, but he plans , and watches, and 
directs the execution of his plans. If lie does 
not lead in the field, it is not, as a rule, because 
he is not capable of doing so, but because ho 
finds it more profitable to direct. I lo believes in 
the application of brains as a means of produc¬ 
tion. He knows the value of lime, and the im¬ 
portance of ils employment without loss, lie 
knows that the only way to so employ it iB to 
systematize labor—to give every man a place and 
insist Upon his occupying it at the right time. 
He believes the doctrine of Solomon—that there 
is a time and a season for all things. He seeks to 
know tip 1 appropriate time for the performance 
of a duty and then labors to perform that duty at 
the appropriate time. This is one. of the secrets 
of his success. 
7. He is Liberal, Generous , Just. —He is not 
parsimonious, small, selfish, nor dishonest. He 
believes in paying well for intelligent labor. Ho 
secures such labor, lie pays a premium for 
brains in the heads of his employes, lie does 
not seek to make slaves of them, lie always 
gives good measure—lawful measure, in the sale 
of his products. He never sends to market a 
poor article—whether of grain, fruit, sleek, or 
the products of his dairy. He regards his repu¬ 
tation as a producer with as much solicitude as 
does the manufacturer or the politician. By so 
doiug, be gets (' 04 ' llJS products what he asks; 
and being systematic, lie. knows their cost, and 
asks prices that will yield him a remunerative 
profit. He gets them, and it is one of the secrets 
of his success. 
8 . He never runs in DebL —He is independent. 
He pays for his labor, and for what lu: needs that 
he does not produce, cash down, or in products 
that are its equivalent He exacts pay down for 
what he produces. IJy so exacting pay for his 
products, he is enabled to replenish his stock, buy 
seed, tools, &c., at lower rates, and thereby real¬ 
ize greater profits from the same. Ilia bills pay¬ 
able never trouble his dreams, nor deprive him of 
rest He never indorses other people’s notes, 
which is equivalent to contracting a debt He 
has no right to indorse, unless he is made secure 
beyond a question by the party whom he accom¬ 
modates. His relations to his family prohibit it 
Indorsements he regards as mere business trans¬ 
actions—not personal accommodations. It is a 
loan of the amount Indorsed to the party for 
whom it is indorsed, and he acts accordingly. 
9. lie Studies the Wants of the Market. —The 
crops ho cultivates, the stock he feeds, the hus¬ 
bandly he adopts, is governed to a great extent 
by his knowledge of supply and demand—of tho 
wants of the market, and the sources and re¬ 
sources for supplying those wants, lie gathers 
facts. lie makes figures. IJe studies statistics. 
He ponders upon the problems in political 
economy which each successive year gives the 
world to solve. He thinlcs before he acts. He 
plans before ho presumes upon the prosecution 
of any enterprise. He purchases knowledge as 
an investment as profitable as the purchase of 
sto- k t> eat bis grain. He leads papers. lie 
gathers together and carefully studies public 
documents. He gives time to this labor not 
simply as a matter of taste and pleasure, but as 
a source of profit — as a prudent, economical 
investment. 
ID. lie Studies Soil , Climate, anil the Laws of 
Production . — Do not suppose he ignores all 
knowledge of the material he manipulates— 
the fountain from whence all his profits flow — 
the great manufactory of the products which 
yield him profit. He keeps posted in these 
matters. He is a philosopher and student 
of natural hiatoiy, as well as a political econo¬ 
mist and observer of commercial c 11 (Tents and 
the ebb and flow of trade tides. He kuows pretty 
accurately the character of soils, their adapta¬ 
tion to the production of grains, grasses, and 
vegetables; the laws which govern vegetable 
growth, the influence of climate upon these pro¬ 
ductions. lie can give you a reason for each 
farm opex-ation—a philosophical one, too. He 
has strength by reason of his knowledge, and each 
day’s observation and experience adds both to 
I his strength and resources. 
ffj 
33 34 35 36 
POINTS' OF JER?KY CATTLE, IIjI/USTRATJCT)-JN o. II. 
Last week wo gave an c :.<0 llcnt portrait of rc*- 
Jersey bull, with illustrations of the Points of " 
Excellence for judging mules of that breed, as 
adopted and continued for many years by the 
Royal Agricultural Society of the Island of Jer¬ 
sey. We now give a portrait of a Jersey cow, 
showing tho “ points” adopted by the above 
named Society for guiding judges in determining 
the merits of Jersey cows and hellers. With 
low exceptions, tho same points are good in 
judging any cow or heifer. 
SCAI.K OF POINTS FOR COWS AND HEIFKRS. 
Article. Points. 
1. Podegree on male Bide_ _ 1 
2. Pedigree on female side. .. 1 
3. Head small, fine and tapering . 1 
4. Cheek small ............. 1 
5. Throat clean _ 1 
6. MuzzJe fine and encircled with a light color 1 
7. Nostrils high and open 1 
8. Horns smooth, crumpled not too thick at Uie 
base, and tapering, tipped with block_ 1 
These are some of tho signs by which a suc¬ 
cessful fanner is distinguished — by which he 
should 1st known. There are others, equally 
important and significant;'but this article is 
already too long. If it shall lead any one to 
discover why he is not successful, the object of 
the writer will have been accomplished. 
- — ♦ » 4» 
DRAINING-No. I. 
Some twelve years since an article appeared 
in tho London Quarterly Review on the subject, 
of draining, which we have never seen excelled 
or equaled in the able manner with which the 
whole philosophy of draining was made plain, 
and tho reasons for its general use in all sections 
where improved husbandry is sought to be estab¬ 
lished. When it is considered that in at least ten 
millions of acres of the improved lands of this 
State aloue, draining can be profitably used, 
nearly or quite doubling the present products of 
the soil, the subject assumes a magnitude worthy 
of the consideration of all interests in the whole 
State. This article will be followed by others 
making a more practical application of the prin¬ 
ciples involved hi our own State. 
Says tho Quarterly The nomenclature of 
draining is indefinite, because tho ideas of those 
who have practiced the art have been confused. 
Probably no other art. had so long an infancy. In 
the word soil, we include,for our present purpose, 
the whole depth to which land is treated in our 
operations. All our readers will have heard of 
soils open and stiff pervious or permeable, and 
impervious — porous and retentive. We mean 
to select for use the last pair of these epithets. 
By porous soils we mean Ihose which, in their 
natural state, are capable of filtering through 
themselves all or the greater pail of the rain 
which falls upon them. By retentive soils we 
mean those which, in their natural state, retain 
the whole or the greater part of the rain which 
falls upon them, until it has run off by superficial 
■ Or Karstimal! and thin ... ... . .. 1 
" 10. liu-s of a deep orangtxnoloi’ within.. 1 
11, Kyo full mat placid_ 1 
IS. Neck straight, fine, and lightly placed on the 
shoulders, _ 1 
13. Chest broad and deep _ . 1 
14. Barrel hooped, broad and deep 1 
10. Well ribbed home, having but little space 
between the last rib and the hip 1 
10. Back straight from tho withers to the top 
Of tho hip 1 
17. Buck straight from tho top of the hips to tho 
selling on of the tail; anil the tail at right 
anglea with tile buck 1 
18. Toil fine i 
19. Tail hanging down to tho hocks .... 1 
20. Hide thin and movable, hut not too loose 1 
21. Hide covered with fine and soft hair.. 1 
22. Hide of a good color 1 
23. Fore legs short, straight and line ..... _ 1 
24. Fore arm swelling and full above the knee, 
and fine btdotv it ........_ 1 
25. Hind quarters, from t.hn hock to tho point 
of the rump, long and well filled up. 1 
discharge, or has been exhausted by evaporation. 
Of the torms cut, trench, ami drain, we shall use 
exclusively the latter; and as the word sough or 
surf has been popularly extended beyond its 
original meaning, which was simply the artificial 
aperture left in the re-filled drain for the passage 
of tho water, wo shall drop that word altogether, 
and substitute the word conduit. Our predeces¬ 
sors have used almost iridilferenUy the phrases 
surface-draining, hollow draining, the fraquent- 
drain-flyatem, furrow-draining, and thorough- 
draining. Of these we shall select tho Iasi, as 
best descriptive of our object Wo call that 
thorough draining which assimilates retentive 
soils to porous to this extent, that it enables them 
t> filter through themselves to the depth of tho 
drains all the rail] which falls upon their surface; 
or If that object cannot bo entirely attained, the 
thoroughness of tho draining varies inversely as 
the quantity of tho water got, rid of by other 
means. By water of drainage we mean all water 
existing among the particles of soil beyond that 
which they are able to retain by attraction. The 
water of drainage in any soil will stand at a level 
like tuiy other dammed up water. In order to 
avoid circumlocution, we shall ask leave to call 
this level the water-table. In using the word 
attraction, we shall drop capillary, which is a 
favorite with writes on draining. We drop it 
because it conveys no definite idea to our mind as 
connected with particles of soil; because attrac¬ 
tion is perfectly intelligible; and because every 
one may, by the simplest experiments, and the * 
use of his own eyes, convince himself that parti¬ 
cles of soil have an attraction for water so strong 
us to overcome to a certain extent the force of 
gravity. 
We will assume, without proving, that water of 
drainage, stagnating in the soil, is prejudicial to 
esculent vegetation. If this be not so, all that 
wo and our predecessors have learned and writ¬ 
ten is in vain. We will assume also that to raise 
tho temperature of what are familiarly and justly 
26. Uind legs short and straight (below the 
hocks)and honee rather fine.. .... . . l 
27. Hind legs squarely placed, and not too closo 
together when viewed from behind_ 1 
28. Hind lege not to cross in walking.... 1 
29. Hoofs small. .......... 1 
30. Udder full inform, i, <\, well in line with 
the belly . 1 
31. Udder well up behind.. 1 
32. Teats large and squarely placed, being wide 
apart . 1 
33. Milk veins very prominent...... 1 
34. Growth. 1 
35. General appearance_ 1 
36. Condition.. 1 
Perfection .. 36 
Three points shall be deducted from the number re¬ 
quired for perfection on heifers, as their udder and milk 
veins cannot bo fully developed. A heifer will therefore 
lie considered perfect at. thirty three points. 
No prize shall lie awarded to cows, or heifers, having 
less than 29 points. 
called our cold soils, well be beneficial to vege¬ 
tation. We neither expect nor desire to carry 
on with us any reader who dissents from 
this proposition. Having made these assump¬ 
tions, we will prove:— 1 st, that the main cause of 
the coldness of those soils is the removal of tho 
water of drainage by evaporation; secondly, that 
their temperature is very much raised during the 
vegetative season of tho year by the removal of 
this water by efficient drainage; thirdly, we will 
stale tho reasons for our conviction that, in all 
soils, the existence of the water-table within less 
than four feet of t he surface of the land is preju¬ 
dicial to vegetation; fourthly, we will show that 
tho water of drainage will be best removed at a 
reasonable expense, and the level of the water- 
table will be best reduced by frequent parallel 
drains of a depth never less than four feet; fifthly, 
that the direction of these drains should, as a 
general rule, be in a-line of deepest descent; 
sixthly, that pipes and collars form a bettor and 
cheaper conduit than any other which has been 
hitherto adopted; and seventhly, we will give our 
opinion on the disputed point whether, in the 
most retentive soil, drains of four feet will 
effectually remove the water of drainage. 
First The main cause of the coldness of reten¬ 
tive soils is the removal of water of drainage by 
evaporation. 
The evaporation of water produces cold : it 
cools wiuo; iu hot climates it produces ice. 
These facts are known to every one. To deter¬ 
mine the actual degree of cold produced by the 
evaporation of one pound of water from soil is 
rather a complicated, and not a very certain, 
operation; but scientific reasons are given for an 
approximation to this result — that the evaporar 
tlon of one pouml of water lowers tho tomporo- 
ture of one hundred pounds of soil ton degrees. 
That is to any, that if to one hundred pounds of 
soil holding all the water which it can by attrac¬ 
tion, but containing no water of drainage, is 
added one pound of water which it has no means 
TWO DOLLARS A YEAR.] 
PROGRESS AND tJUPROVDIMPINT.” 
[snsrGrXjTr: no. five ctcntsjo 
VOL. XIV. NO. 4.s 
ROCHESTER, N. Y.-FOR THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, JANUARY M, 1863. 
I WHOLE NO. 680. 
