i&icuu! 
Agriculture- 
clear, logical reason for doing it. When a plan 
is adopted, if is prosecuted with a persistence and 
power which conscious strength gives to purpose. 
The plan is as distinct and defined, and the 
results as clearly seen by the director, as if they 
bad been already demonstrated. 
Hut the nervous never stand still; conse- 
queutly, on-the-go sort of a man, is usually as 
tickle and unreliable iu character and results 
of his operations, as he is in his mental strength. 
He floats on the sea of circumstances. lie yields 
to every impulse, lie drifts into every current, 
and stands on every sandbar. He has no repose, 
no purpose, no strength, no success. He never 
finishes what he commences; never commences 
when he ought, and often begins when lie ought 
not. And this quality of mind, or character, is 
fatal to the farmer. Such a man should culti¬ 
vate repose. He should deliberate, lie should 
seek the strength which comes of calculation. 
He should yield to no impulse until he can con¬ 
vince himself that lie has a tangible reason for it. 
He should, to a certain extent, become, skeptical 
of bis own judgment, and strengthen it by quiet, 
discreet counsel from bis fellow tanners, in whose 
judgment and experience he cun rely. 
A sober, second thought, saves the farmer from 
loss of money and disappointment. And while 
we do not plead the cause of indolence or inac¬ 
tion, we do urge deliberation in aJl tilings. 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
AN ORIGINAL WEEKLY 
RURAL, LITERARY ANI) FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
With a Corps of Able Assistants and Contributors. 
C. D. JIRAOIMHi, Western Corresponding Editor. 
The Rural New-Yorker is designed to be unsurpassed 
in Value, Purity and Variety of Contents, suid unique and 
beautiful in Appearance. Its Conductor devotes tits per¬ 
sonal attention to the atU'emsion of its various depart¬ 
ments, and earnestly labors to render the Kcral an 
eminently Reliable Guide on all the important Practical, 
Scientific, and other Subjects intimately connected with 
the bum nee* of those whose interests It zealously advo¬ 
cates. Asa Family Journal it is eminently Instructive 
and Kntei taining — being so conducted that it can b« safely 
taken to the Homes of people of intelligence, taste and 
discrimination, It embraces move Agricultural, Horticul¬ 
tural, Sdentilic, Educational, Literary and News Mutter, 
interspersed with appropriate Engravings, than nny other 
journal,— rendering it the most complete Agricultural, 
Literary and Family Newspaper in America. 
I'JT" For Terms and other particulars, see last page, 
ing. It does not, get (lone at least, not, the first 
year. But the season—especially if a dry one— 
will demonstrate where the farmer missed it. 
lie will see the effect of the buried work, and if 
a wise man, will not order the subsoil plow to the 
barn the next season. 
Second, the subsoiling in the fall is done with 
less hard labor for tho team. In the spring, 
unless the soil is thoroughly underdrained, the 
water-line, at the time much of the plowing is 
done, is but little beneath the bed of the surface 
furrow. This renders the traveling difficult for 
the furrow horse attached to the surface plow, 
for he often is compelled to walk in the loosened 
soil, tilled with water. If the fall plowing is 
done when it should be, no such condition of 
things exists. 
Third, the fall subsoiling, especially on un- 
di aiued soils, enables the soil to be worked much 
earlier in the spring than it could be otherwise. 
For the effect is to lower the water-line and ren¬ 
der tho surface dry. The surface soil is also in 
much better mechanical condition than if it hod 
uot been subsoiled. The aeration and pulveri¬ 
zation which results during the winter following 
the subsoiling, is another important advantage 
gained by the fall plowing. 
But if tho subsoiling has been neglected, do 
not let what has been said, deter any one from set¬ 
ting abontthis work belonging to improved farm¬ 
ing, this coming spring. Let the trench plow bo 
used on the old soils, being content to plow one 
inch deeper with it. Flow narrow furrows. 
Then follow in the same furrow with the subsoil 
plow, stirring the soil six, or twelve, or more 
inches deeper, or as deep as you can or choose. 
This will be found good practice for all crops, 
but especially on ground intended for potatoes 
and corn, or any other hoed crop—cotton, to¬ 
bacco, Ac. 
It is the practice of some fanners in the older 
States to turn over sward land late in spring and 
plant corn on it at once. It will often double the 
crop, to subsoil such land as fast as tho sward is 
turned over. And sward land intended for po¬ 
tatoes, treated in the name manner, re-pays tho 
labor with interest. The quantity of the product 
is Increased, and its good quality insured. 
Almost any good stubble plow maybe con¬ 
verted into a trench plow by adding a third 
horse to the team and diminishing the width of 
the furrow-slice- Hence it is not necessary to 
buy these double plows, called subsoil plows. 
Hut it is necessary to purchase a subsoil plow. 
It is as distinct in character from the trench, or 
stubble, or breaking plow, as they are from the 
harrow. There is no substitute for it; and no 
farmer is doing himself justice, nor developing 
the resources of his farm as he may, who fails to 
own and use one. 
TRENCHING AND SUBSOILING. 
It is common to use one term in place of the 
other, and improperly. Trenching is often 
called subsoiling. Experienced fanners often 
assort that they have tried subsoiling land, and 
instead of good effects following, the result 
seemed to indicate an injury. Not long since 
a farmer was detailing his experience, and 
asserted his disbelief in tho good effects of sub¬ 
soil plowing in very emphatic terms. He. had 
tried it, and his crop bad failed the season fol¬ 
lowing every experiment. He was astonished 
when when we told him we did not believe he 
had ever used a subsoil plow in his life; he was 
slightly indignant. Did wo believe he would lie 
about It? No, but be evidently did not know the 
difference between subsoil and trench plowing. 
We explained to him tho difference, and he 
seemed satisfied that ho knew much less about 
subsoil plowing than he thought he did. 
This subject has been frequently brought to 
our notice; and. recently, we have bad repeated 
inquiries as to tho relative benefits of trench and 
subsoil plowing. We propose to indicate some 
of the advantages to be derived from each, and 
compare their effect upon soils and crops re¬ 
spectively. 
1. 'Trench plowing is deep plowing, and turn¬ 
ing the subsoil on the surface. It, matters little 
whut tho character of the soil may be, (excepting 
light sandy soils, always,) trench plowing ought 
alwuys to bo done in the fall—especially if a 
stratum of soil is to be turned to the surface that 
has never been disturbed before. For one ®f the 
great benefits derived from trench plowing, is 
that resulting from the exposure of new soil to 
the influences of frost, light and heat, thus pre¬ 
paring it for the work of germination and pro¬ 
duction. It is more rarely the case that treucb 
plowing in the spring results in an immediate 
increase of the Crop. It is only on old and worn 
and very light soils that good effects follow 
spring trenching — we mean immediate effects. 
Where trench plowing is practiced in the spring, 
the farmer should by no means be too ambitious 
to plow deep. If he has been plowing four, six, 
or eight inches, he should by no means spasmod¬ 
ically double the depth because he has a now 
notion and a new plow. The depth should be 
gradually increased if the subsoil is to be turned 
to the surface. Two inches deeper, each year, 
is epough, and sometimes more than enough, 
with the trench plow in spring. Then the soil 
thus thrown to the surface should be thoroughly 
incorporated or mixed with the soil that has been 
exposed previous years. Trench plowing is 
beneficial to light soils underlaid with day—to 
sandy soils that are too light—to soils containing 
a large proportion of humus —to old worn soils 
that have been plowed, cropped aud manured a 
series of years. But trench plowing should be 
done, on stiff soils especially, in the fall; on light 
sandy soils it is better done in the spring. 
2. Subsoil plowing differs from trench plowing 
in this respect,—the soil is loosened, and lifted, 
hut not inverted. The subsoil plow may profit¬ 
ably follow the trench plow in the fall and 
spring. The use of the subsoil plow at any 
season of tbe year, does no damage to tho soil, 
and never In jures a crop. The ambitious farmer, 
who wants to plow twice as deep this year as he 
did last, should own a subsoil plow. He may 
HRINKFillHOFF’H PATENT CHtTRN — EIC 
ABOUT WOMEN FARMING. 
sary. This mode of mounting the balance wheel 
relieves the driving shaft of all strain except 
what is required to rotate Hie wheel, thereby 
obviating any leakage of the churn on account of 
the weight of the wheel. 
In our last number (page 70,) we published a 
communication, and some editorial remarks, 
relative to a “New and Good Chum.” We now 
give illustrations and a brief description of the 
churn, which was invented and tested last sea¬ 
son, and subsequently patented tiy Mr. Jacob 
Brinkkrhoff, of Auburn, N. Y. 
Our principal engraving (Fig. 1,) represents a 
perspective view of the churn, with the cover 
removed, thus showing a portion of the dasher- 
blades, or paddles. It also exhibits a combina¬ 
tion of machinery, with crank at one end and 
Eds. Rural New-Yorkki: In your issue of 
Nov. 15th, 1862, is along letter from Henry C. 
Wright, who tells the readers of the Rural 
that he is in the family of Marvin and Baulina 
Roukkts; also that they are bringing up their 
daughters to farming, doing the work of the farm 
instead of men; also that they have worked at 
mechanical work on the house and cheese-house, 
Ac. He then tolls the amount of work done, 
also the price of their labor per month during 
tho autumor season. Mr. Wright then says:— 
“Such , are the labors of one mother and her 
daughters as farmers during this season;” also, 
that “over one million of men have gone and 
are going to the wars,” and that “their wives, 
mothers, daughters, must grow the raw material 
for food and raiment, or suffer,”—that “health 
invites women to out-door employment, tvs gar¬ 
deners, farmers, Ac.” 
You will please allow me to demur to all 
the positions taken by Mr. Wright, so lar as 
farming is concerned as an occupation for wo¬ 
man. Continued out-door labor on the farm by 
a young girl, or woman, tends to lower her 
position In social life, not only in tho eyes of 
those that witness it, but also in those that per¬ 
form such labor. It degenerates the mind, and 
deforms rather than strengthens the body, when 
followed as a means of livelihood. Such, at 
least, has been the fact in instances which have 
passed under the observation of the writer, and 
the cases have been of sufficient number to form 
a pretty correct conclusion. In all savage and 
barbarous nations the women do all such work, 
aud if historians tell us truly, their case is truly 
far from being enviable. Now, by returning 
again to that system, we shall most assuredly 
bring about the same results. 
In tho Country Gentleman for J uly 24th, page 61, 
is also a letter from II. C. Wiugut, dated May 
20th, 1862, in which he puts the ages of the 
daughters at. 19, 15, Id and 11, and the niece at 
17. lie then tells us what they have done; that 
the girl of IS drove her own team and held the 
plow—that she had plowed one acre and a half 
that day, and adds, “ these daughters have the 
care of their own teams.” Now, Messrs. Editors, 
what do you think of a young girl of Id plowing 
one acre and a half, (the usual day 7 s work in 
plowing, as Mr. W. tells us in the letter referred 
to,) taking care of her own team, Ac., each day, 
or to be dragging, while her sister older was 
sowing the grain? Will such employment ele- 
, vate. the soul, or will it not rather tend, as in all 
savage and barbarous nations, to depress and 
demoralize the ambition for that higher and 
nobler life that God has formed us capable of 
enjoying. 
And here let it be understood, Mr. Editor, that 
I do not condemn all out-door employment, or 
exercise, for the females of this once happy but 
now suffering nation; far from it. But it is the 
drudgery spoken of, and eulogized by Mr. 
Wright, that I do most emphatically wish to 
censure. That a female should be able t,o 
admire, and also to criticise, the proportions of a 
line horse, his gait and action—to drive with 
judgment and good taste—to harness and unhar¬ 
ness her horse, if need be, especially if a farw- 
The dasher, (Fig. 2,) 
balance wheel at the other, 
as will bo seen by tho engraving, is constructed 
of a series of blades, set radiully in a shaft, or cyl¬ 
inder, extending the whole length of the churn. 
Those blades are so arranged as to stir all the 
cream in the chum at each revolution and not 
only agitate it thoroughly, but lift and throw it 
against, the sides of the churn. In this thorough¬ 
ness aud completeness of agitation consists the 
great advantage of this improvement over the 
ordinary dash churn -not only in time, but in 
obtaining all the butter in tho cream, from the 
fact that none of the latter is left undisturbed. 
The average time required in completing a 
churning with this churn is from 5 to 10 minutes. 
Fig, 3 represents the manner of hanging the 
balance wheel— a novel and very useful plan of 
mounting balance wheels, and one which will 
prove valuable wherever such wheels are neces- 
The inventor claims and has proved by exper¬ 
iment, to the satisfaction of all who have seen it 
operate, that this churn on account of its me¬ 
chanical construction and the thoroughness with 
which it agitates the cream — is mere easily 
operated, completes its work in one-third to one- 
quarter the time, and produces lmttcr of as good 
or better quality, and as large or larger quantity 
(ban the ordinary churn. 'Phis churn is very 
simple and durable iu construction, and not 
liable to getout of order. ! I. is as easily cleansed 
as is the common churn. 
For further information relative to this churn 
see advertisement in our last number, or address 
the patentee as above. 
that are civilized, we do not find it any better. 
Take a glance at the Asiatics—Chinese, if you 
please- and how docs the situation of the female 
Compare with that of this country? Are they 
debased and degraded to such a level as no per¬ 
son in this country would wish to see either wife 
or daughter? If we look to England, even, and 
take Mr. Cot. man’s description of the females 
that labor in the fields for a livelihood, do we 
find them such models as we, as Americans, 
would like our females to follow? Far from it; 
even Mr. Wright himself would be disgusted 
with them. Are their females better educated, 
or more healthy, (1 mean such as work on the 
farm at out-door labors for a living,) than the 
females in this country—that is, of the farmers’ 
wives and daughters? Probably not, if the 
reports of suffering among the poor of England 
that reach us be true. I, for one, wish to see tho 
females in all countries elevated to the proper 
standard that their Maker designed them for, as 
well as man. 
That there are many callings which man 
monopolizes as much as possible, in which 
woman Is well qualified to act, and fill, too, as 
well as man, there can be no doubt 1 will cite 
teaching, for one. What a scramble there has 
fir’s daughter, and to ride on horseback with 
case and elegance, to bring out her own horse, 
and take him to tho stable or pasture on her 
return is all well and desirable; but that she 
should clean the stable, groom the homes, har¬ 
ness them, and then go to plowing, and that, too, 
as an everyday’s business, for a livelihood, is 
asking too much of a good thing for a female to 
perform at the present, age of the world. There 
are many things connected with farming that a 
female might perform without degradation to 
herself, if done as a matter of recreation, or in 
case of necessity, and perhaps with benefit to 
her health, if performed with moderation ; but 
plowing and sowing grain, taking care of their 
teams, whether horses or oxen, I would not emi- 
morato in the catalogue of labors to be performed 
by females. I am surprised that Mr. Wright 
(if he is an American) should advocate such 
employment for the females of the State of New 
York. If it is correct, to judge the future by the 
past, then it is also probably correct to judge tho 
effects of Oul-door labor for the female by the 
same rule. 1 have said that in savage and bar- 
REPOSE IN FARMING. 
It is Rusk in, we believe, who regards repose 
as an element or index of power. He certainly 
deems it an essential in all works of art. But 
applied to agriculture, the reader will regard it 
anomalous. It may be; but, we believe, that 
must depend upon the mode of application. 
It is proverbial that the men who exert the 
strongest influence among their fellows—who 
sway the popular mind—in whose judgment and 
language the public rely with confidence, are the 
most deliberate, cool, reposeful men in the com¬ 
munity. And this class of fanners are usually 
successful. They give a good reason for what 
they do; they do nothing unless they have a 
TWO DOLLARS A YEAR.] 
“ PROGRESS AND IMPROVEIMENT.” 
[SINGLE NO. FIVE CENTS.Q 
VOL. XIV. NO. 10.S 
ROCHESTER, N. Y.-FOR THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, MARCH 7, 1863. 
fWHOLE NO. 686. 
