11 $ 
Written for Moore's Rural New-Yorker 
THE RESPONSIBILITY OF TEACHERS 
aside, and more attention given to those natural 
sciences which would be found of use in all after 
life, either in explaining the phenomena of 
nature, or the processes and products of the use¬ 
ful arts which are of every-day occurrence, or iu 
giving such knowledge of the occupations and 
pursuits of common life as would throw light 
young child can profitably be directed to a sub¬ 
ject only for ft few minutes at a time. 
The best informed and most skillful educators 
are unanimous in the opinion that it is folly, or 
worse than folly, to require a little child to learn 
lessons from books by studying the words, till 
bis powers have been so far developed that the 
field, you could have likened them to nothing 
belter than to streams of turbid water pouring 
through a sieve. And writing of valor, let me 
say that the difference among regiments consists 
not more in the material of the rank and file 
than it does in the coolness, judgment and 
bravery of the officers, and the faith the soldiers 
Most persons are ready to admit that the teach- U p 0 n the reasons and principles of these occupa- attention can be fixed for a length of time without repose in them. That tail!) has a magic in it. that 
er occupies a very responsible position, yet, from tions, or lay a foundation for making Improve- injury, and the mind is iu a condition to receive ton(m men U P and makes more and nobler of 
their actions, few seem to realize the truth of ] 
their admission. Children are sent to school 
oftentimes merely “to get them out of the way;' 
and by many parents little interest is taken in i 
their intellectual progress. I 
It is not unfrequently the case, iu country i 
schools, that a teacher is hired and sent to the 
school house where he meets forty or fifty chil¬ 
dren, of all ages,—from three years to twenty— 
some with books and some without. The school 
house may be provided with black-boards and 
other school apparatus, or it may be entirely des¬ 
titute of everything of the kind. No matter how 
inconvenient the school house may be, of course 
the teacher is expected to make the children 
learn, and to fulfill the three departments of gov¬ 
ernment—Legislative. Executive and Judicial. 
He has, perhaps, twenty different classes to bear 
daily. And at the end of three or four months 
he is expected to bring out bis pupils accom¬ 
plished and educated. During the whole cf the 
term, perhaps, noi one of the parents has paid a 
single visit to the school, nor have they used their 
influence or made a single effort to make any im¬ 
provement on the old systems — teaching and 
governing by brute force—by which they them¬ 
selves were disciplined. They have left every¬ 
thing to the teacher. Not only is the intellectual 
development entrusted to him, but also the moral, 
and sometimes the physical. Hence it is that 
there is such a burtheu of responsibility resting 
upon the teacher; whether he is sensible of it or 
not. Woe to that teacher who goes to his work 
blindfold. 
It bespeaks an unthinking parent who will en¬ 
tirely leave the moral training of his children to 
an entire stranger. You can not find an intelli¬ 
gent farmer who hires an individual to do any 
manual labor, and sends him to work without 
tools, and then neglects to visit, him for three or 
four months. If such were the case, we should 
think the- farmer who did it but little interested 
either in the work or the workman. And yet he 
entrusts to a stranger the most important work 
of life,—a work for which he himself will tie held 
accountable,—the moral training of bis children. 
Indued, it is generally the case that the duties 
and responsibilities of the common school teach¬ 
er are greatly multiplied beyond what properly 
belongs to him. In him and by him a mighty 
work la to be accomplished. Porhups the teacher 
of the Primary Department has the greater share 
of this burthen. “ It requires ft wiser tact, more 
instinctive talent, to manage successfully a pri¬ 
mary school, than one of a higher grade.” The 
primary teacher builds the foundation,—he lays 
the corner Btone of the future character. How 
important, then, that the foundation be secure, 
for if that be defective the superstructure will 
ever be in danger of falling. At a very early 
age the minds of children are gusceptible of im¬ 
pressions which they retain all through life. 
« As the twig ia bent the tree’s Inclined.” He 
who h 3 s the moulding and shaping of the char¬ 
acter of future generations can not bo too much 
ments therein. We have long felt that it is , 
highly desirable, because it would be greatly 
advantageous, that the time of our children in 
their school years should be occupied, more than 
it usually has been heretofore in studies that 
could be made directly or indirectly useful iu 
the business of adult life, and in ways that 
would be more in accordance with the impor¬ 
tant truth, so pithily expressed by Milton, when 
he wrote. 
"To know 
That which before us lies In dally life, 
Is the prime wisdom.” 
With such persuasions in regard to existing 
imperfections and desirable improvements in 
the education of youth, we could not fail to be 
much interested in the proposals and prepara¬ 
tions lately made for introducing into schools a 
study which would give children an opportunity 
of becoming acquainted with all those portions 
of the sciences of botany, chemistry, climatology, 
meteorology, physiology, geology, natural histo¬ 
ry, natural philosophy, and other sciences, which 
have any bearing upon the pursuits of rural life, 
—pursuits which are likely to form the business, 
to a greater or less extent, of a half or perhaps a 
majority of the children in common schoote 
after completing their school education. There 
are no pursuits or occupations in life upon which, 
and upou the improvement of which, as much 
light can be thrown from as many branches of 
science, as upon the pursuits of agricultural 
life. Therefore it seemed highly desirable that 
as much of the sciences referred to as could be 
made to bo of service in the business which is 
likely to be the main one of more than a half of 
the pupils iu common schools, should be Intro¬ 
duced as a study in these schools, and that thus 
a foundation should be laid for bringing more 
intelligence and more knowledge into the farm¬ 
ing fraternity, as also for the introduction of all 
possible improvements, and for elevating the 
largest class of society to a higher rank, reputa¬ 
tion and influence. 
■ » * » 
PRIMARY SCHOOLS. 
There are many excellent primary schools in 
the State, in which philosophical methods of 
instruction have boon introduced, in which little 
children are made happy while their perceptive 
faculties arc cultivated and the whole mind is 
wisely educated. In some of these schools 
“object teaching” has been successfully intro¬ 
duced, and the children have been taught to 
study nature as well as books. Reading has 
been made an interesting exercise, spelling has 
been better taught, and the children have been 
trained to right habits, while they have been 
taught to think. This may bo illustrated by an 
account of two schools, visited the same day in 
the month of October lash In each school was 
a class just beginning to read, about twenty 
children of nearly the same age and capabilities 
in each class. 
In ono room the teacher was endeavoring to 
and digest what is given it to learn.— lion. D. N. 
Camp, Supt. Schools for Connecticut. 
mpics, 
WAR PICTURES-LIFE IN CAMP. 
In last Rural we gave several sketches of 
camp life, from the pen of B. F. Taylor, corres¬ 
pondent of the Chicago Journal , and herewith 
will be found a few more of his graphic delinea¬ 
tions; 
LOYAL T ENNKSSK K A NS. 
Parties of loyal Tennesseeans are coming in 
ulmost daily, offering their sturdy blows and stout 
hearts for the old flag. I saw a Btrange-looking 
party the other day, one hundred and fifty strong, 
attired iu butternut and shirt sleeves, mounted 
upon horses of every tint and action, from blue 
to calico and from a limp to a lope. Hosinante 
was there and the steed of Dr. Syntax, and so, 
for that matter, were Sancho Panza and “ the 
kuight of the sorrowful countenance.'' Equip¬ 
ped with flint-locks, squirrel guns, and the old 
Queen's arm. they looked as if they had ridden 
right out of a dead-and-gone age, bravely down 
into our own. They proved to be men from 
Middle Tennessee, who had traveled, like the 
nodames, a long journey by night, to “fall in ” 
to the Federal line. 
“a hard road to travel.” 
The following is a description of the road by 
which the Army of the Cumberland has commu¬ 
nication with the North: 
A very tew days will see the bridges completed 
at Bridgeport and Running Water, and the cars 
running within fourteen miles of Chattanooga. 
The importance of this can hardly be appreci¬ 
ated by anybody who has not hammered his way 
over the mountans. The bridge over the ravine, 
at Running Water, must be eight hundrod feet iu 
length, and swung np one hundred and twenty- 
flve feet in mid-air. Take the Nashville and 
Chattanooga road throughout, and no route in 
the land will impress you more deeply with 
the triumph of dogged perseverance. Literally 
carved through rock for scores of miles, Z-Ing its 
way through the stubbornest of Nature’s moods, 
plunging straight into the gloomy heart of the 
mountains, trelliped up from ridge to ridge across 
the Tennessee, and working its way down among 
the everlasting shadows. But battered, broken, 
worn out, Sts dilapidated care pound their way 
down, swinging, bounding, creaking aloDg the 
ragged rails, fairly shaking the screws Out of the 
ponderous dlco-boxcs. To go to Charleston is a 
frolic, but to go to Chattanooga is sober earnest 
To illustrate at once the straits and the energy 
of the rebels I may record a little fact. Along 
portions of the track between Bridgeport and 
Chattanooga over which I walked, plank had 
been spiked upon the ties, making a wide road 
whereon their army wagons were driven, and 
them than there was before. It is the principle 
recognized by the great Frederick when he ad¬ 
dressed his General:—“I send you against the 
enemy with sixty thousand men.” t: But, sire,” 
said the officer, “ there are only fifty thousand.” 
“Ah, I counted you as ten thousand,” was the 
monarch's wise and quick reply. I have a splen¬ 
did illustration of this in an incident which 
occurred ou Sunday, at Chickamauga. It was 
near 4 o’clock on that blazing afternoon, when a 
part of Gen. Steedman's division of the Reserve 
Corps bowed their heads to the hurtling storm 
of lead, as if it had been rain, and betrayed mgns 
of breaking. The litre wavered like a great, flag 
in a breath of wind. They were aa spleudid 
material as ever shouldered a musket, but then 
what could they do in such a blinding tempest? 
G«n. Steed man rode up. A great, hearty man, 
broad-breasted, broad-shouldered, a face written 
all over with sturdy acuso and courage; no lady's 
man to make boqnets for snowy fingers, and 
sing “ Meet me by moonlight alone,” like some 
Generals 1 could name, but realizing the ideal of 
my boyhood when I read of the stout old Morgan 
of the Revolution. Well, up rode Steedman, 
took the flag from the color-bearer, glanced along 
the wavering front, and with that voire of his, 
that could talk against a small rattle’of mus¬ 
ketry, cried out, “ Go hack, boys, go back, but 
the flag can’t go with yon!"—grasped the Rtafij 
wheeled his horse and rode on. Must I tell you 
that thq column closed up and grew firm, and 
moved resistlessly on like a great Btrong river, 
and swept down upon the foe and made a record 
that shall live when their graves are as empty as 
the cave of Macpelah! 
“BOYS, DO YOU HEAE THAT?” 
Improved Short-Horn Durham Premiums, for 
the Benefit of the Boys. 
While confined to the house by illness last 
week, we were most agreeably surprised on 
receiving the following note from the Hon. T. C. 
Peters, of Genesee County: 
Daiiikw, N. Y., Nov. 17th, 1863. 
My Dkar Moohk:— For tho purpose of enabling per¬ 
sons who are not able to pay high prices for valuable 
Short-Horn* — especially young Rural readers— I will 
place at yonr disposal one 2 year old hull, deep red, 
“Plow Hoy ’’ (5074 A. H. 8 ) bred by Hon. Wm, Kiut, 
and valued nt $150 at the lowest figure; Ono 1 year old 
bull “Hilly Seward" (1584 A. H. H.) light roan, valued 
at $100, lowest figure, and a “ Princes* " bull calf, red, 
valued at $60— to be given in three prize*, 1st, 2d and 3d, 
to the Young Man or Boy, under 21 years old, who get 
the 1st, 2d and 3d greatest number of yearly subscriber* 
for the Rural Nkw Yorkkr for 1861 between now and 
the 1st day of January next, Tho animals are all ohoioe, 
and e»ch will be a great acquldtion to any man who wish¬ 
es to Improve lit* stock. It (a to be called Tux Improvkd 
Short Horn IH-huam Prkmiums, for the benefit the 
Hoyt. The animals to be takeu at my barn in Durieu. 
Kindly Your#, T. C. Pktbrs 
This offer is as generous as it wus unexpected. 
At first we hesitated what course to pursue, but 
finally concluded to offer the premiums, aud 
follow them with a list of others for Young Men 
and Boys disposed to compote. Wo therefore 
call the attention of our young friends to the 
matter, assuring them that the ubove premiums 
will be awarded, and referring them to the more 
complete list and particulars in another part of 
this paper. As the time for competition iB limited 
—only a little over a month—Now is the Time 
for those who propose to enter the arena, to 
commence operations. 
impressed with the vastness and importance of teach a class from the book by pointing to a let- the thick double rows of beanB and com growing 
the work committed to his charge. Let every 
one who engages ia this work feel that he is 
assuming vast responsibilities—that lie is enter¬ 
ing a field where labor is to be done, and where 
but few laborers can be found fitly qualified to 
perform it Said the Superintendent of Schools 
in Cleveland—“In my search for teachers to till 
vacancies, I find ten qualified to teach Geometry 
in a High School, to one who is qualified to teach 
reading In a Primary School; and, in general, it 
is more difficult to find teachers adapted to give 
instruction in the lower grades, than iu the 
higher.” 
At no other lime in life can such irreparable 
mischief be done as during our attendance at the 
primary school. The minister may preach false 
doctrine, but he is preaching to those who are 
capable of judging for themselves. The primary 
school teacher 13 leading those who cannot lead 
themselves,—those who are dependent on others, 
aud who unhesitatingly imbibe whatever doc¬ 
trine or sentiment is presented to them. In the 
words of the venerable Lookk:— “ Under whose 
care Boever a child is put to be taught durlDg the 
tender and flexible years of life, this is certain: 
it should be one who thinks Latin and lan¬ 
guages the least part of education; one who 
knowing how much virtue and well-tempered 
ter and naming it, or perhaps spelling out a word 
and then requiring the child to do the same,— 
and while one was reading most of tho others in 
the class were gazing about the room. The 
children were not interested, the recitation was 
dull and monotonous, the teacher was tired and 
discouraged, and she remarked, “1 have been 
proceeding in this way with these children for 
six months, and I do not see that they learn 
anything.” 
In the other school, the teacher had her class 
arranged around her platform; the reading-les¬ 
son consisted of familiar words printed upon the 
blackboard, or on sheets suspended on the wall. 
Every eye was fixed at the same word, tho ques¬ 
tions were skillfully put and promptly answered. 
The exercise was full of life and interest; some 
fact was stated or illustration used to fix the word 
in the minds of the children, and the pupils were 
all happy and the teacher cheerful and hopeful. 
Upon examination it was found that nearly the 
whole class had learned more in three weeks 
than had been attempted in the other school in 
six months, and what was still more worthy of 
notice, one class loved the school and its work, 
while the other appeared to regard them as in¬ 
tolerably irksome. 
There is great necessity for an entire change 
along the rails are aa good as a bill of lading as 
to the freight they carried. 
soul is to be preferred to any sort of learning or in the methods of instruction and training in a 
language, makes it, his chief business to form the 
mind of his scholars, and give that a right dispo¬ 
sition; which, if once got, though all the rest 
should be neglected, would in due time produce 
all the rest; and which, if it be not got, and 
settled so aa to keep out ill and vicious habits— 
languages, and sciences, and all other accom¬ 
plishments of education, will be to no purpose 
but to make the worse or more dangerous man.” 
Michigan, 1863. Tkcumbhh. 
SCHOOL STUDIES. 
In common with many other parents and per¬ 
sons interested in the education of the young 
and rising generation, we have loDg felt that the 
time spent by our children in the common 
schools was not usually employed as well, and 
as much for their advantage in after life, as 
seemed desirable, and also practicable, if only 
the public at large could be aroused to the 
discussion of existing imperfections aud possible 
improvements. We have long felt as if the 
course of studies in schools might be much im¬ 
proved. if 3ome of those which are of tittle use 
in after life, as algebra, geometry, rhetoric, the 
dead languages, and some others, should be Bet 
larg9 number of the primary schools and classes. 
There are methods needed by which all the 
faculties will be developed and educated, instead 
of loading the memory with a quantity of words. 
The habit of observation needs to be cultivated 
and directed and the activities of the child’s 
mind to be skillfully directed, that they may 
ever be employed for a noble purpose. 
In the last annual report from this office the 
subjects of primary instruction and methods of 
ARMY CHAPLAIN9. 
Estimates differ concerning the value of the 
services rendered by our army chaplains. Mr. 
Taylor, makes some sensible observations on 
the subject: 
But how about the chaplains? you ask, and 
though an ungrateful business, I will be frank to 
tell you. I have met three dozen men whose 
symbol is the cross, and of that number two 
should have been in the ranks, two in the rear, 
one keeping the temperance pledge, one obeying 
the third commandment —to be brief about it, 
live repenting and eight getting common sense. 
The rest wore efficient, faithful men. Not one 
chaplain in fifty, perhaps, lacks the pavteg 
stones of good intentions, but tho complex com¬ 
plaint that carries off the greatest number is 
ignorance of human nature and want of common 
sense. Four cardinal questions, I think, will 
exhaust the qualifications for a chaplaincy. Is 
he religiously fit? Is he physically fit? Is he 
acquainted with the animal “man?” Does he 
possess honest horse sense? Let me give two or 
three illustrative pictures from life:—Chaplain 
A. ha 3 a pulterinn demon; he is forever not 
letting things alone. Passing a group of boys 
he hears one oath, stops short in his boots, 
hurls a commandment at the author, hears an- 
HOW CHATTANOOGA LOOKS. 
Chattanooga must have been a pleasant little ] 
town “ in the piping times of peaeo.” Nestled , 
among the mountains, beside a loop in the Ten¬ 
nessee, embayed in tho grandest of scenery, the 
battloments of “ Lookout,” ita gray masonry ( 
alternating with the greenjof its oaka aud the , 
deeper shadows of its cedars, tilting majestically 
almost withing long rifle range; Missionary ( 
Ridge, loss ambitious but not less picturesque, 
within three flights of the shafts of Robin I food 
and bis merry men; the truant Tennessee, loiter¬ 
ing along, flowing south, flowing west, flowing 
north; the genial air, the generous earth; all 
must have rendered it a delightful nook in this 
noisy world- From tho summit of Lookout 
Mountain a glorious landscape unrolls; yon can 
look upon Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama; you 
can see the dim looming of theiBlue [Ridge and 
Bald Peak, and the smoky ranges of the “ old 
North State,” the Hhadow of whose King’s Moun¬ 
tain is sacred for all time, since7out of it came 
the first whisper for independence, which, deep¬ 
ening and strengthening, at last.broke out aloud 
around the British throne;>I .am [not sure you 
cannot see the misty! hills; of 1 the “Palmetto 
State” from that lofty look-out 
LEAD AND &WATER. 
By taking a strip of.clean lead, r and placing it 
iu a tumbler of pure water (say rain or soft 
water,) in less than an hour, by dropping In the 
tumbler a little sulphidelof ammonium, a block 
precipitate, consisting of the sulphide of lead— 
e. y.—lead must have been dissolved and held in 
solution in the water, and as the saltoflead hap¬ 
pens to be classed among some of the most dan¬ 
gerous poisons, we are necessarily led to the 
conclusion that lead pipes[conveying water, if 
the latter is pure, must be somewhat dangerous. 
Water standing in a lead pipe for some hours 
decomposes the metal,'und when it runs off the 
poison is carrried with it Water drawn in tho 
morning through a lead pipe should never be 
used for domestic purposes, Buch as cookiDg or 
drinking, and servants iu cities should be in¬ 
structed respecting this particular subject, be¬ 
cause they are usually ignorant of the nature of 
lead, aud the effects of water upou it. Several 
metals taken in food or drink^accnmulate slowly 
in the human system and ultimately produce 
disease; but it approacbesteo stealthily that the 
danger is not usually apprehended. Some of 
TALK OF THE LICHEN ON THE ROCK 
Far up the side of the mono tain the naked 
rock shot up still higher. Tt seemed very high 
as you looked upward. The rock was even on 
its face, and was full perpendicular. On its sur¬ 
face were four kinds of lichen growing—from 
that whose leaf was very small, to the last which 
was quite coarse and large. We sometimes see 
such lichen on an old fence, an old tree, or an 
old house. The face of the huge rock was almost 
covered with it. As 1 sat down) under the 
shadow of the mountain, waiting for my friend. 
I gazed at the lichen, and began to wonder in 
my mind what it was oreated for, and of what 
use it could be, when I Heemed to hear a small 
crispy voice, far up the rock, calling out, 
“ Mother, how old am IV” 
“ Why, my child, you have but just begun to 
live. You arc only eighty years old yet ?” 
“ And bow old are you ?” 
“ I call myBelf young, for I am only five hun¬ 
dred and twenty years old.” 
I now listened with all my ears, for I know it 
I was the lichen talking among themselves, I felt 
sure they would say more, and I took out my 
pencil to put. down what they would say. Pretty 
soon I heard the same little voice Bay, 
“Mother, ain’t you discouraged ?” 
“Discouraged! at what, pray?” 
“ At your Hize! Five hundred and twenty years 
old, and how very small you are !” 
“ Not so small, either i I cover six inches 
square already, while there’s my poor grand¬ 
mother, almost eleven hundred years old,aud she 
covers only five inches, even now t Very few, I 
am happy to say, of the lichen family, who have 
worked harder or accomplished more than I have 
though I do say it myself.” 
“Well, mother, of what use is it to cling to this 
great rock, and hang here summer and winter, 
amid storms, and cold, and winds beating upon 
us ? Here I have clung and been trying to gnaw 
into this rock for eighty years, and have not yet 
got my roots in half an inch. What’s the use! 
We might as well die and drop off. Nobody 
would miss 11 s or care. What do we live for ?” 
“ To raise wheat” 
“ Raise what 
“ Raise wheat, to be sure." 
« Pray, mother, what do you mean? We lichen 
away up here, on this cold rock, raise wheat! If 
that ain’t funny l” 
“ Listen, my child. This huge mountain is all 
solid rock. If it was all pounded up fine it would 
make soil on which men would raise wheat. But 
the salts of lead are not poisonous, and the aul- ^ n()W ver y hard, and there is nothing to pound 
phide is of this class. The.interior of lead pipes 
may be converted into uu insoluble sulphide of 
lead by subjecting them for] some time to the 
action of a hot sulphate of soda iu solution, ac¬ 
cording to the recent discovery of Dr. Schwarz, 
of Breslau. Those who prepare lead pipe for 
it and turn it into powder. And so God has cre¬ 
ated us, the lichen, to have our home here, to 
cling to it, to gnaw it, and with a kind of acid 
we have, to crumble and dissolve it. Dou’t you 
remember that tho very last year, you [rolled 
down two tittle grains of the rock ? Well, every 
other and reproves il, receives a whole volley, conveying water for domestic purposes, should g ra ; n wt , make falls down, then the rains wash 
and retreats pained and discomfited. Now, Mr. b . 8 t, the alleged discovery, as it iB of the utmost junto the tittle brook, and the brook carries It 
A. is a good man, anxious to do duty, but that 
habit of his, that darting about camp tike a 
“devil’s darning needle” with a stereotype re¬ 
proof in liis eye and a pellet of rebuke on the 
tip of his tongue, bolts every heart against him. 
Chaplain B. preaches a Bermon—regular army 
importance that all the safeguards to health 
should be enforced and multiplied. — Sci. Am. 
The Population op the Earth.— A pro¬ 
fessor of the University of Berlin has recently 
into the river, and the river raises it up, and as 
it overflows its bank, drops it just where the old 
soil is worn out and the wheat needs new. The 
Nile thua carries down little particles from the 
mountains, and makes Egypt so fruitful.” 
«O, mother, how often can I gnaw off rock 
subjects ot primary instruction ana metnoas ot -' ubHghed the re8 ultof his researches as to the “O, mother, how often can 1 gnaw on rocK 
teaching were dwelt upon at considerable length fare, too-on Sunday, buttons his coat up snugly , a(Jon of the ear th, according to which enough to raise a kernel of wheat ?" 
They are again referred to from the fact, that under his chin all the other days ot the week, gj* oontaiDB 272 mI ]i iona; Asia 720 millions; “Perhaps once in thirty years.” 
notwithstanding great improvement has been draws a thousand dollars, and is content. Chap- 1 mUll America 200; and Polynesia “Oh ! what slow work ! When will what you 
. x. xl_ . iui _i_ _ if . loin I 1 n ovtUk lAP.Yoia Tnt»r riA IQ I. TOl th tnU 1 • • 
made, there are still many schools where the time 
and labor of the teaoher are nearly lost from the 
want of a knowledge of method, or from a lack 
of proper studies and exercises for young chil¬ 
dren. The changes which seem desirable are 
these: 
L That the BChool hours for young children 
should be reduced so aa not to exceed two to two 
and a half each day, including changes and 
recesses. 
2. That in the assignment of studies and exer¬ 
cises two great truths should be recognized:—1st, 
lain C. never forgets that he is C. “ with the 
rank of captain,” perfumes like a civet cat, 
never saw the inside of a dog tent, never quite 
2 millions of inhabitants. As In places where dig out this year raise wheat?” 
deaths are accurately registered, the annual 
mortality is at least 1 in 40, the number of deaths 
£«!•=! S* yea, 
the three, the boys hate the first, despise the 
second and d—arn the third. 
A BATTLE PICTURE — CHICKAMAUGA. 
The rebel forces from the East fought with a 
gallantry allied to desperation, and I do not 
wonder that our boys were proud to say, when 
asked to whom they were opposed, “Longstreet’s 
men." The rebel fashion of coming out to bate 
that there ia a natural order of development of tie is peculiar. Had you Been them streaming 
the human faculties; 2d, that the attention of a out of the woods in long, gray lines to the open 
gives 97,761 per day, 3,653Jper hour, and 61 per 
minute; so that every second witnesses the 
extinction of one human life. Another calcula¬ 
tor states that the number of persons who have 
lived on the earth since the creation ia 36,672,8-12, 
275,075,8551— Oalignani. 
-—t- 
People dishonest enough to repudiate al* 
other debts, are always honest enough to pay a 
debt of revenge. 
a Perhaps five hundred years hence. God sees 
that there will bo old men and little children 
npon earth then, and they will want bread, and 
so he has created us and placed us here to pre¬ 
pare soil, and get hia rock ready to raise wheat 
Thus he goes before, and provides, and makes 
even the poor lichen useful; and if we do our 
duty, his smile will cheer us, and though we can 
do but little, a very little, yet that littie will do 
good to somebody.” 
The lichen stopped talking, but I did not stop 
thinking. What would my young reader have 
thought had he been there l—Rev. John Todd. 
