TERMS, $3.00 PER YEAR.] 
PROGRESS AND IMPROVEMENT 
[SINGLE NO. TEN CENTS 
VOL XVIII, NO. 1U ROCHESTER, N, 1 
FOR THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, MARCH. 16,1867. I WHOLE NO. 89 
ESTABLISHED IN 1S50 
tion of the United States will excel this in the 
production of the cultivated grasses. Wherever 
Clover, Red-top, Timothy and Kentucky Blue 
Grass, have been sown the result has been all 
that a reasonable mau could expect. 
“Fruit and vegetables succeed well. Sand¬ 
stone is the rock on the Table Lands; limestone 
Is found on the slopes of the mountains in great 
quantities. Burr-stone, marble, coal and iron 
also abound. There is an abundance of soft, 
clear water. The timber is White, Red, Post 
and Spanish Oak, Poplar, Black Walnut, Hick¬ 
ory, White and Yellow l’inc, Yellow Locust, 
Chestnut, Soft and Hard Maple, etc. Much of 
it is large and very tine. The winters arc short 
and mild; summers long and delightful. The 
highest point reached by the mercury in 1866 
wae 83”. Land can he purchased at prices rang¬ 
ing from one dollar and a half to ten dollars per 
acre.” 
presence of alkalies, or alkaline earths, for when 
these substances are totally wai ting, its growth 
will be arrested, and when they arc only defi¬ 
cient it must be impeded.” To enable the reno¬ 
vator to act Intelligently when applying wood 
ashes to the soil, wo give a table of the quantity 
of potashes furnished by the combination of 
various common vegetable substances, taken 
from Davy, (Lleb., p. 113:) 
. _ _ Parts of Potash. 
10,000 parts of the Poplar produce. 7 
“ Beech “ . ia 
“ “ “ Oak “ . IS 
“ “ “ Klin ** . 39 
“ Vine “ . 65 
.Thistle “ ..j. 53 
“ “ “ Kern “ 82 
“ “ Con. Thistle produce. I'M. 
“ “ Beans “ 200 
“ “ “ Vetches “ . 275 
“ “ Wormwood “ . 730 
“ “ Fumitory “ . 790 
An excellent way of applying ashes for imme¬ 
diate effect is to roll the seed In them. I always 
apply as many ashes as will adhere to the seed, and 
prefer rolling at least one day before planting. 
Tliis process requires less seed for planting, 
which leaves more to feed the cows with, or to 
manure the corn. Guo. F. A. Spillbr. 
are little acquainted with these, kuowing gener¬ 
ally but three kinds of barley — viz., two-rowed, 
(our or six-rowed, and winter barley, a variety of 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
AX ORIGINAI, WKKKLY 
AGRICULTURAL, LITERARY AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER 
EDITED BY IIENRY 8. RANDALL, t.L. j) 
CONDUCTED BY I>. I>. T. MOORE, 
With an Able Corps of Assistants and Contributors, 
HOW TO RAISE LAMBS AND TEGS, 
HENRY S. RANDALL, LL. D., 
Editor of the Department of Sheep Husbandry, 
ARTIFICIAL FEED—COWS’ MILK. 
Artificial feed for lambs, which—among the 
farmers of New York and Vermont, includes 
only cows’ tnilk, with or without the addition 
of other substances—is conceded on aU hauds to 
be Icsb suitable and safe than ewes’ milk. It is 
indeed somewhat dillieult to raise them ou it 
alone. The milk of a cow that has recently 
calved is pronounced by all our correspondents 
by far the best, and by some absolutely neces¬ 
sary, but Sanford says lie has raised lambs on 
farrow cows’ milk, and we know that many 
other persons have done so. Great care should 
he taken not to scald it in warming; and it 
should be fed at, about its natural temperature. 
All our correspondents but Brown, A. H. Clapp, 
Gregory, and Itwu, do not habitually mix any¬ 
thing with new milk. Brown “ mixes in just 
enough molasses to give )t a yellow tinge,” but 
says there Is danger of putting In too much. If 
lie has to feed much to young Iambs, be stirs iu 
yolk of eggs — proportions not given. A. II. 
Clapp often beats in eggs—say half an egg to a 
feed. Gregory and Iiicu thin with a little water 
and add molussea— Gregory a spoonful toxhulf 
pint. Rich, amount not stated. To farmwrovA 
milk Keith a up adds a tablespoonfni of mo¬ 
lasses to a pint,; Hammond enough to color the 
milk a very little; Sanford a little water and 
molusses, amounts not specified. The molaaaeu 
alluded to by all, throughout this paper, is the 
West India article, manufactured from the cane. 
'Hie milk la kept warm in vurious modes, gen¬ 
erally by placing the vessel containing it in a 
pail of warm water, some place it on a hot 
stove, carried to the sheep barn for that and 
other purposes presently to be described. 
feeding vessels. 
For feeding young Iambs, nursing bottles, 
common bottles, tea or coffee-pots, cans, flasks] 
and various shaped vessels constructed specially 
lor the purpose, ure employed—all being so pre¬ 
pared that an India rubber nipple can he attached 
to the neck or spout. A vessel having a vent 
discharges more freely than a bottle. A very 
small quill, wound with rags and inserted in the 
spout, answers as a make-shift lor a nipple. 
Hkyne prefers a silver tube, wound with a rag; 
Pitts, a lead nipple which will allow the milk 
to run slowly into the month, as lambs will gen¬ 
erally swallow under such eircumstauces, even 
though they refuse to suck; and Wright, a’ 
solder or pewter nipple, for the same object. 
For twenty or 
HON. T. C. PETERS, 
Late Prea't N. Y. Stato A*. Soe’y, Southern Cor. Editor, 
GL.EZEN F. WILCOX, Associate Editor, 
Tim Rural New-Yorker Is designed to be nnunr- 
passed in Value, Purity, and Variety of Contents, ire 
Conductor earnestly labors to render tbe Rural ii Roll- 
able Guide on all the important Practical, Scientific am] 
other Subjects connected with tbe btulnctis o. those 
whose interests it zeulotudy advocates. As a Family 
Journal it is eminently lostruotlv.< and Entertaining — 
being so conducted that it Can be safely taken to the 
Homes of people of intelligence, taste arid discrimination. 
It embraces more Agricultural, Horticultural, Scientific, 
Educational, Literary and News Matter, Interspersed 
with appropriate engravings, than any other Journal,— 
rendering It by far the most complete AoaiCvLTolUL, 
Literary and Family Newspaper In America. 
ItidiuK and Checking Colts. 
Geo. M. Jackson, Livonia, N. Y., sends us 
some sensible hints on this suject. He endorses 
the thorough bitting and the reasonable use of 
tho check-rein ou colts. He says:—“ The only 
way the horse can be made available and safe as 
a roadster is to subject him in some way to the 
practice of bitting, and to the check-rein, not 
only when breaking him, but when driving him 
on the road. If unchecked by the bearing rein, 
a colt is sure to kick, and can easily do so, on 
the slightest inclination. If the bead is checked 
up.thcy cannot bring themselves In position to 
kick so easily as otherwise. A young horse 
should also be accustomed to severe pressure of 
tbe hit, so if he become* frightened be will obey 
the driver’s force on the rein. If not trained to 
observe this pressure he is apt to spring ahead on 
feeling the bit severely.” 
TWO-ROWED BARLEY —PLANT AND HEAD. 
the latter. These three kinds we have illus¬ 
trated, and wo will consider briefly their relative 
qualities. American maltsters generally prefer 
the four-rowed spring barley, for the reason, we 
suppose, that it is cusicr to get up a Btock for 
malting because It has been most extensively 
grown. Tho different kinds require to be malted 
separately. But. we consider the two-row ed the 
moat profitable variety for farmers. It ripens 
later in the season than the other kinds, and 
does not interfere with the haying and harvest¬ 
ing of other crops; it usually yields better, the 
LEACHING OF SANDY SOILS, 
HP For Terms and other particulars bco last page, 
00 sandy soils leach out the dissolved cle¬ 
ment* of manure? Even in this age of progress 
there are some practical farmers who contend 
that a sandy soil leaches out th4*trcngth of the 
manure applied to it. But this theory of leach¬ 
ing will apply only to pure leach sand, entirely 
destitute of aluminous matter. Ail soils con¬ 
taining as much as ten per cent, of alumina, 
have power by chemical affinity to separate am¬ 
monia salts from its incumbent water, and to 
retain it ready to he taken up by the roots of 
growing plants ? If it escapes it must be in the 
form of gas upwards Into the air, but never 
downwards beyond the reach of the roots of 
growing plants; and it is owing to this gaseous 
escape from » soil too sandy to form a crust after 
a shower that gives the erroneous impression 
that the'ruanurial elements have been leached 
out. V oelckjcr found from experiment that iu 
a sandy soil, with the exception of a pure sand, 
liquid manure has the greater proportion of all 
its fertilizing matter held from leaching. He 
also found tJiat liquid manure, passing through 
a sandy soil very deficient in lime, left its lime 
iu the soil, thus proving that the property of 
soils of storing up food for plants extends to 
llrne and other inorganic elements of plant food. 
The rcuson why nitrogenous manures are so 
much more lasting in an adhesive loam than iu a 
sandy loam is, that they are inoru active in an 
open, loose soil, and arc much sooner dissolved 
into a state to be assimilated by the growing crop. 
LXLXVI. 
RURAL FARMERS’ CLUB 
Illack-Icg ” In Cattle. 
In response to a correspondent’s inquiry, E. 
Mink, Vet. Surgeon, Lyons, N. Y., sends us the 
following article:—“ ‘Black-leg,’ or more prop¬ 
erly ‘Interstitial Hemorrhage,’ is the result of 
venous congestion. The extravasation usually 
takes place in textures that are loose and soil 
and do not firmly support the blood vessels, as 
* amongst the cellular tissues on the loins, or 
underneath the shoulder, in the lunge, and occa¬ 
sionally in the tralu, suddenly producing when 
appearing externally soft diffused swellings which 
crackle with gas evolved from decomposing 
blood.’ Young animals rapidly thriving, with 
their blood vessels thin, weak and unewulensed, 
are usually its subjects. The great pressure 
caused by tbe speedy formation of blood, either 
ruptures the blood vessels, or produces effusion 
into tiie cellular tissues. 
“ Treatment .— When the disease Is completely 
established; when crackling swellings arc appa¬ 
rent externally or distressed breathing indicates 
extravasation into the lungs, or comatose or apo¬ 
plectic symptoms indicate effusion on the brain, 
treatment Is well nigli hopeless. If the animal 
is noticed while the premonitory symptoms mere¬ 
ly are apparent, there is some hope of success. 
While tho only symptoms exhibited ure dullness 
and stiffness, bleed freely. Next administer a 
purgative, consisting of 1 lb. of epsorn salts, 1 
oz. oil turpentine and IU drops of croton oil. 
This will be about the proper dose for an animal 
between one aud two years old 
California Funnina. 
On a spare page of a business letter, under date 
of Jan. 30th, 1807, O. N. Cadwell of Lake Co., 
California, jots down for u« thefoUowing Items: 
“The winter here has been very wet, with but 
very little cold weather. Grass is growing fine¬ 
ly, and stock doing well. Bees arc also begin¬ 
ning to make honey. But very little grain is 
sown yet, and it will be late before it is got in, 
but the large amount of ruin already fallen will 
The Rural is 
make good crops in many places, 
a month old when it arrives here, but it don’t 
or even 
spoil by being a few weeks, months. 
years old.” 
IIow to Fill the Jco House Cheaply. 
Although past the season for doing this work 
we give the gist of a correspondent’s communi¬ 
cation on thiB subject, that our readers may 
thereby profit in the future:—“A great im¬ 
provement upon drawing ice from two to lour 
miles, 1 found, is my method of making It in the 
ice-house. I bring water iu a pipe into the 
bouse, and make it full in spray before a window 
on the north side during the coldest, weather. 1 
have succeeded in making a solid cake of ice 10 
by 10 feet and four to six feet thick. 
FOUR-ROWED HARLEY 
grain being plumper and heavier. Winter bar¬ 
ley is too tender for thesu latitudes unless In 
well protected spots; in more genial climates 
it might be profitably substituted for other win¬ 
ter grains; it yields largely, the grain is heavy 
and plump, aud it ripens in June, before the 
period of haying. 
We have not space In this article to more than 
hint at the method of cultivation. Barley is 
sensitive to the variations of heat and moisture. 
It should be sown as early in the spring as tho 
land can be got into proper condition. The soil, 
to a depth of at least five or six inches, should 
PLANT AND HEAD. 
BARLEY-VARIETIES AND CULTURE 
thirty led lambs, Hammond rec¬ 
ommends a vessel holding six or eight quarts, 
willi several tubes and nipples. Eor older 
lambs, Brown haa used a tube made of a small 
stem of sweet, elder four inches long, dipped in 
a basin of milk, through which the milk is 
drawn rapidly. All these modes we consider 
good for the several objects in view. 
FREQUENCY AND AMOUNT OF FEEDING. 
Baker feeds young lambs which do not obtain 
milk irom their darns once in two hours nearly 
as much as they will take. Brown, A. H. Clapp, 
Pottle and Sanford, “often and in small 
quantities;” E. O. Clapp, all the lamb relishes 
five or six times a day—if it is weak, less and 
oftener; Klitharp, if lamb is quite feeble, once 
in ten or fifteen minutes at first, and “ only one 
or two draws from the can,”—if stronger, feeds 
more freely, and, after about the third time, all 
it will take; Greoory, at first, six times a day 
and once at night —subsequently reducing to 
three times aud tlnully twice; Hammond, if 
lamb gets partly enough from dam, feeds oftener 
at first, but afterwards nearly a gill and a-half in 
the moruing and afternoon, and twice that 
amount at ft month old — but at four or five 
weeks old, would gradually reduce amount of 
milk aud substitute oats, us equally good and 
more convenient; Heyne, has fed a pint and 
a-hulf a day in three or six feeds, according to 
circumstances. (Wc do not understand from 
this that he feeds so much to new-dropped 
lambs.) The Marshalls, ouee in three hours, 
and oftener it lamb is weak aud requires it; 
Pitts, as often ns is necessary, judging from ap¬ 
pearance and actions of lamb ; Rich, once in 
two or three hours, giving the lamb all it wiii 
take the first time, and rather less subsequently ; 
Of all the cereals barley has the widest range, 
and succeeds in the most diversified climates. 
It comes to maturity In the heat of the tropics, 
and thrives in regions where the mean and eon 
staut temperature Is scarcely 52°. It is sns- 
eeptlble or a rapid aud vigorous growth without 
injury to the perfect development and maturity 
of seed. Its antiquity Is great, being spoken of 
in the earliest agricultural records as au article 
of food of extensive use. From the sowing of 
its seed to the maturity ol'its grain the period of 
time required is shorter than with any other 
cereal. In the British Islands this period will 
average iu length from 100 to 115 days; iu the 
chief barley growing districts of tliis country 
from 80 to 95 days; ill Bogota, South America, 
where'the mean temperature is 58° or 59°, about 
120 days are required, and on the river Nile in 
Egypt with the mean temperature at 70° during 
the growth of the crop, 90 days only are wanted. 
While in some countries barley is used a* an 
article of food for both man and beast, in this it 
is yet mainly turned into malt lbr the purpose 
of producing beer and spirituous liquors. This, 
doubtless, will continue to be its principal use; 
as am article of food it can hardly compete with 
other cereals, Burley meal is reputed to have a 
soothing effect on the animal system, preventing 
cutaneous irritation, which makes it a valuable 
adjnnct to the food for fattening stock. Boiled 
barley Is valuable as a mash for horses after a 
hard iliij-’s work; it acts gently as an aperient, 
Opening the system and softening the skin. 
In England, where this grain is of more Impor¬ 
tance to the farmer than with us, there arc sev¬ 
eral kinds, OF SUb-varictles of the two-rowed and 
four-rowed, cultivated; but American farmers 
Dissolve tbe 
croton oil in tho turpentine and beat them up 
with tho yolks of two or three eggs, then mix 
with the salts previously dissolved in one quart 
of hot water. Alter administering this dose, 
give half an ounce of oil of turpentine and oue- 
lialf an ounce of muriate of ammonia every three 
or four hours, until the animal appears convales¬ 
cent. To prevent tho disease, whenever a case 
appears amongst a herd, give the remainder 
under two years old a laxative dose of salts 
weekly, sky % lb. epsom salts and oz. of gin¬ 
ger in one quart of warm water; insert a 6eton 
of black hellebore in the dew-lap; give small 
quantities of boiled linseed or oil-cake until all 
fear of the malady is past.” 
RENOVATING OLD COTTON LANDS—No. V, 
Wood Ashes. — A friend, with whom I was con¬ 
versing upon this subject, remarked that he had 
not the least doubt but with proper management 
old lauds could be restored. He bad hauled to 
the fields several loads of leached ashes which 
had accumulated around the ash hopper, it was 
Burprising, he remarked, to see how the cotton 
grew, squared and yielded, where those ashes 
were put. Had he known that the cotton plant 
draws very heavily on the soil for potash, and 
that wood ashes would return this salt to the 
soil, there would have been uo surprise. He 
would uot have hauled the ashes to the field for 
the simple purpose of removing them out of the 
way, but for the express purpose of furnishing 
food for iiis plants. 
Professor Jackson analyzed a whole cotton 
plant, weighing three pounds, from Savannah 
River, Georgia. On burning, the plant yielded 
960 grams of ash. One-fourth of tills ash was 
potash. A bale of 500 1 bs. contains about 2 lbs. of 
potash, and 1,200 lbs. Of seed that came from tliis 
bale contains about 16 lbs. If the cotton seed is 
retained on the farm and again applied to the 
laud, the soil whence the cotton was gath¬ 
ered requires but a very small portion of potash 
returned in the way of compensation. But 
small as this portion may he it must be returned 
to keep up the fertility of tho soil. “The per¬ 
fect development of a plant,” says Lieiho, (Or¬ 
ganic Chemistry, p. 104,) “is dependent ou the 
range of mountains, very appropriately called 
the Table Lauds of Tennessee. Their elevation 
f above the ocean is about 3,000 feet. They are 
b unlike mountains, such 03 are found iu New En¬ 
gland, New York and Pennsylvania, with their 
x r “gged and almost inaccessible peaks and dillieult 
t) a Pprooches, being quite easy of access aud really a 
' great table, lienee their very appropriate name, 
11 ‘ table Lands of Tennessee,’ The soil is a 
V rather heavy, sandy loam, with a yellow clay 
v subsoil, is easily tilled and, with good farming, 
5j lar gely productive of all crops which are appro¬ 
ve priate to a temperate climate. Probably no por- 
W INTER HARLEY —PLANT AND HEAD, 
be thoroughly pulverized. This is important. 
Stiff clays and light, sandy soils, should be 
avoided. It is risky to sow on a freshly turned 
sod; the crop generally follows corn or potatoes. 
Harrow thoroughly ancl roll after sowing. 
