VOL. XYIII. NO. 3U ROCHESTER, N. Y.-POR THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, AUGUST 3, 1887. I WHOLE NO. 915, 
[SINGLE NO. TEN CENTS 
“ PROGRESS AND IMPROVEMENT." 
ESTABLISHED IN 1850. 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
AN ORIGIN All WEBKLY 
AGRICULTURAL, LITERARY AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
With an Able Corps of Assistants and Contributors. 
Hon. HENRY 9. RANDALL, LL. D., Editor of the De¬ 
partment of Sheep Husbandry. 
HON. T. C. PETERS, late President N. Y. State Ag'l 
Society, Southern Corresponding Editor. 
GLEZEN F. WILCOX, Associate Editor. 
The Rural New-Yorkkk is designed to be unsur¬ 
passed in Value, Purity, and Variety of Contents. Its 
Conductor earnestly labors to render the Rural a Reli¬ 
able Guide on all tbe Important Practical, Scientific and 
other Subjects connected with tbe business of those 
whose interests It zealously advocates, As n Family 
Journal It ts eminently Instructive and Entertaining 
being so conducted that It can be safely taken to the 
Homes of people of Intelligence, taste and discrimination. 
It embraces more Agricultural, Horticultural,Scientific, 
Educational, Literary and News Matter, Interspersed 
with appropriate engravings, than any other journal,— 
rendering It by far the most complete Agricultural, 
Litebabv as t> Family Nhwbpapki: In America. 
j^For Tkrms and other particulars see last page. 
HINTS FOR THE MONTH, 
The moat, important work for August is the 
preparation of the ground for fall seeding. 
Summer fallows are to be worked, and stubble 
grounds plowed; the latter should be turned 
over na soon as possible after being cleared of 
grain. Time is wanted for weeds to start before 
the final working preceding the Bowing, and it is 
better to let tbe soil receive the good effects of 
the air, snn and rain, and become light and pul¬ 
verized before the seed is deposited in it. At 
least the stubble should be well harrowed or 
gang-plowed early to start the weeds. 
Seed .—The selection of seed is a matter of 
great importance to the wheat .tin, 
grower, as profit or loss on a . bKPm. 
crop are often dependent on the i 
variety sown. If too late in k®,fP^ji} 
ripening it is in danger from W) 
rust and weevil, and early kinds t\ian iHkd 
arc apt to be tender under ex- Vm| ffl/ 
posure to severe climates. Far- 
mere should improve all oppor- - ‘Jr, 
tunitiesto experiment with new (v? 
varieties, and make themselves 
acquainted with their character- 
istics. What they want is a m 
white wheat, one that is hardy, 
prolific and early. It must stand 
our Northern winters, yield well \f\ 
and harden the berry before the W, 
time of the weevil. y Bffl WT 
The Diehl wheat, of which we 
give an illustration, is one of the 
most promising of the new va- nfe w *Jt 
rieties, and it is spoken well of jRw 
by some of our best farmers 
who have grown it. It is a iWlJf;, 
bald, white wheat, the straw is 
still, tire kernels set very com- ijMum/jBf 
pact on the head. It ripens as 
early a6 the amber. It is cer- w/ 
taiuly ‘ ‘ worthy of further trial,” Xlly aMflr 
as the fruit men say. At any- * 
rate, let the farmer carefully 
select his seed, sowing only the 11 
best; and by observation and 
inquiry among his neighbors, ^ 
learn what varieties are the most promising, 
judging by their record during the past two or 
three years. 
Stock.— Hogs should be well fed during this 
month; they may glean the stubbles, but be 
careful that they don’t get unruly. It is “fly 
time” with horses, and the working teams are 
Underdrains may he cut through swamps and 
wet lands, and muck gathered for manorial uses. 
Weeds. —Briars, elders and bushes of all kinds 
should be cut this month. Pull weeds from the 
potato fields, 
Hops .—Some will need harvesting the latter 
part of the month. Get help secured, and see 
that the kilns, boxes, Ac., are In order. 
Thrash out stacked grain soon, and take pains 
to stack the straw so that it will he worth some¬ 
thing for stock next winter. 
Cultivating .—It is not too late to benefit back¬ 
ward corn and potatoes by cultivating them. 
Meadows .—Draw manure on to old meadows, 
and in all places where it is possible to irrigate 
the grass, do so. There is a mine of wealth in 
our brooks and rivers that farmers have not yet. 
worked. We want the water on oor grass lands. 
IRRIGATION. 
It i9 hardly necessary to present arguments in 
favor of irrigation as a means of increasing the 
fertility of the soil and of growing large crops, 
for it is obvious to any farmer that, with the 
means at command of flooding his fields with 
water whenever he deems moisture advanta¬ 
geous, a larger and surer yield of products would 
inevitably result. The only question worth 
considering is, how und where can irrigation he 
successfully practiced? 
Wherever arc running streams of water there 
arc land.* lyituc contiguous which admit of a 
system of irrigation being carried out, no inex¬ 
pensive that reasonable profits would certainly 
follow its adoption. Drains will turn the water 
into races which will lead it along the highest 
margins of slopes situated farther down the 
stream, whence it may be spread through 
smaller conduits over the surface of the field. 
ThiB is the simplest method of irrigating^ the 
water is merely diverted from its course and 
caused to spread over the land. And as it is the 
MONROE’S PAl'EN'I’ ROTARY MARROW. 
Our engraving represents a new rotary har¬ 
row— a Maine invention now being introduced 
into Western New York. It was exhibited at 
the last New York State Fair, where it attracted 
much attention and was awarded a premium. 
We recently 9 aw one of these harrows at work 
for a cfhort time. It is a neat implement, circu¬ 
lar in form, with twenty-four teeth, and lias a 
rushes along the swollen streams, bears with it 
many soluble elements of fertility drawn from 
the soil. The alluvial bottoms along the great, 
rivers are evidences of this; they are the cream 
of the Lillis. Let the farmer see to it that some 
part, at least, of this richness is restored to the 
land before the water seeks and mingles with 
the sea._ 
THE STOMACH OF THE OX. 
At a lute meeting of „he Institute Farmers’ 
Club in New York, Dr J. G- V- <1^ 
coursed on the stomael of the ox with reference 
to the economical use of food. He stated that 
carnivorous animals have but one stomach or 
mill in which to prepare their food, while the 
boviue family have several. These animals, after 
feeding several hours, generally lie down and 
caused to spread over the land. And as it is the commenC0 ri .-grinding the food or pellets which 
simplest, so is it the most profitable and likely ^ Cfa , rccC ptacle or large hopper has re- 
to he the most widely adopted system. In ad- . ® d duri thc h0lirs D f feeding. These are 
vunce of this, and having a wider range for 
practice, is the system of raising water to a 
higher level by means of machinery. More land 
can be flooded by thc latter than by the former 
system, hut the expense is likewise larger. Yet 
it has been in use from time immemorial; the 
earliest history records it, and the simple water¬ 
wheel, turned by the current of the stream, and 
rnlsing the fluid in buckets to its topmost 
height, is yet seen wherever irrigation is exten¬ 
sively practiced. Water is also forced through 
pumps into elevated reservoirs, and the power 
to operate the machinery is drawn from the 
stream. It seems to be a recognized law in thc 
science of irrigation that the water must furnish 
the power that drives it to a higher elevation. 
Irrigation would benefit all crops at some 
stage of their growth, but obviously some would 
remunerate the cultivator better thau others. 
The grower of berries would find his products 
and profits largely increased if he could, in a 
drouth, flow his plantations freely with water. 
Irrigation is destined yet to he extensively prac¬ 
ticed by the growers of small fruits for market. 
The market gardener should also avail himself 
of its benefits where possible. Grass, perhaps, 
is the ordinary farm crop naturally best adapted 
to receive the most benefit from irrigation. The 
product of meadows can be trebled by the free 
use of pure water only. Two or more heavy 
cuttings might be token yearly from irrigated 
meadows. 
In the valleys leading down from the Alps in¬ 
to Italy, and on the plains of Lombardy, irriga¬ 
tion is extensively and systematically practiced. 
The water, as it flows, is made to contribute to 
ceived during the hours ot 1 Ceding, ruese an. 
drawn up successively by a kind of air-pump and 
masticated over again, formed into smaller divis¬ 
ions and dispatched to the second stomach. 
This mill is composed of the substance known 
as tripe, and furnished with a fluid which still 
further modifies the food received, giving it a 
yellowish tinge. From this it falls into a thitd 
hopper of still smaller dimensions, where it com¬ 
bines with a whitish fluid and passes along in a 
creamy stream to a fourth compartment, where 
it assumes the appearance of curd, having reached 
that stage of refinement which enables it to im¬ 
part vigor to the animals by whose complex 
organism it has been manufactured and refined. 
Having reached this stage the animal has no 
control over it. 
—---- • —-- 
THE HARROW -WHY 18 IT USED! 
The harrow is an ancient implement, and has 
been familiar to the husbandman for a thousand 
years. Shall we speak evil of this venerable and 
ancient servant of the farmer? Will it do to 
criticise closely and look sharply irilo its action 
alter the approval of so many generations? 
Well this is an irreverent age. Oldopinious aud 
regular rotary motion. This rotary motion is 
caused by an iron wheel traversing a circular 
iron-track. The wheel being at the end of an 
arm which is fastened on the top and center of the 
harrow by a hinge, can easily he changed from 
one side to the other, thus reversing the motion 
at pleasure. For further information see adver¬ 
tisement, of Bradley, Ramos & Co. of Buffalo. 
opposite of what is intended. Tt is only on 
those soils which arc loose and light and need 
compacting that the harrow should be used, and 
here it performs its office admirably. To cut up 
and loosen a hoed surface It is quite useless. 
The improved cultivators, with teeth con¬ 
structed to lift and pulverize the earth, should 
be used on heavy soils or those easily packed. 
There is a cultivating barrow, with lifting teeth 
in thc shape ot small mold-boards, which caunot 
be tno highly commended. It leaves the soil In 
Uno tilth. »limit, three Inches deep, and covers 
gram aai.,a«Wj, It. is not rfdaplcd to deup til¬ 
lage, but for surface culture won.. .. .n -ri,« 
harrow draws the grain into the ridge, covers 
unevenly, and thus renders it less able to stand 
drouth. The drill is the true implement to dis¬ 
tribute and cover grain, as it distributes evenly 
at thc bottom of a small furrow, and covers to a 
uniform depth. Thc dews are deposited at tiie 
bottom of furrows, and thus in a dry time moist¬ 
en and fertilize the root. Farmers should study 
closely into the action of all their implements, 
and when one is found wanting, east it aside and 
Bupply its place with a better one. a. 
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.-No. I. 
Agriculture is the great business of aU | 
sparsely settled countries. Nearly one-hall of 
the population of the United States are engaged 
in it. The censuB of 1860 returns 2,4311,806 as 
owners of farms, and more than another million 
employed as agricultural laborers. It might he 
considered strange, that so large a proportion of 
the people of this inoBt enterprising nation, 
Bhould have no systematic education for their 
calling. Not more than one fanner in a hundred 
has ever received any instruction In the philoso- 
ophy of Agriculture; and not more than thiB 
proportion can give an intelligent explanation 
of its commonest processes. It is owing to this 
want of instruction that the loosest of all the 
statistics of every census are those pertaining 
to Agriculture. The great hindrance to the ad¬ 
vancement of Agriculture bus been, and is, the 
want of accurate observation by those engaged 
to keep accounts, nnd the benefits to him would 
more than have balanced his tax. 
Before Agriculture shall take its true position 
and be regarded as it really is, the most- Impor¬ 
tant occupation of man, the farmer must be edu¬ 
cated for ilia business, must ho an accurate 
observer, must bo a discoverer, must associate 
with his fellows in making experiment, and in 
analyzing and comparing them wheu made. 
The Agriculturists possess superior advantages 
for observation and improvement. They num¬ 
ber more than two millions of observers scat¬ 
tered from the Gulf of Mexico to the Columbia 
River, and from the Atlantic to thc Pacific Oceans, 
embracing nearly every variety of climate and pro¬ 
duction. Suppose every fanner were an accurate 
observer ami kept a note of his observations, and 
these wore all sent to some central ollicc, where 
they would all be analyzed, compared und di¬ 
gested—then published and pnt into the bands 
Of these same observers, who docB not see the 
mighty stride Agriculture would take in ten 
years? But as only a few of these more than 
two millions of fanners, are either capable or 
have the inclination to be accurate observers in 
the business they are carrying on, suppose only 
one in every hundred should do this, should ex¬ 
ercise his intellect as well us his hands, accu¬ 
rately observe, all the phenomena of vegetation 
under Ills eye—this would give about 24,000 ex¬ 
perimenters aud reporters. With this number of 
accurate experimenters in the field, how long 
wonhl thc many questions that now trouble 
farmers and find uo satisfactory solution, remain 
undecided ? 
Department of Agriculture.—To organize 
snob a corps of observers is the first ...» 
the Department of Agriculture at Washington. 
And tnis Liepui uueuij uf tiowernment, organ¬ 
ized, ns we still hope It may be, us thc embodi¬ 
ment of the Agriculture of the whole country, 
will mark a new era in our National prosperity. 
At the head of this Department, should be placed 
a man of generalizing mind, who cau compre¬ 
hend the wants of these two millions of fanners 
in all their variety of climate and productions. 
He Bhould be a man of large acquirements, of 
enthusiasm, of aharp analysis, skilled in reading 
men, a statesman, but not a politician, in the 
common meaning of that word. When such a 
man is placed at the bead of that Department, 
order wifi begin to riseout of chaos. Tradition, 
confusion and hap-bazard will succumb to the 
genius of order aud enlightened progress. This 
. Department was instituted for the benefit and 
enlightenment of thc grout muss engaged in 
Agrlcnlture. it is of the people and for the 
people. The dissemination of abstruse scientific 
knowledge is uot Its vocation, but its business 
. is to gather np facts as diversified as its climate 
and productions, analyze, classify and arrange 
these, and then send them back again to the 
farmers. Let the people see to it that this De¬ 
partment does not disappoint their just expecta¬ 
tions. e- a. s. 
COLIC IN HORSES-TREATMENT. 
A. J. Murray, conductor of the Veterinary 
Department of the Western Rural, recommends 
as a cure for colic in horses an ounce of sulphu¬ 
ric tether and a like quantity of the tincture of 
m-inm In a nint. of tenid water as a dose, if one 
nact rineZs KIM * the ordinary farm crop naturally besUdapted Well this is an irreverent age umopimousauu it . In Architecture, Surveying, Engineering, relief, administer another after 
as the amberKBS to receive the most benefit from irrigation. The old things are cast asde without a twmge of Navigatloni ^ student wiU find definite rules Jp #0 “f haff an hour. In flatulent colic 
taiuly “worthy of further trial ” iSwIr product of meadows can be trebled by the free conscience, and scarce > wi ■ «<as ow. o p and instructions, a knowledge oi which will uc- greftt bcnelit is obtained by the frequent admin- 
as the fruit men say. At any- - use of pore water only. Two or more heavy ness. Everything mus complisk turn in thc art, but in Agriculture all latration of injections, nnd they are also very 
rate let the farmer carefullv cuttings might be token yearly from irrigated scrutiny and new ideas. is loose, partial and unfinished. serviceable when the colic arises from indiges- 
mleet his seed somn^ onlv the I meadows. The object of harrowing is to level, pulverize, Why is this so ? The answer is easy. Just u whkh ft frequCDtly does. Seven or eight 
best- and hvnhuervatinn nnd ft] In the valleys leading down from the Alps in- or loosen the soil, and sometimes to cover grain, observe the different classes of people. Tbe djacluns of alloee should also be given, as this 
inouirv amomr his neighbors N to Italy, and on the plains of Lombardy, irrjga- It answers the ptirpose of leveling the earth, but architect, the lawyer, thc engiueer, the naviga- rcmov c any irritating substances from the 
learn what varieties are the ’mn«t nrnm\a\no tion is extensively and systematically practiced, its most important object is to loosen and racl- tor, and even tbe merchant, most he educated jj^tines which may have given, rise to the colic, 
iudtrinu bv their record dnriL the The water, as it flows, is made to contribute to low the soil, Now the teeth of the harrow are f or his calling} hut the farmer eschews eduea- ^ condemn8 the practice of running horses 
three veare ° ^ wo or BU pp 0r t of man, and a denser population is cones, points down, and on entering the soil, the tion. He 6ays, theoretically and practically, that u£1( i er spur of the whip, as is sometimes 
maintained per square mile than any where else pressure principally downwards, with some lat- time aud money spent in education foi his bust- p rac y ccd a s a means of relief,—aud states that 
Stock.— Hogs should be well fed during this in Europe. Indian corn is grown betwixt the oral pressure-moving the earth in the line of n es», is thrown away, and thus it is so few can . tudc is mnch better than enforced exeite- 
month; they may glean the stubbles, but be vineyard rovv8 mA the fertility of the soil main- the dralV-pulverizing a thin surface and com- tell you how many bushels of grain, bow many ^ ^ SQcU case6 . 
careful that they don’t get unruly. It is “ fly talned by thorough irrigation suffices to produce parting that below. As the harrow moves for- tons of hay or how much of anything they raise, ____ 
time ” with horses, and the working teams are ample harve6ta 0 f bo th Btaples. No labor is ward the tendency is to press everything down, and fewer a till can teU how ranch they raise per _ quantity of land 
more comfortable in a clean, cool, roomy stable ed t0 bring as large a surface as possible which is more clearly shown as its passage is re- acre or what they make from a cow .The man- cutture / fo r sugar purposes in 
than man exposed pasture. Stabled horses will wHMn reacb 0 f the advantages of irrigation, ported, and after passing over a mellow soil six chant keeps accurate accounts He knows the ^ lbo Massachusetts Plough- 
do enough more work than pastured ones to TheC hlnesc and Japanese farmers depend largely times the surface becomes a compart crust. A cost and sale price ot every article. Hete posted * . ^ aB llbout ’^ 7 ,000 acres, giving anaggre- 
pay the increased trouble; aud their keeping is on irrigation for bountiful crops. In our own stick in the shape of a harrow tooth is frequent- at all times, as to the progress ot his business. If «•». ’ beets lfLj to 270,000 
cheaper. See that all stock has plenty of water. ^ ^ 6y6tem , eurriod out on an extended ly used by the miller to pack flour in barrels, a leak occurs he soon discovers it; but he armer gate ot 1 *,,. 
Stubbles should berated. scale, has made the desert blossom like the rose, and so effectual is it, that with a little repetition goes on for years cultivating a fid* witkOE* tons ol ^ ^ ^ Europe> 
Mow fence corners and swales to kill weeds and and contributed largely to the. worldly success the surface may be made almost Impenetrable, attempting to know whether he make, o o.> * f . ( , t , oot ’ eiu;ar wor e made. Over 
secure fodder. Many a cow might be wintered of that community of “Saints” located in what, A new road, thrown up from loose earth, can be by it. He keeps uo account with 1in) oo manufacturing establishment# were de- 
on fodder saved from the bye places of farms. if it lacked irrigation, would be the desert region rendered solid for the passage of wagons by the has no landmarks, except his wants and the sup- 14, l^artry during the past year. 
harvest Tools should all be secured from of Salt Lake. " use of the harrow sooner than any other Duple- ply. Perhaps It wottld ^^ rt Iking the sugar" is about 
the weather. Make a memorandum of repairs it is a subject worthy the close and thought- ment. In order to mellow thc earth it must be come tax had been bast up tvmr cents per pound, aud its retail price about 
needed on them. It will refresh your memory ful attention of American farmers. The water lifted and not packed. The construction of the nearly every farmer would have been subject toit. | fourcents pe p 
for work in thp Rhnn etnrmv /low r,ram»c iimirn Btc.c.n hill nnri L arrow Ik wronc in Drinciolc. It does just the This would have compc ti urn ioin ear O OSS, St 
do enough more work than pastured ones to 
pay the increased trouble ; aud their keeping is 
cheaper. See that all stock has plenty of water. 
Stubbles should be raked. 
Mow fence corners and swales to kill -weeds and 
secure fodder. Many a cow might be wintered 
on fodder saved from the bye places of farms. 
Harvest Tools should all be secured from 
the weather. Make a memorandum of repairs 
needed on them. It will refresh your memory 
for work in the shop on some stormy day. 
within reach of the advantages of irrigation. 
The Chinese and Japanese farmers depend largely 
on irrigation for bountiful crops. In our own 
country this system, carried out on an extended 
scale, has made the desert blossom like the rose, 
and contributed largely to the worldly success 
of that community of “Saints” located in what, 
if it lacked irrigation, would be the desert icgion 
of Salt Lake. 
It is a subject worthy the close and thought¬ 
ful attention of American formers. The water 
that courses down the steep hill sides, and 
the surface may be made almost impenetrable. 
A new road, thrown up trom loose earth, can be 
rendered solid for the passage of wagons by the 
use of the harrow sooner than any other imple¬ 
ment. In order to mellow thc earth it must be 
lifted aud not packed. The construction of the 
harrow is wrong in principle. It does just the 
