Do;w 
arsenate 
« LEAD# 
•>* 1 
h ? 1 
February 4, 1922 
sees yvbat bis grandson needs to develop 
him. So be ties the property up in some 
sort of business which mpiire.s the hard¬ 
est work and the (iuest planning to de¬ 
velop properly. The boy knows the 
monej is there, and he must dig hard to 
get it out. You will bud it much the 
same with the nitrogen in the nun-k. It 
is there, but sweat and chemistrj are 
needed to make it worth while. You 
want to remember that the nitrate beds in 
the South American deserts were formed 
very much in the same way as your 
swamp. < Mi the dry. rainless deserts the 
nitrogen was changed to nitrates. In the 
waterlogged soil of yolir swamp the nitro¬ 
gen was changed so that it cannot be 
leached away. 
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Part 1 
"I was very much interested in the dis¬ 
cussion of bones. I can get many of 
them here, and I believe we can do a good 
business at making them into fertilizer. 
Now can you tell us about other farm 
wastes? For instance, ‘'muck." What 
i- it? What is it good for. and h»'W do 
you use it? S. \v. C. 
Bones, wood ashes and “muck” go well 
together as a homemade fertilizer. Most 
farmers refuse to "bother" ninth muck, as 
they say it costs too much labor to get it 
out and prepare it. In the original Eng- 
ish. "muck" means well-rotted manure. 
Years ago New England farmers used the 
word to represent peat or the black soil 
which accumulates in swamps and low 
places. I presume we may say that muck 
,< a well-rotted peat, and that peat is 
partly decayed vegetable matter. In every 
neighborhood and on almost every farm 
shere will be found low places where 
water stands, either in ponds or close to 
the surface. Leaves blow in from out- 
>ide. coarse grasses, weeds and brush grow 
up and die and fall down into the water 
• r wet soil. Instead of being oxidized, as 
they would he out in the open air. this 
vegetable matter decays slowly and ac¬ 
cumulates in thp form of a black, sticky 
mass—peat or "muck.’* In addit : nn to 
thi- much of the plant food from the higher 
surrounding laud drains down through 
f]ie soil into these low places. 1'sually 
there i< a dry "hardpan” under this black 
stuff, which ai ts like a saucer to hold the 
water and keep the swamp wet. A class 
.if tough, big plants crowd into the swamp 
and use up the plant food to make a 
heavy growth. You notice how the wet 
soil plants seldom thrive on the uplands, 
while Red clover, Timothy and other up¬ 
land plants die in the swamp. Nature 
has adapted*certain plants, like the iiltie- 
mrry. to the life in the swamp. It is 
much like the difference between the duck 
and the hen. In the South there are ne¬ 
groes who have lived for several genera¬ 
tions in the low swamps along the rivers, 
while others have lived on the high lime¬ 
stone hills. J*ut them side by side and 
you would be surprised at the difference 
produced by life in wet and dry soil. 
Nature has developed these web-footed 
plants with the power to live in these low 
places, and thus utilize wasted plant food 
and hold it for future use. 
Perhaps what is said about this muck 
will make us understand why coal ashes 
cnrrv little or no plant food. The coal is 
usually a form of petrified muck—a peat 
turned into stone. As we see. the plants 
and trees from which coal is produced 
arc usually deficient in minerals, and the 
little they bring to the soil is usually 
leached away. Some nitrogen remains in 
the coal, hut that is driven off in the 
burning. Thus the coal ashes are quite 
different from wood ashes, the latter con¬ 
taining thfi lime, potash and phosphorus 
which the original wood carried The 
value of muck for farm purposes varies 
greatly . In some eases there is about as 
much total nitrogen as would he found in 
ordinary stable manure; in others four 
c>r five times as much. It depends on 
the location and what the muck came 
from. In some cases the layer of muck 
is quite thin, so that in digging it up you 
take more or less plain soil along with it. 
Of course, there is little use in digging 
soil on one part of the farm to put on 
another part. Muck containing large 
quantities of leaf mold or decayed leaves 
is probably richest, and also probably 
most acid. If a farmer expects to use any 
large quantity of it. I think it will pay 
him to have a fair sample analyzed by 
some good chemist. Then he will know 
what lie is doing, which is the first orin- 
ciple of accurate work. Such analysis 
may show that there is little value to the 
muck except the black color. To eo to 
the expense of hauling out mere black 
soil would be about as profitable as offer¬ 
ing a hired man $7o a month just because 
you heard that bis hair was red and 
some scientific man told you that red hair 
was indication of extra iron in the blood, 
and that iron spells energy. 
We now furnish the finest quality red or gray tubes 
THE BATAVIA RUBBER COMPANY 
9-21 ROBERTSON STREET - BATAVIA, N. Y. 
Tire makers for 
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< )ur present coal mines were once 
doubtless groat swamps or peat beds. 
Through long ages the peat from decayed 
plants and trees was slowly petrified or 
changed to blaek stone, which we call 
eoal. For example. I have no doubt that 
thousands of years hence such places as 
the great Dismal Swamp, on the line be¬ 
tween North Carolina and Virginia, will 
become a great bed of coal; that is. if it 
is left undisturbed. There is more nitro¬ 
gen in it than in all the deposits of nitrate 
-.f soda in South America. It can he util¬ 
ized either b.v draining parts of the swamp 
and planting crops, or by hauling out the 
black soil and putting it on the light and 
exhausted land. In a smaller way the 
>ame choice of problems confronts us in 
the small pond or swamp on our own 
farm. From the nature of the swamp 
and its waterlogged soil, you might expect 
that most of the plant food would be 
leached away. That is true of the lime, 
potash and phosphorus. There is little, 
if any. of these minerals to be found in 
muck. I think that most wet soil plants 
are deficient in these minerals anyway, 
and. of course, the water is constantly 
leaching out all soluble elements. The 
liief fertilizing valijc of the muck lies in 
it- nitrogen and it< organic matter, or 
“humus." But nitrogen is the most sol¬ 
uble element of all. How. then, does it 
remain when the minerals are leached 
away? It is true that certain forms of 
nitrogen are very soluble, yet nitrogen 
may be safely locked up in other forms 
so as to defy the ordinary forces of na- 
t ir<. Nitrate of soda requires only a light 
rain to make it disappear in solution, yet 
a piece of hard hone also contains nitro¬ 
gen. It might remain out in a dozen 
storms without any change, save for hav¬ 
ing its face washed. Yet crush that bone 
and "out’* it with sulphuric acid and you 
would find the nitrogen and the phos¬ 
phorus quite soluble The nitrogen in 
the muck is changed iDto sour combina¬ 
tions. which are inert or insoluble. To 
make a rather far-fetched illustration, we 
probably till know men and women who 
in their youth were open-hearted and gen¬ 
erous. They fell into narrow, and what 
we may called submerged lives, and as the 
vears went on they grew selfish and sour. 
io’I.v and hateful, incapable of giving tin 
tilings that are worth while to others. 
Thp love and kindliness are there. We 
know that because they formerly showed 
rhem. and sneh things are never lost out 
of life. Yet they are locked up in sour, 
hateful reflections or prejudices, and will 
not he made free and available until some 
great chemical shock changes the combi¬ 
nation. In a way that is the situation 
with the nitrogen in this muck in your 
swamp. It is there waiting for you. 
Nature wisely locked it up so you could 
not lose it. but you can in time make it 
as available as nitrate of soda if you 
care to do so. Sometimes old grandfather 
Save Time and Labor 
W ITH the new package, each 3-lb. sack 
is one load for 100-gallon sprayer— 
you save time of measuring or weighing. 
You need not handle heavy drums or barrels. 
You have no open poisons in barns or sheds. 
You use one sock for a load, and the balance 
remains lightly sealed There is no waste—you 
get accuracy of dilution- never too weak or too 
strong. Materials are always clean, free from 
dust, dirt and splinters. You save time of mix¬ 
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instructions. Sacks may be burned when emptied 
There are no empty barrels standing around with 
"POISON " attached. Also sold in l-'-lb. and 1-ib. 
c acks for g arden and home use. 
DOW Powdered Lead Arsenate—DOW Calcium 
Arsenate DOWCO and BORDOW, all have their 
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Get DOW Insecticides in the new package from 
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mu /, is one load for a 
JOtf-gallon sprayer 
The Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich, U. S. A 
'Tnnuz.Ef^ 
is the average hay crop at Wauwinet Farm on ihe rocky hillsides of Barre, Mass. 
Fertilizing every spring with Hubhard s “Bone Base Oats and 1 op-Dressing 
does it. Write for our free folder “Turning Green Grass Into Green Backs. 
The Rogers & Hubbard Co., Dept. A, Middletown, Conn 
Office and works : Portland, Conn. 
“It’s the Quality Behind the 
Analysis that Counts. ” 
Some time since T saw an account of 
the cultivation of gaijie. I live in the, 
garlic region of Ohio—Trumbull County 
—and garlic is extensively cultivated by ! 
the Italians. The ground is prepared late J 
in October, a rid planter] in rows 24x4' 
inches, using one small piece of garlic. 
You will sec by examining a bulb there 
are from five to 10 pieces in each bulb. 
Any ground which will produce onions 
will produce garlic. No attention is re¬ 
quired until Spring: then cultivate as 
onions, except dig deeper, using a light 
mattock or heavy hoe. About .Tilly 20 
the garlic is pulled and dried in the sun 
foi several days; then the tops are 
braided into rings of 25 each, and hung 
in a dry place. They generally sell by 
the ring (two dozen) at $1 a ring; last 
year till cents, this year 40 cents. An 
acre uf garlic will net from $300 tu .$500. 
The Italians usually plant peppers or 
tomatoes between the garlic rows in .Tune, 
and thus grow a second crop on the same 
ground. j. w. MOOltE. 
Trumbull Co., O. 
Style 
PRICE 
Bead size 
FABRIC CORD 
Clin 
$ 7 50 
36 x 4 
II 
-8.00 
- 32 x 41/2 
M 
9.50 
15.00 33x4'/ 2 
»» 
SS 12.50 
20.00 34 x 4'/ 2 
«* 
SS 13.50 
35 x 4'/ 2 1 
«« 
-14 50 
36 x 4'/ 2 
SS 15.50 
27.00 37 x 4'/ 2 
Clin 
SS 16.50 
28.00 33 x 5 
— 
SS 17.50 
29.00 35 x 5 
— 
SS 18.50 
37 x 5 
