Tht RURAL. NEW-YORKER 
February 18, 1922 
224 
is reached; that is, in the ease of Ben Davis in sod 
as compared with cultivated trees of Baldwin and 
Rhode Island. It was found that the fruit included 
in the survey was sold as follows: Approximately 
43 per cent was sold in bulk: 7 per cent in buyer’s 
pack; 20 per cent was packed by the grower, and 24 
per cent was sold as dryer stock. 
SPRAYING IN SOD vs. CULTIVATION.—Since 
the market value is largely determined .by the thor¬ 
oughness with which the fruit is sprayed, it was 
thought that possibly, where the same number of 
Summer sprays were applied, the average price per 
bushel of fruit grown on trees in sod would compare 
favorably with the average price per bushel of fruit 
grown on cultivated trees. Accordingly a study was 
made of trees receiving the same number of Summer 
sprays. The following 10 varieties were included: 
Baldwin, Ben Davis, Rhode Island, Ilubbardstou. 
Northern Spy, Tompkins King, Twenty Ounce and 
Wealthy. Only trees 20 years and older are repre¬ 
sented. It was found that fruit from trees in sod 
generally commands a lower price than fruit from 
cultivated trees. This is especially true, according 
to the figures of this survey, where the pink, calyx 
and a third spray were applied, or even where only 
the pink and calyx sprays were applied. This would 
seem to hear evidence to the generally accepted idea 
that clean fruit can be more successfully grown on 
cultivated trees than on trees in sod. Where only 
one spray or none was applied the difference in the 
average price of fruit from trees in sod and fruit 
from cultivated trees was not so great. As indicated 
by the average price per bushel, all the fruit from 
trees in sod that received no spray was sold as dryer 
stock. 
HARDINESS OF VARIETIES.—The following 
rank in regard to Winter injury ind'eates the sus¬ 
ceptibility to cold: Baldwin and Tompkins King, 
Gravenstein, Ilubbardstou, Rhode Island and Rome 
Beauty, Twenty Ounce. Ben Davis. Northern Spy, 
Northwestern Greening. Stark. Wealthy and Yellow 
Transparent, Oldenburg and McIntosh. Baldwin 
and Tompkins King seem to possess about the same 
degree of hardiness either as young or old trees. 
Young trees of Ilubbardstou seldom showed any 
indication of Winter injury, unless they bore a con¬ 
siderable crop in the season before. Then both 
crotch and trunk injury was often severe. Young 
trees of Rhode Island generally seemed more hardy 
than even Northern Spy, the young trees of which 
invariably showed crotch injury. Old trees of Rhode 
Island were, however, but little more hardy than 
Baldwin. Young Northern Spy trees from six to 20 
years old invariably showed crotch injury. A tree 
of this variety less than six years old, however, was 
seldom found injured. Ben Davis was found to be 
quite hardy, but a few trees were found with crotch 
injury. In one orchard of thrifty trees 25 years old 
there was injury on the under side of the main 
branches where they joined the trunk of the tree. 
The same type of injury was found on 30-year-old 
Northwestern Greenings also. 
The Maun often suffered from a form of Winter 
injury to the trunk similar to that of sweet cherry, 
where the bark separates front the wood, opens, and 
fails to grow back and close the. wound. The Stark 
is comparatively hardy, and is a very thrifty tree, 
normally growing into a central leader form. Only 
about three trees of Wealthy were found showing 
crotch injury. These were vigorous trees in a very 
rich soil. One other tree was found with the outer 
bark and cambium layer killed on the trunk. The 
Transparent is apparently as hardy as the Wealthy. 
No Winter injury of any kind was found <>n Olden¬ 
burg or McIntosh. Often in the case of Wealthy 
patches of the outer bark would be found killed, but 
not even sucli a slight injury as that was noted on 
Oldenburg or McIntosh. 
VARIETY PREFERENCE.—The order of variety 
preference in the Fall apples was as follows: 
Wealthy, Twenty Ounce. McIntosh, first place; 
McIntosh, Wealthy, Twenty Ounce, second place; 
Oldenburg, Twenty Ounce, McIntosh, third place. 
Winter varieties: Baldwin. Rhode Island Greening, 
Ben Davis, first place; Rhode Island Greening. Bald¬ 
win. Ben Davis, second place; Northern Spy, Ilub- 
bardston, Rhode Island Greening, third place. In 
eastern Wayne, Baldwin was chosen mostly for first 
place, with Ben Davis as second. Ben Davis came 
in for first place in many instances, and ran ahead 
of Spy for third place. Often the statement was 
made that the Ben Davis was the best money-maker 
in the orchard. Gideon, a comparatively unknown 
variety, came in for first place in eastern Wayne. 
Here, too, the statement was often made that Gideon 
was the best money-maker. In western Wayne, on 
the north side, Baldwin and Rhode Island ran 
equally strong for first place, but Baldwin became 
partially unpopular here, due to the Baldwin spot. 
In this section Ilubbardstou was the choice for third 
place on the Winter list, and McIntosh ciirne in for 
first and second place strong in the same section 
among the Fall varieties. a. h. ptjlver. 
Duty of a Railroad in Fencing 
There is an interurban trolley line that runs through 
the center of m.v farm. August 24 one of their cars 
killed a two-year-old heifer of mine, I have seen their 
claim agent on three different occasions, and he says I 
have no claim, saying that their gates and fences are 
in good condition. IVill you let me know what the law 
requires on condition of gates, height of fences, etc., to 
turn cattle from railroad property? F. J. H. 
New York. 
HE railroad laws in reference to fences and 
farm crossings reads as follows: 
“Every railroad corporation, and any lessee or 
other person in possession of its road, shall, before 
the lines of Its road are opened for use, and so soon 
R-s it. lias acquired ihe right of way for its roadway, 
erect and thereafter maintain fences on the sides of 
its road of height and strength sufficient to prevent, 
cattle, horses, sheep and hogs from going upon its 
road from the adjacent lands with farm crossings 
and openings with gates therein at such farm cross¬ 
ings whenever and wherever reasonably necessary 
for the use of the owners and occupants of the 
adjoining lands, and shall construct, where not 
already done, and hereafter maintain, cattle-guards 
at all road crossings, suitable and sufficient to pre¬ 
vent cattle, horses, sheep and hogs from going upon 
its railroad. So long as such fences are not made, 
or are not in good repair, the corporation, its lessees 
or other persons in possession of its road, shall he 
liable for all damages done by their agents or en¬ 
gines or ears to any domestic animals thereon. When 
made and in good repair, they shall uot be liable for 
any such damage, unless negligently or wilfully 
done. A sufficient post and wire fence of requisite 
height shall be deemed a lawful fence within the 
provisions of this section, but barbed wire shall not 
be used in its construction. 
"No railroad need be fenced, when not necessary 
to prevent horses, cattle, sheep and hogs from going 
upon its track from the adjoining lands. Every 
adjoining land owner, who or whose grantor has 
received compensation for fencing the line of land 
taken for a railroad, and has agreed to build and 
maintain a lawful feuce along such line, shall build 
and maintain such fence. If such owner, his heir 
or assign shall not build such a fence, or if built, 
neglect to maintain the same during, the period of 
30 days after he has been notified so to do by the 
railroad corporation, such corporation shall there¬ 
after build and maintain such fence, and may re¬ 
cover of the person neglecting to build and maintain 
it, the expense thereof. And when such railroad 
shall cross timbered or forest lands the company 
shall construct and maintain suitable and sufficient 
crossings, whenever and wherever reasonably neces¬ 
sary to enable the respective owners of said lands 
to transport logs, timber and lumber for manufac¬ 
ture or sale, or for banking any stream, to be floated 
or driven down the same. In case of any neglect 
or dispute the supreme court may. by mandamus or 
other appropriate proceedings, compel the same, and 
also fix the point or location of any such crossing.” 
x. T. 
Planting Trees on Rough Land 
Last Fall I cleared about 10 acres of second growth, 
which I gave to neighboring folks for firewood if they 
would pile the brush so that it could be burned. It 
was a failure ; they got the firewood, but the brush was 
left anywhere. Last Spring. Summer and Fall I had 
two men, who are not yet through, piling and burning 
the brush. I want to plant an orchard of about 2,600 
trees. The cleared piece has grown up with briers, 
etc., which were cut down in August. How can I put 
this into grass at the least expense, and at the same 
time get rid of stumps, briers, etc.? I have tried dyna¬ 
mite, stump-pullers, etc., and have also tried sowing 
buckwheat and rye. I want to clear about 30 acres 
more for apples, but at the least expense. Can you 
make a suggestion? h. j. s. 
Pennsylvania, 
UR own plan in such a case would be to clear 
lanes or lines about 8 ft. wide and 20 ft. apart 
through this land. This would mean taking out 
stumps and rocks which stand in these lanes. Then 
we would plant trees 20 ft. apart on these lines, 
using “fillers” of some quick-growing variety, so as 
to leave the standard varieties finally 40 ft. apart. 
We should keep these cleared lanes clean by using 
cultivator and hoe, and after the first year use 
manure or fertilizer around the trees. The “mid¬ 
dies” or spaces between the rows of trees may he 
left as Wiey are, unless there is labor enough to pull 
out all the stumps. In clearing we should use dyna¬ 
mite for the larger stumps and a stump-puller for 
those under 0 in. in diameter. The brush and 
stumps should he burned and the ashes well scat¬ 
tered. As soon as the ground is lit in the Spring we 
should scatter a mixture of Timothy, Red-top and 
Alsike clover over the land and scratch it in as well 
as possible with a small one-horse peg-tooth harrow. 
Twice a year we should out. the brush and briers 
with a brush scythe and knock off the sprouts grow¬ 
ing on the stumps with the back of an ax. If this 
work is kept up properly, in a few years the stumps 
will all be dead, and may be pulled out as work is 
convenient. By the time the fillers come in bearing 
the middles will be cleared. If desired, in place of 
the grass seed, buckwheat or rye may be seeded and 
taken out as a crop, or cut and piled around the 
trees. We have seen good crops of corn grown in 
orchards by “sticking the seed in”—that is, punching 
holes in the soft ground with a stick or hoc and 
dropping in the seed. Where a large-growing kind 
is used it is often possible to get a fair yield by 
giving one good lioeing. and when the corn lias made 
some growth, cutting the weeds and vines with a 
scythe and letting them lie on the ground. In all 
such plans the greatest danger is from fire, and 
several furrows should be plowed around the orchard 
as a fire protector. 
Raising a Crop of Carrots 
S no one as yet has told how to grow 2,000 
bushels of carrots, and having had some ex¬ 
perience. 1 thought my way may help the recent 
inquirer and maybe some others. 
First, find out what your market demands. For 
human food, I grow the Chanteuay; for stock, the 
Danvers Half Long. Also procure seed from some 
reliable seed firm. - Both varieties are good for either 
purpose wlieu properly grown. Prepare ground by 
plowing under a good coat of manure, fit the ground 
well, then with a grain drill drill in one-half ton of 
good fertilizer to the acre. Roll the land with a 
land roller, so that it will be smooth and free from 
lumps, if your baud seed drill has a marker attach¬ 
ment you are ready to sow seed; if not, mark land 
in rows 14 in. apart. Adjust drill so as to distribute 
from 12 to 15 seeds to the foot of row. This can be 
done by running drill over a board and counting the 
seed. 
To each pound of carrot seed I add two ounces of 
radisli seed, well mixed. The radish seed will come 
up a week or more before the carrots, and show the 
rows. Then start the wheel hoe. If there is a crust 
formed it will break it up and help the carrots to 
come up. When the carrots are up an inch high we 
get down on hands and knees, take three rows, 
straddling the middle row, and remove all weeds. 
If carrots are bunched in places, thin them out. We 
go over the field and hand weed three times. After 
the last time we then go between the rows with the 
small plow attachment on the wheel hoc. and cover 
the crown of the carrots with a little soil: that pre¬ 
vents sunburn. If grown for stock, that part of the 
work may be dispensed with. 
In harvesting the crop we use a tool called a beet 
plow; it is similar to a subsoil plow, but does not 
run so deep. It runs under the row of carrots and 
lifts the carrots out of the ground. Tt does not cut 
or bruise, except a very few carrots. We gather 
them into piles ready for topping and out of the way 
of the team for the next row; plow up one side of 
a land and hack on the other side. To top them, put 
in three piles. Then advertise in The R. N.-Y. 
Churchville, N. Y. g. f. e. 
In answer to the questions of E. J. L., on page 
42, would say that we use the Chantenay Half Long, 
sowing 1V. lbs, per acre in rows 14 in. apart. Some 
here prefer 18 in. space, and do part of the culti¬ 
vating with a horse. We think we save hand labor 
by careful preparation of the ground before plant¬ 
ing. We disk or harrow the ground as early as 
possible in the Spring, and keep at it until the mid¬ 
dle of June, then plow lightly and sow. 
As to fertilizer, we top-dress with manure, and 
disk it in early, then before sowing use 500 lbs. per 
acre of 2—8—10 fertilizer. The yield the first year 
may not he over 15 tons per acre, but this will im¬ 
prove in succeeding years if the same ground is 
used, and the work will lie less. We are now getting 
from IS to 22 tons per acre. We cultivate with the 
wheel-lioe about three times and weed twice. We 
prefer to barrel our crop and put. them in cold stor¬ 
age until early Spring. They can be kept in good 
common storage until February or March. Will be 
glad to answer any further questions. c. F. 
Wayne Co., N. Y. 
