The RURAL NEW-YORKER 
615 
Simple Science 
By Dr. F. D. Crane 
Blowing Hot and Cold 
Flow can a person blow both, hot and 
cold ? C. W. 
Now York. 
He does not; ho blows the same tem¬ 
poral n re, about 98 degrees F., all the 
time. The effect ho produces is quite 
Another affair: if is all n matter of rela¬ 
tivity, like everything else, according to 
Dr. Rinstein. He blows on his cold 
hands; that is, they are cold relatively 
to his breath, rill they approach the tem¬ 
perature of the breath, and he calls that 
“warm.” He blows on n bit. of hot seal¬ 
ing wax, which has more energy than the 
breath, and the hot spot heats some of 
the air till it has lost some energy, heat, 
itself, and he says he has cooled the wax 
and warmed his hand, which is quite 
right. But lie has merely availed him¬ 
self of the differences in energy, and the 
fact that boat is easily transferred. 
Tallow for Machine Oil 
What could T mix with beef or mutton 
tallow so I could use the mixture in an 
oil can on farm machinery? T. T. II. 
New City, N. Y. 
If you put the tallow in n fairly tight 
bag and hang it in a medium warm place 
a certain amount of “tallow oil” will 
drip from it. and this may be used di¬ 
rectly. The harder portions, even if dis¬ 
solved in another oil, have the unpleasant 
trick of solidifying, but: if you use the 
lightest lubricating oil you can get and 
heat it enough to dissolve the tallow you 
may be able to use about a quarter of 
the weight of the oil in the form of the 
heavier grease. But it is not likely that 
you can do more than get 5 lbs. of lubri¬ 
cant out of four of the oil and a pound 
of tallow. 
The Origin of Whirlwinds and Hurricanes 
What starts whirlwinds and hurri¬ 
canes? Whence their power? What 
stops them? Are they a law of nature? 
Are they understood? Is it possible to 
develop artificial whirlwinds, then har¬ 
ness them and use them? E. E. i>. 
Canfield. O. 
Whirlwinds follow the laws of nature 
and something is known about them. 
They get their energy from thp heat of 
the sun, and are winds, that is, move¬ 
ments of the air from a place of cool, 
heavy air to a place of hot, light air. 
But instead of a wide and nearly straight 
path, they take a narrow and circular 
path, thus putting all the energy of a 
great deal of air in a small space. They 
stop when their energy is gone, lost by 
friction. Just where a whirlwind will 
start, no one can say. That seems to 
depend on a lot of minor factors, but the. 
kind of weather that is likely to start 
them is well known. You can see little 
ones on any diMy plane on a dry August 
day But they could not be made arti¬ 
ficially. ns there would be too much 
energy in one place for too short n time. 
An ordinary windmill uses exactly the 
same energy—that of the wind—but 
slowly and in the same direction, or with 
slow changes. To make the wind into a 
whirlwind would simply give you the 
energy faster than you could use it. Nor 
has any effort been made to use the 
energy of the natural product, so far as 
we are aware. Those who know them 
best are not inclined to undertake the 
job. 
Depression from Weather Conditions 
Why is an east wind depressing and 
debilitating to some people? 
South Haven. Mich. mrs. o. b. k. 
No one knows, but it is perhaps con¬ 
nected with the faet that in our climate 
an east wind is often associated with 
lighter air: that is, “a low barometer.” 
The human mechanism, especially when 
there is heart trouble, is sensitive to air 
pressure. On the other hand, there are 
plenty of cases which would be much 
benefited by taking down the weather 
Vane. 
Tempering Fishhooks 
I have a number of fish books which 
T heated to make smaller. Now I find 
I have taken out the temper. How can 
I replace It? s. w. r. 
Old West bury, N. Y. 
It is not likely that you can, and have 
them reliable. Better save your own 
temper and throw away the hooks. The 
big ones usually get away, anyhow, and 
they aluxvyg will with those hooks. How¬ 
ever, if you must experiment, try heat¬ 
ing and plunging into soft soap. Maybe 
some render wilt have a heller scheme. 
Removing Crystallized Syrup 
(\ P„ Rfchville, N. Y., asks how to 
remove the crystallized (rock) syrup 
from cans. Tell him to put a spoonful 
or two of water in the can. place the can 
in a large vessel of boiling water, and 
let It remain there until the crystals are 
all dissolved. Shake up occasionally, but 
don’t cork it. and he will have some good 
syrup. The crystallized part is the very 
essence of the syrup. I treat honey, 
molasses and all syrups the same way, 
and lose none. All such goods will crys¬ 
tallize in time. w. e. k. 
Beaver Falls, Pa. , 
Disappointing Vinegar 
Last Fall I made two barrels of cider 
vinegar. I simply pressed the juice out 
of the apples and filled it into the bar¬ 
rels ; not it drop of water with it. The 
one barrel bad been in use for years, and 
contained so much mother of vinegar that 
T rinsed it all out before filling. The 
Other barrel was an old birch beer bar¬ 
rel II was last used for elderberry wine, 
which turned into vinegar. This' barrel 
I also rinsed with clear water and filled 
with cider. When cider ia both barrels 
had fermented, I closed the barrels and 
put. them in the cellar. Last week I 
took a hot tie of vinegar, at least I ex¬ 
pected it to he vinegar, but, instead of 
vinegar it contained a grayish water with 
just a faint, very faint taste of vinegar. 
Does nature play such tricks, or, as I 
surmise, have the barrels been “mon¬ 
keyed With?” 0.8. 
Bosebnnk, N. Y. 
There are cases where a decay germ 
gets in and destroys the cider aud kills 
the plant, “mother of vinegar,” which 
makes the hard cider into vinegar. But 
in the present case we are of the opinion 
that a major portion of your hard cider 
was removed and water substituted, as 
it is uot likely that the cider prepared 
and barreled as you have described would 
fail to turn to vinegar in those barrels. 
But you made a mistake in corking; the 
cider vinegar plant must have air. But 
in that case it should have remained 
hard cider, with a very slow change to 
vinegar. Of course no one can say posi¬ 
tively, but if certainly looks as though 
you should take more care of your vine¬ 
gar this year. 
Casehardening Small Gear 
I have a small spur gear, 1 in. in 
diameter, which I would like to case- 
harden. Will you inform me what 
material to- use, also temperature, etc.? 
I only have a blow torch to heat it with. 
I would experiment before trying on the 
gear. J. d. o. 
Somerville, N. ,T. 
This is more of a trade or art than 
can be well taught on paper, especially 
as you have so poor a source of heat. 
! We must advise you to take it to some 
good auto repair shop nearby and have 
it done, since the method with cyanide 
givps irregular results, and the method 
by packing in carbon needs quite a long 
heating at a fixed temperature. 
Waterproofing Papier-mache 
How is papier-mache made? Can it be 
made waterproof, and are there different 
weights, according to the kind of wood 
pulp used? Does it require high pres¬ 
sure? V. H. A. 
Middletown. N. Y. 
The commercial sorts of papier-mache 
are molded under considerable pressure, 
but a sort can be made by plastering the 
pulp on the mold by hand. It can be 
waterproofed with any good varnish, and 
the weight depends on the amount rather 
than the kind of pulp. Many articles of 
this nature are made of sheets of paper 
glued together and molded under pressure. 
Making Perfumes 
Could you give me any information 
about making perfumes, and can you tell 
me of some literature on the subject of 
perfume-making? J. A.S. 
New York. 
Perfume-making is an art rather than 
a science, and success depends on balanc¬ 
ing the various ingredients so as to pro¬ 
duce a pleasing whole, much as a musician 
writes a part of each instrument in a 
hand, so that the total effect of all the 
instruments sounding at. once is accept¬ 
able to the listener. There are plenty of 
firms which will supply both the natural 
and synthetic perfume materials, and 
these concerns will usually furnish formu¬ 
las which will work with their own goods. 
There are also books of formulas of more 
or less value which any book seller can 
get you The best is probably Mann’s 
“Modern Perfumery.” but that is in Ger¬ 
man. and has not yet been translated. 
It does not pay to make perfumes on a 
small scale as a business. There are more 
important matters in the way of packag¬ 
ing and selling which will require a fail- 
capital. 
A Rtstrop was traveling in a mining 
country, and encountered an old workman 
turning a windlass which hauled up soil 
out of a well that was being dug. His 
hat was off, and the wind and rain were 
pouring on his unprotected head. “Don’t 
you know you will injure your brain if 
you expose it to tin* elements like that?" 
said the bishop. The workman wiped the 
rain from bis forehead, and looked at the 
clergyman. “Do you think I'd be doing 
this all the day if T had auy brains?” he 
asked.—New York Globe. 
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The New Perfection gives 
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because you can control 
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perfectly. 
There is a New Perfec¬ 
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Your dealer will show 
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