The RURAL NEW-YORKER 
Milk Notes 
Please give me a formula by which l can figure out 
the cream value of milk testing 3.5 to 4.5 per cent 
butterfat. What I want to know is this: Can I sep¬ 
arate milk which imw brings me $2 per 100 lbs. and 
sell cream at better profit at 12 cents a quart? 
Pennsylvania. ir. B. 
Suppose you have S00 lbs. of milk testing 4.5 per 
cent fat. Then .045x800=30 lbs. fat. Every pound 
of your 40 per cent cream contain .40 of a pound of 
fat. Hence 30-r-.40=00 lbs. of cream. A quart 
of 40 per cent cream weighs about 2.055 lbs. Hence 
00-5-2.055 = 43.s quarts of cream. At 42c per quart 
for cream, the value would be 43.8x42c., or $18.40 
for 800 lbs. of milk, or $2.30 a hundred. This is 
without consideration of your skim-milk, which 
should he worth 2c a quart. This is exact figures. 
In practice it is difficult to test, milk and cream to 
get the exact percentage of fat. The skillful 
creamery man usually takes full advantage of the 
measurements, and makes a better showing than 
these figures indicate. In other words, he reads the 
milk test as low as possible, and the cream test up 
to the limit or beyond, and ill this way gains in his 
volume of cream. 
The price announced by the Dairymen's League 
Co-operative Association for May milk is as follows: 
Class 1 milk, that is, milk sold in fluid form, is 
offered for $1.75 per 100 lbs. This includes both the 
fluid milk sold in bulk and that sold in bottles. 
Class 2 milk, that is, milk used chiefly in the man¬ 
ufacture of cream and ice cream. $1.50. 
For Class 3 milk, going into condensed and evapo¬ 
rated milk, the price will lie 20 cents a hundred 
above the butter quotations. 
For Class 4. going into butter and cheese, prices 
will be determined on market quotations. 
Class 1 is a reduction of 55 cents a hundred from 
April, and Class 3 is 5 cents under the April price. 
The committee of the New York Milk Conference 
Board, which conferred with the League committee 
in reference to May prices, reported that it protested 
against the double classification of Class 1, estab¬ 
lished for the first time in March, on the ground 
that it was detrimental to both the trade and the 
farmer, and suggested that this distinction of price 
he eliminated. The buyers suggested $1.75 for Class 
1 with this elimination. They suggested $1.35 for 
Class 2, and u 15-eent differential for Class 3. They 
also called attention to the waste of skim-milk in 
butter factories, and suggested a reduction of 50 
per cent in the differentials to make possible the 
use of the by-product. 
The buyers suggested that, where the League 
Association makes individual concessions in prices 
it should be understood that such concession should 
apply to all buyers. The committee were, however, 
assured that no discrimination of any kind would 
be made. 
A protest was also made against the method 
adopted by the League Association in the sale of 
ice cream. The committee insisted that the pub¬ 
lication Of a list of stores that handled the Associa¬ 
tion ice cream and others that were solicited to do 
so is a form of coercion, and that the method con¬ 
stitutes unfair comi>etition, and could only be 
regarded as unfriendly. The result of this protest 
seems indefinite, but the report says that the matter 
was referred to the board of directors of the Asso¬ 
ciation and that it would be brought to the attention 
of the members. 
The committee reports the May prices and con¬ 
ditions proposed by the League Association. It also 
quotes the late decision of the Appellate Division 
of the Supreme Court against the Pliotoen*'ravers’ 
Union sustaining the validity of the Donnelly act, 
and its attorney’s opinion on the bearing of that 
decision on the proposed milk contract. It con¬ 
cludes that it cannot recommend the acceptance of 
the terms without danger of prosecution in both 
State and Federal courts. The conditions of last 
month are therefore continued. 
The non-poolers’ organization offered to accept 
$1.05 flat price for 3 per cent milk for May. the 
dealer to take care of the surplus, if any. Some 
contracts have been made on that basis. 
The pool price for March was $1.05. After the 
costs and assessments were deducted the return to 
the producer was $1.40 net. The price for the 
month of March. 1010, preceding the first milk fight, 
was $1.50. For March. 1017. established as a result 
of the first fight, the price was $2. At that time the 
cost of bottled milk to the consumer was 0 cents a 
quart. This year it was 14 emits. 
No uniform price seems to have been paid by 
dealers to the non-poolers. Reports in some instances 
are that some dealers paid $1.75 per 100 lbs. All 
dealers were buying non-pool milk in March. 
At the hearing of the restraining order issued 
against the League Association and the Consumers 
Dairy Company of New Jersey in .Syracuse last 
week, the order was continued as an intermediate 
injunction and final briefs are to he filed with the. 
court, which will then either vacate the injunction 
or make it permanent. 
The injunction case against the Borden Company 
in the State court has been argued, but the decision 
has not been announced. We were in error two 
weeks ago in saying that this ease was prosecuted 
by W. R. Pratt. The attorneys prosecuting this case 
are Merrill. Session & Ilannigan. of Utica. 
A conference of independent producers with the 
Sheffield Farms Company is scheduled for Satur¬ 
day, April 29, for the purpose of agreeing on a price 
for May between the Sheffield Farms Company and 
its producing patrons. 
Figures of a Federal Farm Loan Bank 
The Federal Land Bank of Springfield, Mass., 
which includes New England, New York and New 
Jersey territory, reports total assets of $20,081,- 
384.61, The net loans outstanding on farm mort¬ 
gages are $17,233,901.50. These loans are all amort¬ 
ized. A small payment is made yearly so that the 
mortgage is paid in about 30 years. 
Of the capital stock of the hank the United States 
Treasury holds $721,545; individuals hold $105: Na¬ 
tional Farm Loan Associations hold $884,565; mak¬ 
ing a total of $1.0,00.075. 
The hank has farm loan bonds outstanding to the 
amount of $18,415,000. 
The management reports sufficient funds to take 
care of all bona-fide applications of responsible 
farmers. Applications are sometimes denied, either 
because of insufficient security or because of the 
moral risk. During the past year loans have been 
made on an average of $500,000 a month. These 
loans are made only to farmers. The appraisals 
are carefully reviewed by the Federal Land Bank 
Board. The system is now working all over the 
country, and the bonds, bearing 5 per cent interest, 
are selling at a premium of 2 to 3 per cent, largely 
because the income from this is exempt from all 
taxes, local. State and national. 
Sheep Growers Stop Manufacturing 
In the Summer of 1920 and through the season of 
1921. while the wool marketing was passing through 
a most depressing period, the sheep growers of New 
York State and other States were at their wits' end 
to know what disposition to make of their clips. Thanks 
to the organization which they had perfected in the four 
years previous, they discovered that they were in pos¬ 
session of the necessary machinery f*>r collectively 
gathering, storing, and holding their wools until such a 
time as the market justified selling. Wool was not in 
demand, and woolen mills were idle. The suggestion was 
made by someone that rt would be a good thing for the 
growers to have some of their wools manufactured into 
real virgin wool fabrics. This idea was taken up rather 
extensively, and was received with favor by discrimi¬ 
nating consumers. The growers made arrangements 
with some of the idle mills, and in the aggregate a con¬ 
siderable quantity of wool was marketed via the manu¬ 
factured route. 
The greater part of this was experimental. That is. 
the growers did not systematically plan to create and 
capitalize an organization for the express purpose of 
manufacturing their wools. I do not know if any of ihe 
other State Sheep Growers’ Associations have as yet 
decided to continue manufacturing as a permanent en¬ 
terprise. 
The New York State Sheep Growers’ Association 
manufactured about 50.000 lbs. of wool, but at no time 
has it seriously contemplated creating a permanent wool 
manufacturing enterprise. At its last annual meeting 
the subject was presented, proposing to create a New 
York State Virgin Wool Fabrics Corporation and cap¬ 
italize it sutficently to carry on the work in a business¬ 
like manner, hut the delegates representing the sheep 
growers advised against the creating of a new organiza¬ 
tion at that time. The directors of the State Associa¬ 
tion were therefore not in a position to proceed, so they 
decided to discontinue the manufacture of New Y,'rk 
State wool until such a time as the sheep growers, or a 
considerable majority of them, expressed a desire that 
their wools should be marketed via the manufactured 
route. 
There is nothing to prevent any group of men from 
manufacturing wool into strictly virgin wool fabrics, 
but undoubtedly the public would have great confidence 
if this work was carri, 1 on by the producers. It is not 
true that this work was discontinued because it was 
unprofitable. The experiment proved decidedly profit¬ 
able. It is not true that the work was stopped because 
of fear of antagonizing mills which made a business of 
manufacturing wool. It was discontinued because it 
was felt that the sheep growers were not yet satisfied 
that this was the best way to market their product, and 
G47 
it must be clearly understood that this is a matter which 
is of direct concern to the producer of wool. 
There is rnue very important work yet to be done 
by the farmers in perfecting tlmr co-operative associa¬ 
tions which have been created for marketing products, 
and it is undoubtedly the wisest policy, for a few more 
years, at least, fur the sheep growers to give attention 
to completing this work rather than spreading out into 
new fields before they are prepared. 
If we eventually have a national law compelling the 
branding of doth for what it really is (truth in fabric 
law'), and we will surely have this law some time, 
then, in a very largo measure, the consumer will be 
protected, and good wool will nut have to compete with 
cheaper shoddies. The New York State Sheep Growers’ 
Association, therefore, has decided to close out the small 
supply of blankets that it has on hand, and no more 
will be manufactured in the immediate future. Many 
people have incidentally taken advantage of this op- 
poitunity, and now have theix* homes supplied with 
virgin wool blankets, in which thpy take nearly as great 
pride as in the old homespun blankets their grandmoth¬ 
ers made. f. e. bobebtson. 
A Letter from Senator Calder 
My attention has been called to a letter on the edi¬ 
torial page of The R. N.-Y. for April 8. i n which Mrs. 
Andrew Brooks criticizes certain public acts of mine. 
8he denounces the national daylight saving law as a 
curse. It is only fair that I should remind you that 
I introduced the bill at the request, of the War Indus¬ 
tries Board. It was represented to me that such a 
policy would result in a large saving of fuel, and would 
also increase essential production, thus contributing to 
the program of our country to win the war as speedily 
as possible. 
It is hardly necessary for me to say that no man in 
ashington at that time was justified in considering 
any individual or group of individuals or interests when 
the stability of the nation itself was at stake All 
public-spirited men sanctioned and voted for policies 
dm mg the war which they could not approve as perma¬ 
nent guides for the conduct of government in peace times. 
1 would suggest that your readers, in examining the rec¬ 
ords of those who represent them in either house of the 
American Congress, separate their peace performances 
from their war performances and then attempt to strike 
a just balance between them. 
My bill regulating the sale of certain commodities in 
interstate commerce was introduced with a view to 
strengthening the pure food Jaws of New York. But it 
seems to have been so interpreted by Mrs. Brooks as to 
make it appear to be antagonistic to our State statutes 
I think all who know me will credit me with an honest 
and sincere desire to co-operate with mv fellow citizens 
in New York to make it hard, if not impossible for the 
makers of injurious food products to market their wares 
in the Empire State. 
In the rush of business here it is quite natural that 
in drafting a bill a Senator may make a mistake For¬ 
tunately, however, committees handling bills sift them 
very carefully, and before they are finally passed there 
is ample opportunity to eliminate errors. 
The need for Federal legislation strengthening the 
several States in their efforts to check the practices of 
certain interests and individuals who market unwhole¬ 
some compounds is conceded. Mv desire is to enact 
such legislation as will achieve this* without at the same 
time inflicting undeserved injury upon persons engaged 
in business which is by law and by common consent 
legitimate and proper. 
I am inclosing an article by Senaror Capper, chair¬ 
man of rhe farm bloc, and also my speech on co-opera¬ 
tive marketing. I trust from these statements you 
will be able to accurately understand my position in 
relation to the entire fanning industry. 
Your readers. I am sure, would be interested in know¬ 
ing where I stand, and I Inlieve they would appreciate 
any publicity you might teel disposed to give to matters 
dealt with by Senator Capper and myself. Farmers 
have a right to accurate information regarding those 
who represent them at Washington, and I know of no 
better medium through which this information can he 
conveyed to them than rhe paper you edit. 
Washington. william m. caldeb. 
R. N.-Y.—Senator (’alder sends us a statement by 
Senator Capper of Kansas in which, the latter gives 
high praise* which may b*.* summed up in the following: 
’ It has become a habit among the members of the 
farm bloc to count Senator Calder for any proposal we 
may submit to our colleagues. lie has not so far failed 
to support us in any demand or requests we have made. 
On the contrary, without persuasion or solicitation, he 
lias always come to our side in any controversy involv¬ 
ing the interests of the American farmer,” 
As for daylight saving. Senator Calder has usually 
been counted a< a friend of that measure. How did he 
vote on the bill repealing it. and how did he vote on 
Prohibition? 
Co-operative Canning in Delaware 
I was pleased to rend the article on page 591, also 
the item on editorial page regarding the same, “IIow 
Delaware Farmers Co-operated.” This article in itself 
is trite, and as far as figures go, but only contains part 
of experience aud beginning of this co-operative plant 
(rhe West Dover Farmer Packers). It dates back to 
August, 1920. when the Kent. County Tomato Growers' 
Co-operative Association conkl not by any scheme pro¬ 
vide a market for the bumper crop of tomatoes grown 
at that season. Practically all canneries refused to buy 
tomatoes at any price that would not have been a loss 
to the grower, so we devised a plan to can our own 
tomatoes, as you describe in above-mentioned article, 
beginning at a time when at least one-third of the crop 
was lost by rotting on the ground for lack of a market. 
We packed in 1920 45.000 cases of No. 2 tomatoes, and 
these were sold later to net the grower an average of 
25c per %-bu. basket, or $15 a ton. This 1920 scheme 
did not include all of the growers at the time in this 
vicinity. The 1921 season added a few more members, 
bur was a short crop year, and by doing the trick satis¬ 
factorily to all in the past two years, we eventually 
had to take on more interested growers for 1922. and 
therefore expect a greater pack. There is now in prog¬ 
ress another unit to rati tomatoes on the same line of 
co-operation in East Dover, and we hope more of the 
growers of cannery crops will get together and co-oper¬ 
ate with the caii'oo-. and get what is due them—a just 
share for their la bo** WILLIAM HAAS. 
Delaware. 
