1244 
The RURAL. NEW-YORKER 
October 14, 1922 
Target work with Stevent 
No. 414 Armory model rifle. 
Retail price, including tax, 
$25.50. 
You economize 
three ways on a Stevens 
Model 555 Stereos double-barrel 
shotgun. Retail price, including 
tax, $42.40. Other models $19.50 
to $56.00. 
Model 520 Stereos repeating shot¬ 
gun —Stereos made the first ham¬ 
merless repeaters. Retailprice, in¬ 
cluding tax, $45.50. 
Accuracy —When a Stevens barrel is bored or 
drilled, the final reaming cuts away less than 
one-half ofa thousandth of an inch. A slow method 
—but when finished a Stevens barrel is accurate. 
Endurance —And a Stevens will continue to 
shoot true. Stevens guns are fitted so they can’t 
shoot loose. Take a Stevens double-barrel shot¬ 
gun—each barrel and its lug are of one piece— 
solid steel. Take a Stevens single barrel shotgun 
—the fore-end exerts a pressure which prevents 
barrel from loosening on the hinge-joint. These 
guns will never shoot loose. 
Price —Remember this : when you buy a Stevens you get 
the last word in accuracy; a gun that will last a lifetime; 
and at an exceptionally low price. Ask at your dealer’s 
or write for the interesting catalog describing in detail 
our complete line. Address: 
J. STEVENS ARMS COMPANY 
Dept. K-347, Chicopee Fall*, Mass. 
O-wned and operated by the Sarage Arms Corporation. 
Executive and Export Offsets • 50 Church Street, Ne-w York 
tevens 
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HOME LIGHT PLANT 
Farm Mechanics 
Conducted by Robert H. Smith, of the Canton Agricultural School 
Canton, New York 
Improving a Water Supply 
The dam where we take water is about 
225 ft. higher than the main street; 
where the pipe leaves the dam it is a 
gradual descent, for about 3,000 ft., and 
then it goes over a hill that has a rise of 
about. 20 or 25 ft. 'Then a descent to a 
river. 'This is 9,S3S ft. from dam; there 
it. goes through the river and makes a 
steep grade to the main street. The main 
street is about 75 ft. higher than the 
river. This pipe lias been in about 15 
years. There does not seem to lie as 
much pressure 11s there was at first. What 
would be the cause of this? Would it do 
any good to lay a larger pipe a part of 
the way? Would this increase the pres¬ 
sure and give more water on the main 
street? It is about 1,000 ft. from the 
river to the main street. The pipe is 
4-in. cast iron. w. v. R. 
Jay, N, Y. 
There arc a number of things that 
might act to cause a lessened pressure 
in your water main. It is probable that 
the village is larger than when the line 
was installed 15 years ago, and that more 
faucets are in use. With a given supply 
of water the greater the number of fau¬ 
cets in use at any one time the less the 
pressure on each will be. Than, too, it 
is possible that the intake is partially 
clogged, or that an injury to the line at 
some point permits the escape of water. 
This might be true and go unnoticed if it 
was located where the pipe line goes be¬ 
neath the river. 
With a head of 225 ft. the lino should 
show a pressure of 97 lbs. per square 
inch if a pressure gauge were attached at 
the lower end and all other escapes for 
the water closed. 
Laying a larger pipe a part of the dis¬ 
tance would not give a very great in¬ 
crease in How. The water would all have 
to pass through the portion of 4-in. pipe 
remaining, and if more were supplied 
would have to flow through this pipe at a 
higher velocity. The friction of water 
with the inside of the pipe varies about 
as the square of the velocity, so you can 
readily see that this friction would cut 
down considerably the amount of water 
that you might expect. A stand-pipe lo¬ 
cated on a nearby hill with its top at the 
level of the source of water would bring 
your pressure or water supply near the 
point where it is to be used and give you 
a better working pressure in the village. 
If the line is leaking Ibis should be at¬ 
tended to, and may possibly remedy the 
trouble. 
Construction of Septic Tank 
Will you give me instructions for 
building a septic tank for a family of 
seven? e. c. 
Dansvillc, N. Y. 
A septic tank disposes of sewage by 
permitting certain bacteria to feed upon 
it. These liquefy the material to a very 
large extent, and the resulting liquid is 
discharged over or in a disposal bed. 
where another form of bacteria finish the 
purifying process. 
Concrete makes the best septic tank. 
At present the two-chamber tank seems 
to be the type most favored. The sewage 
from the house enters the large elm ruber 
at I he house end of the tank, and when 
it is full trickles over into the smaller 
or “dosing” chamber, as it is called. 
When this chamber fills to a certain 
point it starts si phonic action, and the 
liquid in this chamber then goes out with 
a rush. The “dosing” chamber then fills 
again and the process is repeated. 
The chamber should be of such size that 
it will bold the raw sewage for about 24 
hours, while the dosing chamber should 
empty every four to six hours. For a 
family of seven the combined size of the 
two chambers should be about 3 ft. wide, 
0 ft. long and 4 ft. deep, inside measure¬ 
ments. Walls should lie built of a mix¬ 
ture of one part cement, two parts clean, 
well-graded sand and three parts stone, 
making them S in. thick and reinforcing 
with wire mesh or small rods to prevent 
shrinkage cracks. If gravel Is used it 
should lie run over a Ft in. screen, and 
all passing the screen, ranging from Vi in. 
down in size of particles, considered as 
sand in making up the concrete. 
Cornell University publishes a very 
complete bulletin on making a septic 
tank, and this can be obtained for the 
asking. 
Cement Cistern 
T plan on a concrete tank, built in the 
ground, to take care of the rainwater 
from house and born. The barn is cov¬ 
ered with galvanized roofing, and the 
house with slate-coated shingles. Would 
it make any difference in the water by 
mixing the two together, from the house 
and barn? The water is to be used as 
running water for toilet and bath, wash¬ 
ing dishes and clothes and the like. I 
intend installing a water pumping out¬ 
fit to keep the supply to house. In re¬ 
gard to concrete lank. I would like to 
build one of about 100 barrels or 75 bar¬ 
rels. What dimensions are required in 
order to bold that amount of water? I 
intend to bnve concrete lop, with man¬ 
hole I11 center. IIow thick would you ad¬ 
vise the eide walls and ends? I would 
want the top below the surface of the 
ground at least a foot or 18 in. J. n. Q. 
Homo, N. Y. 
I do not think that there would be any 
trouble from the mixing of the water 
from the galvanized and asphalt roof. 
The asphalt shingles may give the water 
a taste for a time after being first put on, 
but will not bother in this way long. 
It would be a good plan In build a wall 
of porous brick across one corner of the 
cistern and have the pipe intake lead 
from this. The porous wall would form 
a rough filler which would strain the 
water and insure the delivery of clean 
water at the house faucets, although not 
necessarily pure. IT a catch basin or 
filter is arranged through which the water 
must pass when entering the cistern, it 
will save the washing of a considerable 
quantity of waste material into it from 
the roofs. 
As to the cistern, one 8x9x6 ft. deep 
will hold about 100 barrels. A circular 
cistern 10 ft. in diameter and 514 ft. 
deep will hold approximately the same 
amount, and require less cement for mak¬ 
ing. It. is more difficult to construct, 
however. 
Walls can be made 8 in. thick of a 
concrete mixture proportioned as follows: 
One sack cement, 2 cu. ft. clean well- 
graded sand. 3 on. ft. crushed stone or 
screened gravel. The sand should range 
in size of particles from 14 in. down, and 
the gravel should range from Vi in. up to 
114 in. The walls and bottom should be 
reinforced with heavy wire mesh or rods, 
placed both horizontally and vertically. 
Particular pains should he taken to have 
the reinforcement extend well around the 
corners, lo prevent the formation of a 
crack here. Where there is reasonable 
sureness of the quality of the sand and 
graved used, a mixture proportioned with 
one part cement, two parts sand and four 
parts stoue may be used. 
Installing Tank in Attic 
I have a driven well 2*4 in., 400 ft. 
deep, from which I pump the water 
through a 2-in. pipe to an underground 
reservoir, but I wish to change the route 
of the water and install a water ^tank. in 
my garret. There is now 114-in. pipe 
connected to the 2-iu. pipe just outside 
of the pumphouse, and this I 1 ,4-in. pipe 
supplies the water to the house. Should 
I lose too much power by pumping the 
water from the 2V..-in. well, or pump 
direct into the l 1 ,4-in. pipe, or would I 
have to lav a bigger pipe? Would the 
cost of laying a larger pipe overcome the 
expense of gasoline which, in my opinion, 
would occur by pumping from a 2%-in. 
well into a 1*4-in. pipe? 
In placing the water tank, size 10x10x8 
ft., in the garret, would the ceiling beams 
carry the weight ? Size of them is 2x6 *4 
in.. 10 in. apart, hardwood; it is either 
while oak or ash wood. There is no 
support underneath for a distance of 8 ft. 
0 in. The tank would be 10 ft. across; 
in other words, 10 ft. square by 5 ft. 
deep. A partition runs after the S ft. 
(5 in. of clear space. There is a OxC-in. 
hard wood beam at the beginning of each 
10 ft. square. How many gallons of 
water would such a tank hold? L. w. 
Warwick, N. Y. 
The distance that you intend pumping 
water through the 1’j-in. pipe has not 
been given; neither has the rate at which 
it will be pumped, so that it is impossible 
to tell you just what the friction will 
be in this pipe. The rate of flow will be 
just four times as great as it is in the 
2 l 4-iu. pipe. Unless, however, the pipe is 
of considerable length, or the rate of 
pumping is very fast, the 114-in. pipe 
will take care of the water without undue 
friction. One can usually be governed 
by (lie discharge openings in the pump: 
pipes titled to them without the use of 
reducing couplings are satisfactory in size 
for ordinary distances. 
Putting a water tank of any consider¬ 
able size in tlu> attic of a house is more 
or less of a risk. The usual house frame 
is not made to withstand such a load, 
and the result is likely to he sagging 
floors, cracked plaster, and. if the distor¬ 
tion is great enough, a leaky tank, with 
the troubles that follow. A tank of the 
size that yon mention. 8x8x6 ft. deep, 
will hold, when level full, 12 tons of 
water, while tin* larger tank first men¬ 
tioned would hold about 15Va tons. Un¬ 
less this weight was well supported by 
partitions, one beneath the other, and 
finally by posts in the cellar, it would be 
likely to make trouble for you. If the 
post supports can be arranged, the floor 
can be strengthened by a layer of extra 
timbers beneath the tank. 
The capacity of the tanks in gallons 
would he approximately as follows, there 
being about 7U* gallons in each cubic 
font : Tank 8x8x6 ft. deep, when filled 
level full, 2.880 gallons : tank 10x10x5 ft. 
deep, when filled level full. 3,750 gallons. 
Tn practice these tanks would be fitted 
with an overflow pipe, and would only be 
filled to within about 3 in. of the top, 
and under these conditions would contain 
2,760 gallons and 3,562.5 gallons, respec¬ 
tively. 
