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82 Buffalo St., Rochester. 
41 Park Row, New York, 
FOR THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY 
AMONG THE CHEESE FACTORIES 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
AN ORIGINAL WEEKLY 
AGRICULTURAL, LITERARY AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER, 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
With a Corps of Able Associates and Contributors 
Hon. HENRY S. RANDALL, LL. D„ 
Editor of the Department of Sheep Husbandry. 
6. F. WILCOX and A. A. HOPKINS, Associate Editors. 
Db. DANIEL LEE ant> Hon. THEO. C. PETEP.S, 
Southern Corresponding Editors. 
HIRAM BUMPHKEY .and REUBEN D. JONES, 
Assistant and Commercial Editors. 
visible. Tbe kills, some of them turned up nt an 
angle of forty-live degrees, look rather forbidding 
to one accustomed to the level lands in the Western 
part of the State, but these have turned out mines 
of wealth to the farmers. The cow works these 
mines. The farmer sends his cows up these hills to 
roll down tbe dollars. It is to the euw principally, 
and to the sheep partly, that the farmers of this 
county owe their thrift. 
STATISTICS. 
But on examining into the system on which these 
cheese factories are conducted, less ambition is 
manifested among the patrons to produce a maxi¬ 
mum yield from a cow than was expected. In fact, 
no general account is kept of the number of cows’ 
milk brought to the factory, and it, therefore, be¬ 
comes difficult to determine the average product 
from the cow. This is a great oversight in the 
management of these factories, and if continued 
will keep the standard of’ production low. There 
being no account kept of the number of cows, and 
the statement of each one’s average published, as it 
should be, to stimulate the lower to equal the 
higher average, they will go on year after year, sat- 
is tied and contented with the production of 325 
pounds of cheese instead of 500 pounds per cow, for 
the season. The excuse made for not noting the 
number of cows in the account is, that it would 
take too much time, as the number of cows change 
so often, (fee. But the excuse of “too much 
trouble” is rendered by farmers generally for not 
keeping any farm account; uud it is presumed that 
these factories would not keep the pounds of milk, 
if they could arrive at the just division of tbe pro¬ 
duct without it. But there is, practically, no diffi¬ 
culty in the ease. When each patron commences 
delivering milk, the number of cows should be 
placed on the margin against the name, and he 
should be required when any change occurs to in¬ 
form the book-keeper, who could note on the margin 
“one more” or “one less,” as the ease might be; 
and at the end of the season the whole could very 
easily be tabulated, giving a perfect statistical 
account of the factory — showing the number of 
cows, length of season, pounds of milk and pounds 
of cheese to each patron. The patrons of every 
factory should require, at least, tlie.se statistics, and 
it would be well, also, to note any extra feed given, 
so that the reason for the differences in the average 
product should appeal-. One advantage from the 
cheese factory system is the hope that it will teach 
fanners the great importance of keeping accurate 
accounts. It brings them together often in the pur¬ 
suit of their business, and leads them to compare 
notes on the management of their farms and dairies. 
AVERAGE PER COW. 
The average number of pounds of milk per cow 
is the most important statistical fact to be deter¬ 
mined, yet to this is paid the least attention. Many 
farmers would be found who would exert themselves 
more not to be beaten by a neighbor than they 
would simply to increase their income. If those 
who produce the smallest average were aware that-a 
neighbor produced fifty per cent, more with same 
number of cows, they would muke sharp inquiries 
into the cause of the difference. Eveiything should 
be favored that will create and stimulate a rivalry 
between farmers to increase the product of the cow, 
and this can only be done by publishing the average 
yield of milk per cow of each patron. On compar¬ 
ing the books of several of the factories, and getting 
the number of cows of many of the patrons, taking 
the average of the highest and lowest, and approxi¬ 
mating a general average for the season of 1867, it 
was found that 17 to 13 pounds per cow per day for 
bLx months to two hundred days was the general 
average, and that about lO'g pouuds of milk were 
used for a pound of cheese, which would give from 
300 to 350 pounds of cheese per cow. Cheese is 
now worked drier than formerly, which accounts 
for the extra quantity of milk to the pound of 
cheese. Occasionally a dairy went 25 pounds of 
milk per cow per day for the season: others only 
14 pounds per cow. This seemed a very low aver¬ 
age, 300 pounds of cheese per cow for six mouths; 
but the statistics of 133 factories, in all parts of the 
State, for 1304, published in the report of the De¬ 
partment of Agriculture for 1805> give an average of 
only 283 pounds of cheese per cow, and only an 
average of 10 pounds of milk per cow per day for 
-ix months. This was from 07,034 cows, and, if 
perfectly accurate, would be very valuable statistics, 
as they were from all parts of the State; but it is, 
no doubt, only an approximation, obtained by 
census marshals in 1865, as not half so many fac¬ 
tories kept any regular account of the number of 
cows. But these approximations show in what 
direction improvement needs to begin. If some 
dairies can reach an average of 25 pounds per cow 
per day for the season, it shows great want of proper 
attention in other dairymen to produce only 14 to 
Hi pounds per COW. On inquiry, it will be found in 
every Instance, where 20 to 25 pounds of milk per 
day is produced from a cow for the whole season, 
that provision has been made for a dry time or short 
pasture, by supplying green corn, bran or other 
feed, and it will also be found that every dollar’s 
Special Contributors, 
P. BARRY, P. R. ELLIOTT, E. W. STEWART, 
H. T. BROOKS, IOHN E. SWEET, JAMES VICK, 
MRS. MARY 3. HOLMES, MRS. L, E. LYMAN. 
The Rural Nbw-Yorkkr is designed to he unsurpassed 
in Value, Purity, and Variety of Coutents. Its Conductors 
earnestly labor to render it a Reliable Guide on the Important 
Practical, Scientific and other Subjects connected with the 
business of those whose interests it zealously advocates. 
As a Family Journal it is eminently Instructive and Enter¬ 
taining,-adapted to people of Intelligence and taste in both 
Town and Country. It embraces more Agricultural, Horti¬ 
cultural, Scientific, Educational, Literary, News and Com¬ 
mercial Matter, with appropriate Illustrations, than any 
other journal,—rendering it by tar the most complete Rural, 
Litbraby, Family and Business Newspaper in America. 
T3f~ For TRRMsand other particulars see 6th and 8th pages 
AiEIiTOffBAIi 
PLAN OF SHEEP BARN, YARDS AND SHEDS, ADAPTED TO THE SOUTH AND WEST, 
Our illustration pictures a range of buildings and 
yards well adapted to thcregious and climates of the 
West and South for sheltering and feeding large 
Socks of sheep. The plan was suggested by a friend, 
Mr. H. T. Peters, who is largely interested and well 
versed in sheep matters in the States of Maryland, 
Virginia and those further South. The main barn, 
A, is drawn to a scale representing it one hundred 
and fifty feet long and twenty five wide. The posts 
arc sixteen feet high, giving ample space above the 
basement shed for the storage of fodder. At the 
ends of this, barn cellars, D, are constructed for the 
storage of roots. The she is, B, B, are one huudred 
feet long, and have only eight feet posts with no 
storage room above. At the ends of these sheds are 
hospitals, C, C, with yarns indicated by the light 
lines in front. The outside fence, E, E, is made 
very high and strong to withstand heavy wiuds, 
and boarded tight. An< .# i .-een screen should be 
planted on the outside > g .is. The interior fences 
DAIRYING AND WHEAT GROWING, 
“Is there money in it?” said neighbor E. to me 
the other day, as we sat cracking nuts together in 
his spacious dining room. 
“I should say so. Once I visited Knox’s Pitts¬ 
burgh Fruit Farm. You know wliat stories are told 
of the product, of his strawberry plantations and 
vineyards. And I’ve heard wise men—learned men 
in pomology—talk of the remarkable character of 
his soil. Such talk is stuff! He has a good soil, 
but not a particle better tban hundreds of farmers 
have who do not grow as much on ten acres as he 
gets off a half acre.” 
“ Then what is the matter? Does he drain ?” 
“ Yes, he drains where absolutely necessary. But 
it is not because he has adopted an expensive system 
of drainage. But I’ll tell you. I saw four oxen 
following a surface plow, and drawing a subsoil 
lifter, which stirred or lifted it eighteen inches, 
nearly, below the bed of the furrow made by the 
surface plow. Such a seed bed! Such a plant bed! 
How the radical libers riot in such soil! And if the 
after culture is half as thorough and sensible as this 
soil preparation, I should lose faith in all of God’s 
promises as to seed-time and harvest i f extraordi¬ 
nary crops compared with the results of common 
culture, do not follow.” 
“ What time should subsoiling be done ?” 
“ Whenever you plow a rood, whether in spring, 
summer or autumn.” 
Moore, for the sake of our Agriculture and Hor¬ 
ticulture,—for tbe -,ake of success in their pursuits, 
—for the insurance against what are called climatic 
disasters to crops,—for the sake of the quiet con¬ 
tent the aututnu fruitage will bring to the hearts 
and uiiiids of husbandmen,—I wish you and I could 
autocratically decree that the farmer who failed to 
stir stiff soils eighteen inches deep, whenever he 
stirred them at all, should be drammed out of the 
profession. 
ILLINOIS GRAPE GROWERS. 
So we have an “Illinois Grape Growing and Wine 
Making Association,” with the following officers: 
President —Dr. Geo. C. Eisknmayep. ol' Mascmitah, St, 
Clair Go. Vice-President# -K. M. Douglas of Waukegan, 
Lake Co.; Dr. H. Sehroeder of Bloomington. McLean Co.; 
Thomas O. Springer of M» Iran da, .Jackson Co. Com«- 
ponding and lUcording Uccritery —J. 3. Hartman of Ma- 
kanda, Jackson Co. Treasurer— George R. Worthen of 
Warsaw, Hancock Co. 
The Society is to hold its next meeting the 1st 
day of December, 1868. It is in this way the 
specialties in husbandry are forcing themselves into 
distinctive features. Labor is dividing; divisions 
are organizing; organizations are developing im¬ 
proved aids, modes, arts, and new consumptive de¬ 
mand for what were once esteemed dispensable 
layers, cuttings and fame. For, without paper-aud- 
ink fame, the riches had not come. 
MISSOURI APPLE LIST. 
I have no great faith in fruit lists. People are as 
often misled by them as led aright, because the 
qualifications of soil, climate, exposure, &c., ecc., 
rarely accompany them. But the Missouri State 
Horticultural Society the other day adopted the 
following apple list as adapted to the wants of cul¬ 
tivators in that State: 
Bummer.—For family use: Early Harvest. Red June, 
Benoni. For market: Early HarveBt, Red June, Sops of 
Wine. RedAstrachan. 
Fail .—For family use: Maiden's Blush. Rambo, Late 
Strawberry. For market: Maiden’s Blush. Rambo, Late 
Strawberry. Pennsylvania Red Streak. Porter. 
Earfj I Vinter .—For family use: Newtown, Spitzen- 
berg. Wagoner. For market: Fallawater, Wagoner. 
Winter.—For family use: Rawle's Jaunei, Newtown 
Pippin, Pryor's Red (on limestone soUa), Wine Sap. For 
market: Wine Sap, Rawle's Jannet. Newtown Pippin, 
Pryor’s Red ion limestone soils/. 
The Rome Beauty, Smith’s Cider and Willow 
Twig were added to the above list, and Huntsman’s 
Favorite recommended for trial. Incog. 
At a recent meeting of the Herkimer County 
Farmers’ Club the comparative profit of dairying 
and wheat growing was discussed. The points made 
by Chas. Van VALkinb triton of Herkimer, we con¬ 
dense from the Utica Herald. Ill his opinion the 
rapid development of the factory system of cheese 
making, in all sections of the country, tended to 
low prices, while the value of cows would remain 
about the same, These relations would render dai¬ 
rying comparatively unprofitable add compel farmers 
to diversify their products—enabling them to raise 
their own dairy stock instead of going abroad to 
purchase it. In his opinion good wheat could now 
be raised in that section, and at a better profit 
at present prices of flour, than the dairy afforded. 
Several instances of fine yields of wheat the past 
seasou, were mentioned. In one, sixty-seven bush¬ 
els of wheat were raised from two acres, and another 
nincty-sLx bushels from three acres and four bushels 
of sowing. Meadows should be broken up iu sec¬ 
tions, once in eight years, aud wheat made one of 
the crops in rotation — corn being the first in the 
series—followed with oats or barley, then wheat and 
back to grass again. To render this sub-division of 
meadow land easy, movable or portable, fences 
should be used—a section of which he exhibited, 
costing seventy-seven cents per rod. 
SPEED VS. ACTION. 
I sat by the fire to-night thinking of my Cots- 
wolds, cozy in their new shed, and wishing I had 
more of them, when in came Jones, a respectable 
member of the-church. He quotes scripture on 
all occasions, whether appositely or not. Said he, 
as he sprawled his big hands wide open before the 
fire, and looked over his shoulder at me, “Whom 
the Lord loveth he chastencth." 
“ Yes," said I; 41 But who has He chastened now ?” 
“ Why He has put it into the hearts of the Execu¬ 
tive Board of the Illinois State Agricultural Society 
to stop horse-racing at their fairs.” 
“ Well, is that the result of chastening at the 
hands of the Lord?” 
“Of course it is. Didn’t they race horses at 
Quincy last year like all possessed ? They offered 
purses, run horses, trotted horses, paced horses and 
bet on horses there every day of the fair. The 
Society got into the paws of a horse association and 
got chastened to a right smart tune. They couldn't 
prevent faro hanks, sweat-boards and other equally 
'innocent amusements,’ being run for the delight 
and profit of the crowd of rustics. Of course the 
society got denounced for it all, and deserved it all 
got. Now it has resolved not to permit any more 
racing on its fair ground, and has substituted the 
word action for speed in defining the test to be given 
to horses.” 
“ So ? Well, the chastening there has been effect¬ 
ual, whether it is proved that the Lord loves the 
Society or not.” 
subsoiling. 
I don’t know how it is, but 1 cannot understand 
why there are so few farmers who make the pro¬ 
gress necessary to get them up to the point of 
stirring every inch of soil they cultivate at least 
eighteen inches deep. 
The N. O. Picayune is warm in praise of a steam 
plow which was put in operation in the vicinity of 
the Fair grounds near that city. This plow, says the 
Pie., was at work turning up the soil at such a rapid 
rate that the mathematically ineliued spectators 
commenced determining the time necessary to plow 
over the whole State. Two machines, one on each 
side of the field, operate the plow by means of wire 
ropes. One machine draws the plow, which is 
guided by one man, and attended by two others, and 
which, having four points, makes that number of 
furrows, across the field, and at a given signal the 
other engine pulls it back, the plow being arranged 
so as to run either way. It is predicted that this 
plow will revolutionize the system of Agriculture in 
the Gulf States. 
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