V 
Written for Moore's Rural New-Torker. 
ORGANIC MULTIPLICATION. 
Students of natural history are familiar with the 
struggle of species for local dominion, and the de¬ 
termination thereby, in part, of the number aud 
geographical limits of the various species of plants 
aud animals on our planet. Not only does the con¬ 
test obtain between different species, hut between 
members of the same species. In both cases those 
prevail which are the strongest and best adapted to 
the conditions of life. The result is that the earth 
is inhabited by the most vigorous species, and by 
the most vigorous individuals of such species. The 
feebler races gradually give way; the stronger are 
spreading and becoming more numerous. Darwin, 
Wallace, Hooker, Huxley and Lykll have illus¬ 
trated this tendency of organic life. 
A kindred study is to be found in the conditions 
which regulate organic multiplication. This sub¬ 
ject is quite exhaustively treated in Part VI. of 
Herbert Spencer’s Biology, VoJ. H- The follow¬ 
ing meager outline may give some idea of the views 
there set forth 
In the various species of plants and animals the 
power of reproduction is very unequal. Some breed 
very slowly; others very rapidly. At one extreme, 
wc may note a very minute animalcule.; which, it is 
calculated, may generate one hundred and seventy 
billions in four days; and at the other extreme, the 
ponderous elephant which is near thirty years old be¬ 
fore it reproduces at all, and then only one at a time. 
What are the conditions which determine the rate 
of reproduction in the scale of vegetable and animal 
beings ? 
1. The growth of an animal requires time, and 
the larger the creature, everything else equal, the 
slower is the rate of its multiplication. Babbits 
multiply more rapidly thau sheep; aud sheep more 
rapidly thau larger animals. 
2. Maturing an organic structure of great com¬ 
plexity requires more time than the maturing of a 
simpler organism, size being equal, and it will be 
later reaching the period of reproduction. Man, 
thg most complex creature on the planet, especially 
as regards his brain aud nervous system, is many 
years reaching the age of puberty- The larger the 
(Orcature and the more complex in structure, the 
lower would be the rate of its multiplication. 
Asexual reproduction (gencagenesis) is a method of 
far more rapid multiplication thau is sexual genesis, 
and this is believed to obtain almost or quite uni¬ 
versally among the minute and simple organisms 
both of plauts aud animals, but becomes rarer as 
we ascend the organic scale. As Spencer has it: 
“While the minutest organisms multiply uscxually 
in their millions; while the small compound types 
pext above them thus multiply in their thousands; 
^•hile larger and more compound types thus multi¬ 
ply. ^ their hundreds and their tens: the largest 
types do 'tot thus multiply at all.” 
3. In addition to the expenditure for growth and 
the expenditure for development in complexity, 
there is expenditure in procuring foOu.- aud in other 
activities pertaining to life. 
Now, reproduction is itself a! cause of expendi¬ 
ture; first, ou account of the organic forces witil' 
which the new-born creature is endowed • secondly, 
■on account of the nourishment afforded it: and 
thirdly, on account of the activity required in caring 
for and defending the young. If the resources Of 
the female are exhausted in growing, in developing 
he?' awn orgauism, and providing for her own life, 
she cannot reproduce,—she has no surplus left for 
such use. Her growth and development must be 
well nigh complete, and she must be well nourished 
in order to reproduce to the extent of her natural 
capacity The demands of the individual stand in 
antagonism to the demands of the offspring, aud 
the latter cannot be supplied until the former are 
sufficiently met. There is thus an immense pro¬ 
portion between the organic attainments of the 
individual, and that individuaTs power of reproduc¬ 
tion,—that is, the richer the creature is in the pro¬ 
portion of the material it embodies in a high state 
of organization, the poorer will it be in the number 
of its offspring. This is the law. 
Animals which are pressed for food, aud on the 
point of starvation, cannot bring forth and sustain 
a vigorous offspring; aud in the wild state, a species 
so situated would necessarily decline. When food 
is abundant and the condition.- of life every way 
favorable, offspring bueome stronger and more nu¬ 
merous, and race-multiplication reaches its highest 
possible attainment. If it thus become too numer¬ 
ous, food becomes scarce, and decline of vigor and 
reduction of numbers must follow. Fluctuation 
like .this doubtless obtains in species of plants aud 
animals in a state of nature. Over-feeding domestic 
animals may also cause a decline of their fertility: 
not because the feeding is well done, which our 
author denies, but because it is injudicious, and 
produces debility of constitution, of which obesity 
is a consequence. This vicious habit of constitution 
may be entailed hereditarily, and aggravated by 
breeding solely with reference to fattening qualities; 
so that such breeds may well show decline in their 
powers of reproduction. Feeding up to the healthy 
standard of tlesli, as observing farmers know, is that 
course which favors a healthy and vigorous offspring. 
But the application of most interest, is that which 
relates to the future, multiplication of the human 
race. Luxury aud surfeit ou the one baud, and 
squalid want on the other, cause constitutional de¬ 
generacy and the ultimate extinction of families. 
“Natural Selection” thus maintains the constitu¬ 
tional vigor of the human race; and the most active 
and enduring spring from the rural classes, their 
conditions of life being the most favorable. With 
the progress of society, man’s emotional and intel¬ 
lectual nature is becoming more aud more on the 
alert, and really more diversified aud complex in 
the range of its activities. The higher the civiliza¬ 
tion the greater the stimulus to culture. And notr 
withstanding the great advance in the means of 
production, the abundance thereby made possible 
will favor an accelerated increase of population, the 
one keepiug pace with the other; so that there will 
be a constant strain upon the nervous organization, 
leading to further expansion of the some, and inter¬ 
fering with the fertility of the race. If the principle 
be correct, the family will become less numerous 
under the influences of a high civilization. The 
inverse proportion between individual attainment 
and the power of reproduction will regulate multi¬ 
plication and prevent the over-population of the 
earth. J. S. Patterson. 
Berlin Heights. 0,, Jun. 11,1868. 
The Swiftest Scavenger.— Jack Frost. At his 
bidding mud turns to dust aud puddles become 
pavement. Il' his drying-up operations were as suc¬ 
cessful on orators as they are on thoroughfares, 
Winter would be a season of silence indeed. 
JOSEPH GARIBALDI, THE ITALIAN PATRIOT. 
Toe above is a faithful portrait of one who has 
spent nearly forty years of his life in revolutionizing 
for Liberty, and who now from his prison-home looks 
out sadly upou long-cherished plana frustrated, aud 
desires unfulfilled. Three months ago all the world 
was ringing with the name of Garibaldi ; error aud 
dark superstition trembled at the newer he was 
wielding; and truth-loving hearts offered fervent 
prayers that, through him as its instrument, Bight 
might prevail where Wrong had so loug held des¬ 
potic sway. But French policy leagued with Pupal 
domination; Liberty was overcome; aud its earnest 
apostle can only wait with patieuee the dawning of 
a better day for his country. Just so sure us that 
tjjp “ waste places” are to be “made glad,” will that 
bettef Jay come; and we earnestly hope its dawniug 
will yet gladden the lust years of the grand old man 
whose life teas known so many disappointments. 
‘ GAKiBAi or 1' now sixty years of age. He was 
banished in 1831 for a revolt against Charles Albert 
of Sardinia ; wa* condemned to death in 1834 for a 
like offense but. escaped to France; warred in the 
faniotts 2ojnV.5._ 
THE GREAT ORGAN OF LUCERN" e - 
In one of his letters from Europe, Dr. Bellows 
thus speaks of an instrument which certainly rivals 
the celebrated organ in Music Hall, Boston ; 
“ Lucerne is as Catholic as Zurich is Protestant. I 
found the old Cathedral thronged with Worshipers 
at seven in the* morning of an ordinary week-day. 
There must have beeu at least thirty priests engaged 
in the service. The vitality of the church is indi¬ 
cated by a magnificent organ fonr years old, which 
equals in power and purity any I ever heard. It 
was built in Lucerne by Haas.' It is played twice 
every day for one hour, and furnishes a favorite re¬ 
sort for travelers. I stum bled into the church first 
at the very hour the organ was beiDg exhibited, and 
with no knowledge of its merits', and of course 
without any special expectations. But the hush of 
the little audience showed that something unusual 
was going ou, aud it required only a Jew minutes to 
bring me wholly under the spell of th c most mag¬ 
ical stops that I ever had listened to. 
“The player, I found after a second hearing, was 
not a very great one, bnt the orgau itself was won¬ 
derful, and he understood perfectly how to exhibit 
it, undertaking only what he could do with entire 
success. The power of the full organ was immense, 
aud as sweet as it was powerful. I could compare 
it only to the effect of a great park of artillery heard 
at a distance sufficient to mellow the thunder. But 
the u (.m humam was the speciality of this organ, aud 
certainly nothing more successful in the way of 
imitation was ever done. At first, after a bold in¬ 
troduction of the full organ, we heard a choir of 
children’s voices, singing apparently in a neighbor¬ 
ing cloister; then a chorus of men’s voices took up 
the strain, and came nearer and nearer, as if one and 
then another door between us and them had been 
opened. I could not persuade myself for a long 
time that a choir was not concealed in some adjoin¬ 
ing apartment; but it was finally clear that no choir 
could keep such time and agree together in such 
expression. Nothing by tones more human or more 
angelic was fiver permitted to visit my ears; at 
times the mighty instrument was subdued to the 
gentleness of au infant’s breathing, and we all held 
our breath not to lose the least sigh of its decaying 
harmony. It seemed as if a choir of seraphs had 
strayed out of heaven and were overheard by chance 
as they Hew by. 
“A few moments after we had a slona, which, 
however offensive, considered as an abuse of music, 
was a marvellous exhibition of the quality and 
power of the instrument, and of the practical skill 
of the performer. The first sobs of the rising tem¬ 
pest, the distant thunder, the thrilling of the breeze, 
the sweeping of the winds, the pattering of the 
rain, the near thunder, the break in the cloud, the 
firs; down-pour, the steady shower, the clearing up, 
the song of the birds, with the return of the sun, 
all were given, not with clumsy suggestion, but 
with such accurate resemblance, that with closed 
eyes oue might have been defied to say whether it 
actually stormed or not. I waited after the service 
cause of the Republic of Bio Graude against Brazil : unique—is thus spoken of in Blackwood’s Magazine: 
in a “ man of war” of thirty tons aud a crew of six-4 “It is not casv to conceive anvthimr finer, simpler' 
in a “ man of war” of thirty tons aud a crew of six-i 
I teen men aud his wife; in 184? fought against the 
Papacy on the elevation of Plus IX to the Papal j 
throne, and defended Rome when the French and 
Austrians captured it; lied to this country in 1850, 
and was a -cap and candle maker on Staten Island 
until 1854, when he went to England; thence iu 1859 
' to Italy, and began the war which made Victor 
E man eel, King of Sardinia, King of Italy; and in 
1802 and 1800 engaged in several efforts to expel 
the Austrians from Venetia and Lombardy, but in 
vain, the only results being the increased enthusiasm 
of the people in the cause aud his own banishment 
to Caprera. In 1800, when war was declared against 
Austria, he was instantly at the head of the Italian 
volunteers, aud with them entered Venice. After¬ 
ward lie engaged in plotting for the late revolution \ 
that ended in his defeat and imprisonment. Of 
late but little has reached us concerning him, or 
the movements of his followers. 
The personality of Garibaldi — remarkable and 
! ! [ 
to give my personal gratitude to the organist, whom 
I expected to find some vigorous young man, proud 
to display this famous instrument. What was my 
surprise to see a grave old gentleman, In knee 
breeches and silk stockings, crooked and scholarly, 
come down from the organ loft, aud answer—to my 
*dt' introduction—as the organist of the Cathedral. 
lie wan modest and dignified, aud might have been 
old Handed himself, so far as fitness of looks was 
concerned. ^ was quite charming to talk with him 
Iu bad Germaff AtlOUt his instrument, and about 
sacred music geuei all y- We promised to come 
again, In the evening,. About twilight, to hear the 
organ. A half dozen tail * a Pers lighted the dim 
Cathedral, and a hundred persons sat lor an hour in 
absolute stillness while the old mAu played. It was 
very charming, but it was the second time ! 
' -—. .> ♦ *** ** -- 
THE FIRST STEAMBOAT. 
In “Latrobe’s Sketches of America, 7 ' wc find the 
following-—In October, 1811, the greatesC for 
the Western country took place. This w*4f the 
commencement of steamboat navigation. Fulton's 
steamboat, called the “New Orleans,” left Pittsburg 
at the above date, and late at night on the fourth 
day after starting, she arrived at Louisville, having 
been but seventy hours in descending over 700 
miles. The novel appearance of the vessel, and the 
fearful rapidity with which it made its passage over 
the broad reaches of the river, excited a mixture of 
terror aud surprise among many of the settlers, 
whom the rumor of such au invention had never 
reached; and it is related that on the unexpected 
arrival of the boat before Louisville, iu the course 
of a fine, still, moonlight night, the extraordinary 
sound which filled the air as the pent-up steam was 
suffered to escape from the valves on rounding to, 
produced a general alarm, and multitudes iu the 
towu rose from their beds to ascertain the cause. 
I have heard that the general impression among the 
Kentuckians was, a comet bad fallen Into The Ohio. 
- ^ - 
The Use of Peeper. —Pepper is an almost uni¬ 
versal condiment. Black pepper irritates aud in¬ 
flames the coating of the stomach. Red pepper 
duos not irritate, consequently it should be used 
instead of black pepper. It was known to the Ro¬ 
mans, and has been in the East Iudies from time 
immemorial, as it corrects that llatulcnce which 
attends the large use of vegetable food Persons in 
health do not need any pepper in their food. But 
to those of weak and languid stomachs it is far 
more healthy to use cayenne pepper at meals than 
any form of wine, brandy or beer that can be named, 
because it stimulates without the reactions of sleep¬ 
iness or debility,— Halt's Journal uf Health. 
■# »» ♦ ». »- 
Secrets of Health.— First, keep warm; second, 
eat regularly aud slowly; third, maintain regular 
bodily habits; fourth, take early and very light sup¬ 
pers; fifth, keep a clean skin; sixth, get plenty of 
sleep at night; seventh, keep cheerful and respecta¬ 
ble company; eighth, keep out of debt; ninth, don’t 
set your mind on things you don’t need; tenth, 
mind your own business; eleventh, don’t set your¬ 
self up to be a sharper of any kind; twelfth, subdue | 
curiosity; thirteenth, avoid drugs. 
“It, is not easy to conceive anything finer, simpler', 
more thoroughly unaffected or more truly dignified 
than the man himself. His noble head; his clear, 
honest, brown eye; his finely-traced mouth, beauti¬ 
ful as a woman’s, aud only strung up to sternness 
when anythiug ignoble or mean had outraged him ; 
and, last of all, his voice contains a fascination per¬ 
fectly irresistible, allied, us you know and feel 
these graces to be, with a thoroughly pure, untar¬ 
nished nature. The true measure of the man lies in 
the fact that, though his life bos been a series of the 
boldest and most daring achievements, his courage 
is about the last quality uppermost in your mind 
when you meet him. It is of the winning softness 
of his look and manner, his kind thoughtfulness for 
others, his sincere pity for all suffering, his gentle¬ 
ness, his modesty, his manly seus'e of brotherhood 
with the very humblest of the men who have loved 
him, that you think; these are the traits that throw 
all his heroism into shadow: and all the glory of the 
hero pales before the simple virtues of the man.” 
THE NUMBER SEVEN. 
Tnis number is frequently used in the Bible. On 
the 7th day God ended his work, the 7th month 
Noah’s ark touched the ground, and in 7 days a dove 
was sent out. 
Abraham pleaded 7 times for Sodom, Jacob served 
7 years for Rachael, mourned 7 days for Joseph, 
and was pursued a 7 days journey by Laban. 
A plenty of 7 years, and a famine of 7 years were 
foretold in Pharaoh's dream, by 7 fat and 7 lean 
beasts, and 7 ears of full and 7 ears of blasted corn. 
On the 7th day of the 7th month the children of 
Israel fasted 7 days, and remained 7 days in tents. 
Every 7 years the laud rested; every 7th year all 
bondmen were free, aud the law was read to Un¬ 
people. 
In the destruction of Jericho, 7 priests bore 7 
trumpets 7 days; on the 7th day they surrounded 
the walls 7 times; and at the end of the 7th round 
the walk foil. 
Solomon was 7 years building the temple, and 
feasted 7 days at its dedication. In the tabernacle 
were 7 lamps, and the golden candlestick had 7 
branched. Naaman washed 7 times in Jordan. 
Job’s" friend* sat with him 7 days aud 7 nights, 
aud offered . bullocks and 7 rams as an atonement. 
Our Saviour spoke 7 times from the cross, on 
which be hung 7 hours, and after his resurrection 
appeared 7 times. In the Lord’s prayer are 7 peti¬ 
tions, containing 7 times 7 word's. 
In the Revelations wc read of 7 churches, 7 candle¬ 
sticks, 7 stars, 7 trumpets, 7 plagues, 7 thunders, 7 
veils, 7 angels, and a 7 headed monster. 
-- 
WINTER RULES. 
Never go to bed with cold or damp feet. In gc^ 
tag into a colder air, keep the mouth resolutely 
closed, that by compelling the air to pass circui¬ 
tously through the nose and head, it may become 
partly warmed before it reaches the lungs, and thus 
prevent those shocks and sudden chills which fre¬ 
quently end in pleurisy, pneumonia, and other seri¬ 
ous forms of disease. Never sleep with the head in 
the draught of an open door or window. Lot more 
cover be put ou the lower limbs than on the body. 
Have an extra covering within easy reach, in case of 
a sudden and great change of weather during the 
night, Never stand still out of doors, especially at 
street corners, after having walked even a short dis¬ 
tance. Never ride near the open window of a 
vehicle for a single minute, especially if the ride has 
been preceded by a walk; valuable lives have thus 
been lost, or good health permanently destroyed. 
--»♦»-» •»»- 
Gas from Coffee. —M. Babmet has reported to 
the French Academy the follow ing information with 
regard to the evolution of gas during the process of 
making coffee. If finely ground roasted coffee be 
steeped in cold water, gas will be evolved to an 
extent about equal in volume to the quantity of 
coffee used; and this action will take place very rap- 
Idly, insomuch that if a bottle be half tilled with 
coffee duly ground, and the remaining space then 
filled with water until tbe cork is reached, an cx- 
[ plosion will ensue, sufficient iu force to expel the 
cork, or even break the bottle. 
fading foi the 3)<mng. 
KISS ME GOOD NIGHT. 
Dear mother, when my prayer is said. 
Before yon take the light. 
Oh! lean your head so closely down, 
And always kiss good night: 
For I am happier in iny dreams, 
And sleep iu sweeter rest, 
If I have laid my lips to thine, 
And thine to mine are pressed. 
" One kiss, dear mother, for the love 
My heart keeps warm for thee; 
And one for all tho tenderness 
Thy sweet eyes look to me. 
Kiss me forgiveness of my wrongs; 
Kiss me with hope and prayer 
That I shall be a better child, 
And more reward thy care. 
“ Kiss me for some poor orphan child, 
To whom no kiss is giveu; - 
And next for all the happy ones, 
And then for one in heaven. 
Kiss me for everything I love, 
The beautiful and bright; 
Sweet mother, kiss me for thyself 
Once more, and then good night.” 
“I DARE YOU,” 
“Poor! I could do it easily, and be back here 
again before yon could count fifty!” 
“ May be so ; but you don’t dare to try it!” 
“ Don't dare! now Tom, you know better t” 
“ Well, l dare you!” 
The boy’s eyes dashed. In a moment he was over 
the boundary line, skating skillfully over the forbid¬ 
den ice, while his school-mates looked ou—some 
with fear, aud a few with shouts of applause. Clear 
to the other side he went, though the lee cracked 
and beut; then, with a graceful turn, he was com¬ 
ing toward them again, swifter, swifter, with a look 
of pride ou his glowing face ; aud the praises of the 
other boys already sounded iu his ears. 
“ Good for you, Win !” 
“ Hurrah for-’’ 
Who? where was he ? where the proud form and 
smiling face, and the dark hair, uncovered in the 
moment of exultation? Gone! dehin in one mo¬ 
ment from their sight, under the ice, and the waters 
rose np over the spot, as if their time of triumph 
R&d come then. 
“ 0, What shall, we do ?” 
“ Run quick! get a rope!" 
“ Stand back! every one of you!” and the voice, 
generally so kind, frighteued them now with its 
sternness; and they looked In silence at the teach¬ 
er’s white face, as he drew off his gown and crept 
with it, to the boundary which he had marked for 
the boys that morning. Over that, too, so care¬ 
fully, yet so quickly; and the ice cracked, cracked! 
Aud the boys could none of them tell just how it 
was done, only that soon the dark dripping hair of 
their schoolmate appeared above the broken ice; 
theu his body, slowly, slowly dragged towards 
them, his hand clutching tightly the teacher’s dress¬ 
ing-gown. 
The teacher did not speak; and they dared uot. 
Iu the teacher's own strong arms Winthrop was car¬ 
ried to the house, and rubbed; and, no, he was not 
Jead! for in a few minutes he opened bis eyes, and 
looking at the group of anxious boyish faces gath¬ 
ered rouud, he said, “All right.” How it brightened 
every heart there! The boys could spenk now. 
“Oh, Win ! I haven't counted the fifty yet /” burst 
out Tom, excitedly, trying to laugh; but if he had 
not beeu a boy. he would surely have cried instead. 
“ Now, let me hear all about it,” said their teacher 
calmly, as the color began to come back into Win- 
throp’s cheeks. 
“ It is all my fault!’’ said Tom, humbly. 
“ How came you to disobey my rule, Winthrop, 
and go beyond the boundary?” 
“ Why, I hardly thought about the rule, sir; I 
wauted to let them sec that [ wasn’t afraid of the 
ice 1 they dared me to do it; and when any one 
dares me to do a thing—” Winthrop stopped sud¬ 
denly, as the recollection came over him of the cold, 
gurgling waters, aud of those few terrible moments 
of suspense. 
“ Then you always dare to do it; is that what yoti 
mean?” 
“ Yes, sir,” but the voice was not so fall of con¬ 
fidence as it had been half an hour before. 
“And the end of your daring, this time, might 
have been— death J ’ ’ 
A shudder crept over the boy’s heart. 
“ Oh, sir: please dou’t! I dared him!” said Tom. 
“ And so you think ft boy is a coward who is dared 
to do a ibing, and doesn’t do it ?" 
“It looks so t ” answered Winthrop. 
“ Ah, my boy, yotl must get rid of that idea; it is 
all wrong He who refuse* to do a sinful or a dan¬ 
gerous thing, even when people say * I dare you,’ is 
a true hero; and he who runs all risks to do some¬ 
thing, just because he is 1 dared,’ is by far the most 
cowardly and foolish. Don’t look so downhearted, 
Winthrop; I want you to be truly heroic, and I 
know you can do things very bravely sometimes. 
For instance, if I should say you must not go skat¬ 
ing another day during this season, you would bear 
the punishment without complaint, I think.” 
“Yes, sir,” answered the boy, with a touch of the 
old pride in his voice. 
“Mayn’t I bear the punishment? It was my 
fault.” 
“ I haven’t given any punishment yet, Tom. I 
have only given this lesson about true bravery for 
you all to learn. And uow, be off'every one of you, 
and let Winthrop rest, while I go to examine my 
dressing-gown; and if it is entirely ruined, I’ll pass 
a subscription around among you to get a new oue.” 
And the kind man smiled as he left them, but his 
heart was full. and he went to thank God for the 
safety of his pupil, and to pray that he might be¬ 
come truly brave and noble. 
Boys, never be dared into doing what is wrong. 
Do not take oue step aside from the safe and straight 
path, no matter how many voices say “ I dare you.” 
Be brave enough to say “I dare not,” to every 
temptation. And always: 
“ Dare to be right! dare to be true! 
All the tv odd's scorning can never harm you! 
•Stand by your conscience, your honor, your faith; 
Stand like a hero, and buttle till death!’’ 
-^ ■! • I ■ - - 
How Natural !— A little boy was once in'a com¬ 
plaining mood. Ilis dinner did not suit him, so his 
father made that right; then his cup did uot suit 
him, so one was brought that did; then his chair 
was not right, and his father took him iu his lap, 
saving,: “Are you all right now?” He looked 
around the room, and seeing the eat crossing the 
fioor with tail erect, he said, iu a vexed voice, 
“ r l here! the old cat’s tail sticks up 1” aud burst out 
crying. The old cut’s tail was, in his case, the straw 
that broke the camel’s buck, but many of the com 
plaints of older persons are just about as reasonable. 
