erse a log twelve feet iii length with less pressure 
than is required to force it laterally through a plank 
three-quarters of an inch in thickness. As the sap is 
forced out, the preservative lluid follows it, and its 
presence at the end of the wood is ascertained by a 
chemical lest. 
“ Such is the method of charging a tree, at once 
simple, cheap, and effectual. Experiments show 
that no finid answers so well as a very weak solution 
of sulphate of copper, or blue vitriol. Corrosive 
sublimate is also efficient, but too expensive. Sul¬ 
phate of zinc, acetate of lead, sulphate of iron, oil, 
tallow, cosin, pyrolignite of iron, all have been tried, 
but without entirely satisfactory results. The first 
experiments were begun in France in 1842. Eight 
years thereafter, in 1850, three eminent French engi¬ 
neers made examinations and published a report 
relating to the successful trials of M. Boucherie’a 
system, which is too lengthy for description here. 
The remits are, that all the telegraph posts in France, 
and nearly all the railroad sleepers, are now prepared 
by Boueherie’s method. Posts prepared in 1840 from 
fir are now in good condition, and so are ties of born- 
beam, beech, and birch, In the south of France, 
large quantities of vine props are now prepared by 
this process. Some of the railroads in England have 
adopted the plan within the past few years. It haa 
also been applied to ship timber. What is most im¬ 
portant is, that the poorest and least enduring kinds 
of wood yield most readily to the process. Beech, 
hornbeam, poplar, birch, fir, spruce, alder, ash, and 
elm have been operated on. with success. The heart- 
wood of oak proved impenetrable, but the sap-wood 
admitted the thud copiously. Woods which natu¬ 
rally possess most moisture, and of the same kind— 
those which have grown in the dampest soils—are 
most easily penetrated. In short, the cheapest and 
least durable kinds of timber are precisely those 
which afford the best results when ftijeeted with the 
sulphate of copper. 
“ The operation depends for its success upon the 
permeability of the timber, and all trees are most 
easily operated on when first felled, except when 
they may be frozen in winter. If the logs be cut in 
the summer, it is Important to perform the operation 
hiirmaiiately, before the tubes contract or the juices 
begin to ferment; and if hi winter, in the course of 
a few weeks after felling.” 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER 
AS One.INAL WEEKLY 
AGRICULTURAL, LITERARY AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
(PUBLISHER AND PROPRIETOR,) 
With a Corps of Able Associates and Contributors 
Hon. HENRY S- RANDALL. IX. D„ 
Editor of tlie Department of SJieep Husbandry. 
Dr. DANIEL LEE and Hon. THEODORE C. PETERS, 
Southern Corresponding Editors. 
The Rural New-Yorker is designed to be unsurpassed 
in Value, Purity, and Variety of Contents. Its Conductors 
earnestly labor to render It a Reliable Guide on the important 
Practical, Scientific and other Subjects connected with the 
business of those whose Interests it zealously advocates. 
As a Family .Journal it is eminently Instructive and Enter¬ 
taining.—adapted to people of Intelligence and taste in both 
Town and Country. It embrace- flaorc Agricultural, Horti¬ 
cultural, Scientific. Educational, Literary, News and Com¬ 
mercial Matter, with appropriate It urs i'kationp, than any 
Otter Journal,—rendering It by far the most complete Rural, 
Literary, Family and Dwt ness Newspaper in America. 
Terms, in Advance — Three Dollars a Year:— Five 
copies for $14 ; Seven, and one free to Cluh Agent, for $1!*; 
Ten, and one free, for fir> — only $‘4.50 per copy. As we pre¬ 
pay American postage, $?.7Q is the lowest Cluh rate to Canada 
and $3.50 to Europe. Tlio best way to remit Is by Draft or 
Post-Otllce Money Order,— and all Drafts and Orders made 
payable to the Publisher maybe hatred at me risk, 
PUBLICATION OFFICES : 
Rochester—Non. 82, 84 and 86 BulUnlo Street. 
New York —No. 41 Park Row, Times’ Building. 
KW"A11 Business Letters, U , iributions, &c., should be 
addressed to Rochester until otherwise announced. 
PREMIUM PLAN OF A WESTERN NEW YORK BARN 
The Carriage Way is on the south side of the 
building, and is made of easy grade, whilst the floor 
of the bam upon the south side iB about ten feet 
from the ground. This makes it convenient in 
stacking straw after thrashing. 
throw manure out into the open apartment where it 
can tie preserved under cover. This open apartment, 
or shed, as it is sometimes called, is It feet wide by 
80 deep, and is marked G on the ground plan. There 
is a large Knot Cellar opening into the main hall or 
carriage fioor, 15 by 28 feet, convenient to both horse 
and cow stables. A blackboard on wall of carriage 
fioor is very convenient for writ ! g down amount of 
feed, &c. Tbo horse stable has cymvcniences for six 
horses, with a cistern of water holding some 500 
barrels. All stock can he watered without going out 
of the barn in coldest weather of the season. The 
cistern is covered with red cedar, 10 inches thick; 
sides of cistern are stone, and plastered. There is 
also a large Store Koom for tools and implements, 
large enough to house all the farm machines, etc. 
The Main Floor contains a Cranary t large, and 
conveniently divided and arranged. From it are 
spouts leading to the Carriage Moor of basement, so 
that the contents of the granaries can be received 
into a wagon, below, or used otherwise, as may he 
convenient. There are two large hays, and a large 
barn fioor, 14 by 45. The Stable* are supplied easily 
through trap-doors from the main floor, ns shown in 
the plan. The scaffolds are reached by movable lad¬ 
ders, which may be changed to any locality desired. 
Tbo windows of basement are supplied with pul¬ 
leys, so as easily to be moved, and ventilate the 
entire lower floor. 
The Outside Finish is with good matched stuff, 
battened to the eaves, and the gable-ends arc clap- 
boarded. The whole is finished with three coats of 
white paint. 
Of late we have received a number of inquiries for 
plans of Bams, and also two or three requests to re¬ 
publish the premium plaus given in the Rural some 
years ago. Wo propose to publish a number of 
original designs during the year, but will now give 
one of onr premium plans — one which we think 
will answer some of the inquiries and meet the 
wants of many of our readers. 
HINTS FOR THE MONTH. 
March is the month of preparation; over a large 
extent of couutry it ushers in the farmer’s Spring 
Campaign—the plowing and harrowing of the soil 
and the sowing of seed. In southerly latitudes 
these operations are already begun—much, even, is 
completed—but the chief work in most localities is 
that preparatory to seeding. Fanners should now 
survey their field of labor with close scrutiny, lay 
their general plans and adjust the details as far as 
possible. Make ready— that is the cry which should 
riDg along the Rural line, and be obeyed by all who 
march in its ranks. 
Stock. —It is, perhaps, the worst month in the 
year for all kinds of stock, and therefore they will 
need much attention. Teams should have an in¬ 
crease of grain to brace them up for hard work. A 
free use of the curry-comb will pay well. Milch 
cows are increasing; give them sweet, nutritious 
hay, bran-mashes and warm drink at calving time- 
roots and meal afterwards. Breeding sows should 
be allotted separate pens, with plenty of bedding 
for them to work tip. Light feed and quiet is the 
rule for the first week after pigging. Brace up the 
colts aud calves with a little extra feed. If lice in¬ 
fest the stock try powdered white hellebore, dusted 
over and rubbed into their coats. 
Seed should be prepared for use. Endeavor to get 
better varieties than you have previously had; you 
may thereby reap larger harvests and obtain higher 
prices, and the labor is no greater. Clover and 
grass seed may be advantageously sown on winter 
grain when the last light snows of the season cover 
it. Look out for foul seed in that of clover and grass. 
Weeds are often extensively spread in this way. 
Drains, —Open ditches aud water furrows should 
he cleaned and opened as early as possible. Many 
bushels of winter grain may be saved by timely 
drawing off the surface water. Also look to the 
outlets of blind drains. Make up your mind to do 
some underdrainiug this spring; it pays. 
Or ns* Lauds .—Fit the meadows for the mower as 
early as possible, The roller and the stone-boat 
should be used. Plaster may be sown on grass 
lands early, with good effect. Keep stock off' from 
the sod, us a general rule, until there is good feed. 
Manure cun frequently he drawn on to planting 
ground while it is frozen. 
Fences always need some repairs. They cost a 
good deal of money and labor, and it is best to dis¬ 
pense with all not absolutely needed. Honey locust, 
barberry and osage will eventually replace rail fences, 
hut it is Very difficult to remove the latter when their 
corners are devoted to stone heaps aud brambles. 
Fad. — This month should not pass without au 
ample amount of fuel being supplied. A farmer 
has no business to cut wood in harvest time. 
Farm Help.— The best help is secured, as a rule, 
early in the season. It is best to make written con¬ 
tracts with your men, to avoid misunderstanding. 
There is plenty of help to bo had in the large cities, 
and it should certainly be employed in producing 
food. It is composed chiefly of what farmers term 
“green hands,” but the most work can be obtained 
from this class if it is well managed. 
Tools should he painted, repaired, and a good sup¬ 
ply for the various farm operations obtained. 
Sugar Making is in order this month. With buck¬ 
ets, pans and fuel ready for use, the work may he 
made profitable and pleasant. 
Tdlacw Plants for a few acres may be started advan¬ 
tageously under oiled cotton cloth. Select a warm, 
sheltered location, rich, clean soil, and sow the seed 
in drills, so the plants can be hoed with a narrow hoe. 
Clean the Cellars and rem< v *e old rubbish and filth 
from the vicinity of the d ..oiling. 
£3X80 
FLAN OF MAIN FLOOR. 
A, Granary, with openings for passing grain below; 
between this and the bay is a ball. The barn 
floor is large, with two openings for passing hay and 
feed below, for use in the stables, and on the right is 
the large Bay, 45 by 45 feet, in which may be stored 
an immense amount of grain or hay. 
This barn is so arranged that all parts are easily 
accessible, and when once in the building you can 
get to any part with ease. There is so much room 
that all the crops can be housed very readily and 
with little labor. 
Tue Yard is supplied with water from a well 
about 80 rods off, by a syphon. 
The builder was Cormine Martin of Avon, N. Y., 
and the cost, (when erected in 1855,) about *1,500 
FLAN OF BASEMENT. 
A, Tool Room; B, Root Cellar; C, Cistern; D, Hall; E, 
Horse Stable; F, Cow Stable; G, Open Shed; «, 
Mangers; b. Feed Box; <t, Stairs. 
This barn is situated in the town of Wheatland, 
Monroe Co., N. Y., on the farm of Ira Armstrong, 
by whom it was built in the year 1855. It is located 
upon a level piece of ground, the entire building be¬ 
ing above the surface. The size of the structure is 
45 by GO feet. 
The Basement Story is built of stone, and is 0 
feet high, with 10 stalls for cattle, and a place to 
In regard to the first point:—If our readers will 
examine the reports of the discussions at the meet¬ 
ings of our Dairy Associations they will find that 
the subject which haa recently attracted the greatest 
amount of attention is the exhaustion of the land of 
the phosphates. Where have they gone V Carried 
off in milk and cheese! Would the annual fatten¬ 
ing of au amount of pork equal n weight to the 
dairy stock employed have exhausted the land to au 
equal extent? We can hardly believe it. So too in 
regard to the wool grower. The Lecce of each Me¬ 
rino sheep removes from the farm from five to nine 
Ounces of potash, besides what is carried oil in the 
carcass. It would be difficult for the chemist to 
find the same amount of alkali ia the hair of the 
hog. Again: Let us consider tie case of young 
animals. Is all the phosphoric icid and nitrogen 
which Is fouud in the bones and Hash of a two-year- 
old heifer “ hardly worth consult ring ?” 
Let us now turn to the second joint—the amount 
dissipated by the animal in perfuming the functions 
of life. It is well known that a vory large per cent- 
age of llic food is dissipated in respiration and per¬ 
spiration. Careful examination Shows that the 
weight of the dried fleeces rarely equals more than 
two-thirds of that of the food in a similarly dry con¬ 
dition. Stockilvrdt investigatei. this subject with 
great care, aud thus gives the percentage of loss in one 
hundred parts of the following nbstanees as con¬ 
tained in the food consumed by tLe animals named: 
Carbon. Hydrogen. Oxygen. Nitrogen. 
Sheep, waste.44 0 48 7 
Horse, “ . 63 57 36 15 
Cow, “ . 40 47 51 13 
One hundred parts of dry fodder in general lost, 
in a sheep, 4U; in a liog, 64; in a horse, 60; in a 
cow, 40. 
it will thus he seen that the aiaoimt of nitrogen 
wasted by the sheep is less thau Inlf of that wasted 
by the horse. Is not this worth considering ? 
Upon the physical condition of the manure it is 
uuuecessary to dwell. Every gardener understands 
it fully. 
It is not our intention to maintain that in the 
selection of fils stock the farmer should be guided 
wholly by the character of the manure produced. 
As a general rule the difference in the quality of the 
manure will not make up for the difference of profit 
which may he produced by a judicious or injudicious, 
selection of stock. We are of those who regard 
manure as a secondary consideration ip the feeding 
of stock, and who do uot believe in wasting rich ni¬ 
trogenous food marly because we get some return 
in the manure heap. But we do think that in ma¬ 
king his general calculations no farmer can safely 
disregard the question we have discussed. And if 
he consider it at all it may be as well that he should 
have a good sound basis of facts for his conclusions, 
instead of deriving them from such absurd asser¬ 
tions aud theories as those uttered by the newly- 
fledged resident “ Professor or Agriculture” (?!!) 
in what is designed to he the leading Agricultural 
Institution of America. * 
VALUE OF MANURE FROM DIFFERENT 
ANIMALS. 
It has long been a favorite idea with farmers aud 
gardeners that the manure produced by different 
kinds of animals varies very much Su value. Much, 
it is true, is generally attributed to the character of 
the food from which the manure is made. The rich 
food usually fed to pigs is, of course, known to have 
a powerful influence in producing a better article of 
manure than can be obtained from cattle fed on 
straw. But at the same time it is generally believed 
that even if precisely the same food be furnished to 
animals of different species, thero will be a difference 
in the properties and quality of the manure. In 
other words that cattle, horses and sheep, all fed on 
grass, will each produce a manure of a different 
quality. 
In a recent number of his “ Walks and Talks on 
the Farm,” Mr. Harris takes exception to this doc¬ 
trine, and brings a large amount of chemical talk to 
prove that it has no foundation in fact. He holds 
that “the difference is hardly worth considering, 
and it is a pity that scientific agricultural writers 
should so frequently allude to it.” “It is a fact — 
and I wish every farmer fully comprehended it—that 
the value of the manure from any animal depends 
entirely on the food." “If I have 30 tons of straw, 
50 tons of corn stalks, 40 tous of hay, 2 tons of bean 
straw, 1,000 bushels of corn and 10 tons of oil cake, 
to feed, out on the farm during the next six months, 
it will make no appreciable difference in tlie value 
of the manure to what kind or cluss of animals I 
feed it.” 
From this we would most emphatically dissent. 
Unless both chemists and practical men arc greatly 
mistaken it is true beyond all question that the 
same food passed through different animals will give 
very different results in the manure heap. It is ob¬ 
vious that, the food being the same, the value of the 
resulting manure will depend ehielly upon the fol¬ 
lowing points: 
1. The amount of matter carried off the farm in 
such products as milk, wool, pork, beef, &c. 
2. The proportion of the food which is dissipated 
by the animal in performing the functions of life. 
3. The physical character of the resulting 
manure. 
PRESERVING WOOD FROM DECAY. 
Irnii 
tctdmg j $3.00 PER YEAR, 
T fc. K iYio, | Single Copy, Six Cents. 
ROCHESTER, N. Y, MR NEW YORK CITY. • 
nccipcc J Buffalo St., RocliBstoi# 
OFFICES,-) 41 Park Row> New York. 
Y0L XIX. NO. HU 
FOR THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, MARCH 7, 1868. 
j WHOLE NO. 946. 
