ANALYSIS OF IK1SH 
“PROGRESS AND IMPROVEMENT.” 
MOOBE’S KUEAL NEW-YOKKEK, 
AN ORIGINAL WEEKLY 
AGRICULTURAL, LITERARY AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. YIOORE, 
(PUBLISHER AND PROPRIETOR.) 
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AGRICULTURAL, 
feeding value of straw. 
Farmers need to be often reminded of the great 
loss occurring from wasting straw. Some have 
learned the feeding value of straw by most careful 
experiments, and to such no lessons are necessary; 
hut vast mini hers still waste the bulk of all their 
straw. An interesting address was lately delivered 
before the Athy Farmers’ Club, Ireland, by Dr. C. A. 
Cameron. We condense from the Monthly Report 
of Agriculture : 
Flesh formers—soluble in water.. 
Insoluble in water. 
Oil. 
Sugar, gum and other fat formers. 
Woody liber. 
Water. 
Ash. . 
Co, 
Dnblin 
Wicklow. 
Market, 
No, 1. 
No. 2 
No. 3. 
. 4.08 
2.02 
2.04 
. 2.09 
3.16 
3.00 
. 1.84 
1.40 
1.26 
. 13.79 
12.67 
10.18 
. 59.96 
61.79 
65.45 
. 14.00 
14.00 
14.00 
. 4.24 
4.96 
4.07 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
ANALYSIS OP IRISH WHEAT STRAW. 
Green 
changing 
Over Dublin 
to yellow. 
Ripe. 
Ripe. Market. 
No. 1. 
No. 2. 
No. 3. 
No. 4. 
Water. 
... 13.00 
13.15 
12.14 
10.88 
Flesh formers—soluble 
in 
.06 
water. 
... 1.25 
.98 
.44 
Insoluble in water. 
... 1.26 
1.40 
1.41 
1.90 
Oil. 
... 1.22 
1.13 
1.14 
.90 
Sugar, gum and other 
fat 
4.08 
formers. 
... 4.18 
3.98 
3.88 
Woody fiber. 
... 75.84 
76.17 
77.76 
78.67 
Ash. 
... 3.25 
3.19 
3.23 
3.51 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
One most important fact to note in these analyses 
is, that straw has the most nutriment when green, 
just beginning to turn yellow, and more when ripe 
than over ripe, After wheat gets nearly ripe, the 
straw loses in value very fast, and the grain, also, is 
best cut when the upper part of the straw is chang¬ 
ing from green to yellow. Dr. Cameron makes a 
comparison between oat straw, linseed cake or oil 
cake. Assuming a low average for oat straw, that 
in one hundred parts there is one part of oil, four 
parts of flesh formers, ten parts of sugar, gum and 
other fat formers, and thirty per cent, of other di¬ 
gestible fiber, we have tbe following quantities of 
digestible substances in 
ONE TON OF -THAW AT $7.50. 
Oil. . 22.4 
Flesh formers. 89.6 “ 
Sugar, gum and other fat formers. 224. “ 
Digestible fiber. 672. “ 
1,00S. “ 
Total ain't of lat formers calculated as starch.. 952, lbs. 
Add flesh formers. 89.6 “ 
Total amount of nutritive matter. 1,011,0 “ 
A fair sample of oil cake contains twenty-six per 
cent, of flesh formers, twelve of oil, thirty-four of 
gum, mucilage, sugar, dec., and would give in 
ONE TON OIL CAKE AT $55. 
Flesh formers... 582.4 lbs. 
Oil. 268.S •’ 
Gum. sugar and other fat formers. 761.6 “ 
Wo j : bei . 74.4 " 
1,687.2 “ 
Total am’t of fat formers calculated as starch 1,506. lbs. 
Flesh formers.... 582,4 ” 
Total amount of nutriment.2,090.4 " 
This comparison is, certainly, instructive and very 
important. In England and Ireland, oil cake is a 
staple article of food for animals, and it will be seen 
that $7.50 will buy 1,000 pounds of digestible food 
in oat straw; while $55 will only buy *2,000 pounds 
of digestible food in oil cake,—thus showing straw 
to be much cheaper, so far as it can be fed, than oil 
cake. But as it is necessary to have the food con¬ 
stituents in better balance thun in straw, more oil 
and more flesh formers, therefore oil meal and pea 
meal should be mixed with tbe straw in small pro¬ 
portion to make it a perfect food. Oil meal should 
not be fed too largely, as it is too laxative, but 
should be mixed with pea meal to correct this. 
When other food cannot be got to mix with the 
straw, then use half straw, and animals will keep in 
fine condition, especially if cut and cooked. Dr. 
| Cameron advises that the straw should be cut 
short and mixed with roots, and steamed or cooked. 
A He classifies the different kinds of straw as to nntri- 
^ meut as follows: — First, pea straw; second, oat 
straw; third, bean straw, with the pods; fonrth, 
barley straw; fifth, wheat straw. Farmers will see 
by these comparisons of straw with other food, that 
they cannot afford to waste it. This places straw 
where it belongs, as we have found by practical ex¬ 
periment for the last ten years, at two-thirds to 
three-fourths the value of hay, e. w. s. 
COMPOSITION OF SOILS. 
A correspondent asks us to publish an article on 
soils, giving the distinguishing characteristics of the 
different kinds, so that a beginner can tell marl from 
loam, muck from peat, ice. 
An exact classification of soils is not an easy mat¬ 
ter, inasmuch as in nature distinct lines of separa¬ 
tion can not generally be traced, yet such an 
arrangement is of great practical utility, and if a 
standard could be definitively settled, and generally 
understood, it would render clearer much of the 
writing on agricultural topics. Tbe ingredients 
most common in soil are, clay, lime, silica as sand 
and gravel, and humus or auimal and vegetable re¬ 
mains. Soil is rarely composed of only onb or even 
two of these substances, and it is tbe preponder¬ 
ance and mixture of one or more which gives it 
character and name. 
We should denominate Sandy Soils those com¬ 
posed almost entirely of silicions sand or gravel; the 
nearer they approach to being pure sand the more 
worthless they are for all agricultural purposes. 
They absorb large amounts of manure without cor¬ 
responding benefit to the crops, and are very difficult 
to bring to a state of fertility. Their greatest capa¬ 
bility for improvement consists in the admixture of 
other soil elements which may lie in the subsoil or 
near at hand. But a perfect sand soil is the most 
hopeless of any to convert to profitable husbandry. 
Clay Soils are those in which clay greatly predom¬ 
inates, and their qualities are directly opposite those 
of sand. They have great power of absorbing and 
retaining moisture and ga^es from the air; they are 
adhesive, still'and impenetrable; they are cold, late, 
and difficult to cultivate in dry and wet seasons. 
Yet they are in general, highly fertile, and their 
faults, which arise from their mechanical and not 
from their chemical structure, may be amended by 
drainage and fermentive manures. 
A soil of nearly pure mold or humus is usually 
termed peat, muck, or bog. It is valuable for 
special purposes; is usually wet, and not adapted 
to general fanning. Calcareous Soils are those which 
contain distinguishing quantities of lime. 
From the combination of these several soils arises 
a great variety to which the general name of loams 
may be appropriately given, with a specific term 
which indicates what property appears most promi¬ 
nently in their composition. Thus we have sandy 
loam in which there may be clay, lime and vegetable 
mold, but the sand predominates and stamps its 
characteristic on tbe soil. Clay Loam may be simi¬ 
larly described except that clay takes the place of 
the sand in quantity: then there are marly loams 
which contain a good deal of lime and clay, and 
vegetable molds or loams in which the humus exists 
most largely. These different loams are the most 
valuable soils, and have the widest adaptability to 
various products. Their mechanical and chemical 
conditions are the most perfect; they are most 
readily renovated when worn by over cropping, and 
are also tbe most easily cultivated. They retain 
moisture best in drouth, and pass it ofl in seasons 
of unusual wet, and the highest perfection in agri¬ 
culture is attainable on this description of soil. 
-• »♦»♦ » »- 
RURAL FARMERS’ CLUB. 
Growing ami Marketing the Osier Willow. 
W. P. Rupert, Geneva, N. Y., writes:—“In reply 
to queries in your Farmers’ Club, I would say, plant 
osier willow in rows three feet apart, and one foot 
apart in row. Cultivate the same as corn for at 
least two years—that is, use the cultivator freely 
and cut the grass from around tbe sets. The first 
crop will not amount to much but it is necessary to 
cut it in order not to injure the next. Willows are 
in good demand green without peeling, or yon may 
peel them with Wood's Peeler. I have used it with 
much satisfaction. There is a good market for wil¬ 
lows—green or peeled—at Syracuse or Philadelphia. 
They will bring from $20 to $30 per ton green, or $100 
per ton peeled. The yield is from three to five tons 
per acre green, or about half that amount peeled.” 
Wm. A. Waldo, Prattsburgh, writes:— 1 1 have 
been growing the willow for several years, and if my 
experience is of value to any one else it will be given 
with pleasure. Fit the ground the same as for corn, 
place the rows three feet apart, and the sets from 
twelve to eighteen inches in the row; sets should 
be ten inches long, cut from one year’s growth. 
Large sets are the best. Cultivate the same as for 
corn; keep the ground dean for three years. Cut in 
the fall and stack them, (or set in water if they are 
to be peeled in the spring;) steam and peel in the 
winter. 1 have never had any trouble to sell; my 
trouble has been that I had so few to sell. New 
York, Albany, Buffalo, Chicago, New Orleans, St. 
Louis, and many other places, are good markets. 
The prices for the past year have been from $100 to 
$240 per ton peeled. These prices have not varied 
much for five years. As to the yield per acre, it is 
some like asking how mnch corn will yield per acre. 
It depends upon the soil and culture. A rich soil, 
well cultivated, will yield four tons per acre, peeled. 
Poor soil, poorly cultivated, will yield one ton per 
acre.” 
Reims for Fattening Hogs. 
Mr. F. H. Guiwits of Clinton, Mich., writes:— 
“In the Rural of Feb. 15, “B.,” in his article on 
Bean Culture, asserts that “for fattening hogs or 
sheep they (beans) are far superior to corn.” Al¬ 
though it is true that beans are more nutritious than 
corn, yet they will not cause animals to lay ou fat as 
rapidly as when fed the latter grain. The reason for 
this statement will become plain when we examine 
POTTER’S THREE - HORSE CLEVIS. 
Our engraving represents a new and valuable- 
improvement in contrivances for working three 
horses abreast, and one which will attract the 
attention of all farmers. It was patented on the 
7th of January, 1868 , by Mr. E. M. Potter of 
Kalamazoo, Mich., who thus describes his inven¬ 
tion and enumerates its advantages: 
This implement is all of iron, very durable, and 
believed to be the best device known for working 
three horses abreast. It consists of a 6-inch and a 
3-incb grooved pulley or “double shive” in one 
casting, — a clevis iron of peculiar shape, so as to 
avoid side draft, the bolt of which is the movable 
axle to the pulleys, and a guard secured at right 
angles to the clevis iron for the purpose of keeping 
the chain on the largest pulley. The chain, from 
the doubletree, which is 4j-£ feet long, passes under 
and one-half way around tbe small pulley and is 
fastened by a “stud.” The chain from the single¬ 
tree of the “ third ” or middle horse passes over and 
one-half way around the lai ge pulley, and is secured 
-♦ * ■- ■■ - 
the constituents of the two grains. The proportion 
of plastic or tissue-forming material to its respira¬ 
tory or heat-producing matter in corn, is as 1 to 5.76, 
while in beans the proportion is as 1 to 2.33. Beans 
arc nitrogenous food, corn carbonaceous or respira¬ 
tory; the former variety of food builds up and re¬ 
pairs the waste of the system, giving development 
to the animal, making him grow ; the latter supplies 
the furnace with fuel, keeping up the animal heat, 
and when more Is eaten than Is needed for this pur¬ 
pose it is laid away in the system in the form of fat. 
Whatever the feed of the animal may be, he has 
first to get a supply for auimal heat and for the 
waste of the tissues, and theu if there be a surplus, 
it may go to the growth of the body, either as flesh 
or fat, of course commonly supplying both in vary¬ 
ing quantities. It is on this surplus that we must 
rely in fattening, and the surplus when corn is fed is 
much richer in fatty matter than when beans are 
the feed; and when tbe latter are eaten, the sur¬ 
plus, after supplying the needs of the system, will 
he richer in plastic or flesh-producing matter. Hence 
we see that from corn we shall get more fat in the 
laboratory of tbe hog, because there is more in the 
grain ; and from beaus css development of adipose, 
but more of other tissue, particularly muscle. 
For teams that work, and for men, too, where 
there is great waste of tie muscles, beans are admi¬ 
rable food. For making stock grow, without exces¬ 
sive fatness, they arc excellent. As it was my object 
to draw attention to this subject, which is impor¬ 
tant, rather than to fully discuss it, I will not pur¬ 
sue it further now.” 
Wheat Turning; Yellow. 
W. F. T., East Sandy Creek, N. Y., writes :—“ I 
would like your views i:i reference to the treatment 
of a field of wheat which I have on the ground. 
The time of sowing was the last of August; the 
soil is of a dry, gravelly nature. The wheat, early 
in the fall, looked thrifty, and had a dark, healthy 
color, but after the long continued dry weather in 
October and November, changed to a yellow tinge, 
as you have seen in sprit g grain when affetted with 
a worm in the root. I fear the strength of soil is 
not sufficient to maintaiu a good crop without some 
surface application in the spring. What shall that 
application be?” 
At this stage of the crop it is too late to enrich 
the land profitably. Lime and plaster won’t take 
tbe place of manure. Use guano curly, or some fer¬ 
tilizer rich in ammonia awl nitrogen. 
Sweeny or Spruiu of the Shoulder. 
Of this disease J. F. (J., Rochester, N. Y., writes: 
“I have had some experience in eases of this kind; 
the best remedy found was to make an incision 
through the skin up and down about an iuch long 
with a sharp knife in the part affected, and with a 
quill fill the cavity with air, rubbing tbe air thor¬ 
oughly with the hand all over the withered part of 
the shoulder, when will done fill the cut with 
common salt. Keep the horse quiet for a few days, 
and use a little goose oil on the cut. If properly 
done it will, in nine case- out of ten, effect a cure.” 
Sow Eaiina Her Pigs, 
A Subscriber writes that having two sows with 
this propensity he tried coercion on one, beating her 
with a stick to induce her to let her offspring live. 
The result was that she destroyed them all. The 
second sow began in the same way, and be tried 
coaxing, rubbing and scratching her and thus put 
her in good humor; “ and she became kind as the 
nature of the beast would permit,” and only ate 
two, saving and earing for the rest. 
in the same manner. In plowing, the small pulley 
should always be to the “land-side.” 
The disadvantages of a common doubletree or old 
fashioned three-horse evener are, that the relative 
shares of draft are maintained only when all the 
horses work evenly and the doubletrees are at right 
angles with the line of draft, and the shorter they 
arc the more advantage one horse can get over 
another by going ahead or falling back — a difficulty 
already experienced iu the use of short vertical levers. 
The advantages of “Potter’s Three-Horse Clevis” 
are: — 1st. It does away with the old fashioned three- 
horse evener, and weighs less than one-half as much. 
2d. There is no “shirking,” for the relative shares 
of draft are perfectly equalized as the chains wind 
or unwind. 3d. The “ off” horse is one foot nearer 
the line of draft or end of plow-beam, making the 
draft nearly straight forward; a very great advantage 
over the old way of plowing with three horses abreast 
and insuring tbe plowman “great pleasure and profit 
thereby.” 
Burning; Out Fence Corners. 
“Subscriber,” Broome Co., N. Y., writes: — “I 
see that ‘Incog’ in bis article in the Rural of 
Feb. 15, on ‘weeds,’ suggests remarks. I don’t op¬ 
pose bis practice of burning out fence corners, but 1 
approve of mowing them and putting whatever 
grows therein with the coarse fodder for sheep. It 
makes an excellent change of fodder, which is almost 
indispensable to their thrift. It answers just a3 well 
in clearing the c orners as burning. Weeds grow not 
by birds but by neglect, i. t ., if the grass is not cut and 
taken off you will certainly have a hedge of weeds or 
briers. Neglect will produce the same result with 
any land 4 Incog ’ may say —‘Ah’ but you don’t 
get rid of ibe seed.’ I don’t expect as long as we 
once have bad seed in everything, to get rid of them 
by burning up one-thousandth part of the farm’s 
produce. The most of the foul seeds are rendered 
harmless by proper cultivation. 
“About burning straw spread on stubble, it makes 
me think of Dr. Franklin’s burning the barn to get 
rid of tbe weasel. To think of burning up a ton of 
straw to the acre and another ton of stubble and 
with that all the surface manure to get rid of the 
weed seeds, to me is like burning the barn to get rid 
of the weasel. A farmer in my town last spring 
drew out com fodder and spread it on meadow and 
burned it. All he got was the ashes. I thought 
there waa no great loss without some small gam, but 
in this ease it was like Tom Jones burning his vest 
to get the buttons, and they happened to be leather.” 
How to Destroy the Daisy. 
Ira W. Green, West Rush, N. Y., writes:—“A 
few years ago, by straightening a fence, I let some 
two acres into a field that 1 was about to mow. The 
field from which this piece of two acres was taken, 
grew wheat the year before and was seeded with clo¬ 
ver and timothy. The corn-chamomile or daisy came 
np very thick, and when it was in blossom the field 
Looked quite white; I mowed it early, so that none 
of it should seed before it was cut. The year follow¬ 
ing I observed that it did not uppear; the mowing 
had destroyed that growth. So the next year I 
sowed a lot to barley, which had been planted to 
corn year after year, in order to exterminate the 
daisy, but without success. 1 seeded with clover, 
and the following year mowed it tlie 21st day of 
June. It destroyed that growth of weeds. 
“ Having in view the complete extermination of 
the weed, I adopted the following system of crop¬ 
ping :—First plant to corn (after putting all the ma¬ 
nure that can be made during the winter on the 
ground and plowing it shallow.) The next spring 
sow to barley; in the fall plow deep and sow the 
barley stubble to wheat, and seed with timothy at 
the rate of 5 lbs. to the acre, and pick off' all the 
stone that would hinder a mower. The following 
spring, the last of March, sow clover at the rate of 
10 lbs. to the aere, and sow on plaster. Next year 
mow, next pasture with horses, cattle and sheep; 
then put ou manure and plant to com again. So 
with each field in succession, taking a six years’ 
course. If you wish to destroy Eckler clover, seed 
thick and mow. Keep the ground rich.” 
Sowing Grass Seed with Buckwheat, 
C. G. Bailey, Allegany Co., N. Y., gives us the 
results of two successful experiments iu growing 
grass and clover seed with buckwheat, each time 
obtaining a good “ catch,” and concludes that if he 
had a piece of ground that was poor he would as 
soon seed with buckwheat as any crop. If the buck¬ 
wheat grows too rank it will smother the young 
grass and clover, as will any grain ; otherwise it is 
able to do well. 
WHEAT CULTURE IN THE SOUTHWEST. 
— 
NUMBER FOUR. 
now THE ELEMENTS OF "WHEAT GET INTO SOILS AND 
OUT OF THEM. 
In exploring the Red River to its source for the 
U. 8. Government, Capt. Marcy found it passing 
through a continuous bed of gypsum, of unknown 
but probably of great depth, of one hnndred miles 
in extent. In passing over this lime salt for so 
great a distance, he found, as might be expected, 
that the water dissolved so mnch of it as to become 
equally unpleasant to the taste and worthless for 
quenching thirst, or eliminating other salts and 
effete matter from the Bystem. Wherever this 
noble river overflows its banks and covers its gen¬ 
erally broad flats and bottoms, it is obvious that the 
soil below will be more or less impregnated with 
this well known fertilizing salt. It is equally plain 
that, so far as the water of the Red River may extend 
into the Gulf of Mexico, it will contribute some¬ 
thing more than its quota of gyp&um to any sedi¬ 
mentary rocks that may be uow forming from the 
waste of a continent as it flows down the ever 
muddy and ever grand Mississippi. The agricul- 
’ tural 3tndent l it is for such that this old and humble 
pen writes mainly,) will see that stratified rocks 
' formed in an ocean of sea salt in this way will nat- 
r urally possess, with their sand, clay, lime, iron ore, 
or other deposits, whatever elements of wheat 
either land or sea may contain. In tbe course of 
' geological ages, when these ocean-formed rocks are 
elevated into islands and continents by often re- 
5 peated or long continued volcanic action below 
1 them, there Is found at length on the groimd above 
r the sea level soils of exceedingly unequal capacity 
5 and value for producing wheat and other agricul- 
3 tural plants. Deposits of sand appear to have been 
^ so segregated and washed as to have left in them, 
t when consolidated into rock, much less of the ele¬ 
ments of wheat, such as potash, soda, magnesia, 
: lime, sulphur, phosphorus and chlorine, than de¬ 
posits of lime, clay, or any mixture of these with 
1 each other or sand. 
f Hence, calcareous sands, clays, swamp muck, or 
• other earthy strata, are generally better adapted to 
1 improve a defective wheat soil than any deposit of 
r comparatively pure sand, clay, lime or vegetable 
t mold. The most perfect combination of the min- 
t eral constituents of wheat (including alumina,) and 
1 these rather loosely held together, so that air, water 
t and frost will break them down rapidly into material 
1 for soils out of solid rocks, give rise to the best 
r i wheat lands. There are many sections in Tennessee 
j and other southwestern States where rocks and soils 
t [ similar to the calcareous shales in the Genesee Val- 
e ley are largely developed. The elements of wheat 
a as found in the granitic soils of the Atlantic slope, 
a and generally of the New England type, cannot 
d now be considered. 
There are many ways in which the most essential, 
s or rather. mosVxpensive (if purchased,) elements 
1 of wheat are removed from cultivated fields. As- 
lf similable nitrogen is now worth twenty cents a 
d pound in our currency in England. Some four- 
e fifths of the atmosphere there, as elsewhere, are 
^ nitrogen; but ibis is not available for agricultural 
£ purposes. The rocks of Great Britain contain as 
^ much potash and phosphorus as similar strata in 
lt America; but tbe supply is far below the demand 
for the Improvement of impoverished soils. Where 
it; tillage dissolves more of the salts of potash and 
other constituents of wheat than crops take up, so 
far is it from certain that the excess remains for 
future plants, growing on the same surface, that I 
^ have no doubt much is removed in moving water, 
e limpid or muddy, to feed plants elsewhere. Wheat 
6 soils are more injured by leaching and surface wash- 
G i u g than ;§ generally believed. My experience is, 
>_ that to give a field a little additional soil by Irriga- 
e tion greatly improves it. If so, the loss of a little soil 
^ by moving water mnat, damage it in the same ratio. 
6 In East Tennessee, which abounds in bills, knobs, 
ridges and mountains, surface water is ever remov- 
j gig plant food and soils from one place to another. 
The plow, hoe and cultivator greatly promote this 
operation by rendering tbe soil lighter, and more 
. permeable and movable. Hence, a wheat field or 
corn field parts with the constituents of these ce¬ 
reals, not only in the seeds, leaves and cnlms re- 
moved as crops, hut by the loss of plant food first 
dissolved in consequence of tillage and then carried 
tvway in running water. On pretty level land this 
loss doe- not occur, unless the subsoil be so loose 
tr as to permit water to pass somewhat freely through 
” it. The construction of horizontal ditches and 
^ g-jtteis on the sides of hills and mountains, to 
catch surface water and distribute it laterally, is 
cr the propter remedy. Another is to plow deep, sow 
a nd plant less surface, so that the chemical effects 
Lr of tillage on the elements of wheat shall be more 
concentrated, giving more grain to the acre, and 
o fewer acres in washed and impoverished old fields. 
There are not far from one hundred million acres of 
^ turned out old fields south of Mason and Dixon’s 
line—not so much from the loss of fertilizing sub¬ 
stances carried away in crops, as from shallow plow¬ 
ing, no seeding to perennial grasses, and mnch 
e surface washing. With the above brief hints, sbow- 
g i n some degree how the elements of wheat get 
e into soils and out of them, I close this letter with 
,e the remark that twenty years’ careful study of 
is Southern soils, climates, tillage, crops and bus- 
baudry, has given me a profound interest in the im- 
g provement and success of Southern Agriculture 
s I during the next decade. Lee ‘ 
Gap Creek, Knox Co., Tenn. J 
tcpiuic j $3.00 PER YEAR, 
i tniud, p single Copy, Six Gents. 
ROCHESTER, N. Y, AND NEW YORK CITY, 
0 (82 Buffalo St., Rochester. 
OvFiCES,) 41 Park Row, New York. 
VOL. XIX. NO. IU 
FOR THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, MARCH U, 1868. 
{WHOLE NO. U7 
