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Written for Moore’s Rural New-Yorker. 
ANGLO-SAXON AGRICULTURE. 
From Turner’s History we cull some items of 
interest in regard to Anglo - Saxon Agriculture. 
to the Saxon inva- 
Written for Moore's Rural New-Yorker. 
THROUGH NICARAGUA.—No. I 
It was low tide when we went down to Bristol, 
and the great, gray rocks stood up, bare and grim, 
above the water; but high up, on all their sides, 
was a black line that seemed hardly dry, though it 
was far above the water. 
“ What makes that black mark on the rocks ? ” I 
asked, of my friend. 
“Oh, that is the tick mark," she replied. “Every 
day, when the tide comes in, the water rises and 
rises, until it reaches that line, and in a great mauy 
years it has worn nway the stone until the mark is 
cut into the rock.” 
“Oh,” thought I, “that is all, is it? Well, I 
have seen a great many people that carried tide 
marks on their faces.” Right In front of me was a 
pretty little girl, with delicate features and pleasant 
blue eyes. But she had some queer little marks on 
her forehead, and I wondered how they came to be 
there, until presently her mother said: 
“Shut down the blind now, Carrie; the sun 
shines right in baby’s face.” 
“ I want to look out,” said Carrie, peevishly. 
But her mother insisted, and Carrie shnt the 
blind, and turned her face away from the wiudow. 
Oh dear me! what a face it was! The blue eyes 
were full of frowns instead of smiles, the pleasant 
lips were drawn up in an ugly pout, and the queer 
little marks on the forehead had deepened into 
actual wrinkles. 
“Poor little girl,” I thought, “how had you will 
feel when you grow up, to have your face marked 
all over with the tide marks of passionfor these 
evil tempers leave their marks just as surely as the 
ocean docs, and 1 have seen many a face stamped so 
deeply with self-will and covetousness that it must 
carry’ the marks to the grave. 
Take care, little folks! and whenever you give 
1 way to had temper, remember the “ tide marks.” 
The Ancient Britons, previous 
sion, which took place in the fifth and sixth centu¬ 
ries, had developed Agriculture to so great an extent 
that England was one of the granaries of the Roman 
Empire. Fields were inclosed by hedges—bounda¬ 
ries were well defined—regular allotments for arable, 
pasture, meadow and wood land were made — gar¬ 
dens, orchards and viueyards were cultivated—roads 
were laid out aud somewhat improved—villages and 
towns existed — all very much as is noted in a com¬ 
paratively thinly settled agricultural country of our 
own times. The Anglo-Saxon invaders coming into 
a country thus prepared became at once an agricul¬ 
tural people, 
A description of the figures illustrating an ancient 
Saxon Calendar will show much as to their habits 
and customs. The mouths of the year are repre¬ 
sented as follows; 
January — Men plowing with four oxen; one 
drives, another holds the plow and a third scatters 
seed. 
February —Men pruning trees and vines. 
March — One is digging, a second is sowing and a 
11 There were people in crowds on the pure, 
There wore friends to friends breathing farewell; 
There were stout-hearted men and pale women in tears, 
Some parting forever, and some for long years. 
There were sorrows that tongue cannot tell. 
To one who has never witnessed such a scene, it 
is impossible to give any graphic description of it. 
I might attempt to tell you how it appeared to me, 
and. how my heart thrilled and surged with wild 
feeling and enthusiasm, as I looked upon that great 
heaving mass of humanity, whose upturned faces 
but reflected the heart-ache aud longing in the 
faces on the ship. But I could not make you 
even then exquisitely fed all the mysterious work¬ 
ings of human sorrow and human passion as here 
manifested. There were tear-dimmed eyes, and 
white, quivering lips, and hurrying hither and 
thither along the pier, to catch the last look of 
“eyes that spake again,” until we swung clear 
from our moorings, and steamed down the bay. 
“ There were hands grasped convulsively there, 
And handkerchiefs waved hi the breeze, 
In the vessel's broad wako followed many a prayer 
A« she floated along, like a bird in the air, 
Ota her way to the perilous seas.” 
And so we floated on and on; past the beautiful 
homes and spires of the City of Churches —on and 
on, until we could no longer see nor hear aught of 
the pulsations of the great city’s heart,—on and on, 
until the last island was far behind, and our trusty 
pilot left us for the pilot-boat, and then on aud on 
“ Alone, alone, on a wide, wide sea I” 
How lovingly we took the last long look of the 
Jersey shore, feeling as though, when we lost sight 
of that, we were letting go our last hold upon home 
and loved ones, and thence should swing out into 
the great unknown. 
And yet our hearts fly backward over all this 
waste of waters, over these restless sea3, and eling 
with ever closer love, to the tried and time who 
so long for us. Think you the winds or waves, or 
time or tempest, can blot from our memory the 
pictures of a mother’s sweet, pale face, or brother’s 
or sister’s last good bye,—or even the lingering 
caresses of nearer and dearer? Nay, verily. Aud 
Thermometer is a Greek word, and means heat- 
measure. Mr. Fahrenheit, who invented the kind 
of thermometer which is used iu this country aud in 
England, lived in a warmer climate than onrs. He 
never breathed the keen air of a zero-cold morning; 
but he knew what the boys and girls who make ice¬ 
cream know so well—that a mixture of snow and 
salt or pounded ice and salt, is much colder than ice 
alone. Indeed, he thought that such a mixture was 
so cold that there could uot possibly be any heat in 
it at all. So ho concluded that the temperature of 
this mixture would be a good starting-point from 
which to mark oil the scale of Ids thermometer. 
Putting the bulb iuto tbo snow and salt, be marked 
the point to which the mercury, which fills the tube, 
fell, 0 (cipher,) zero, uothiug; because, as before 
said, he thought the amount of heat was nothing. 
But had he lived in our cold New England, instead 
of Germany, he would have found, perhaps to his 
sorrow, that our wintry air is often colder than his 
ice and salt. Theu, If the air is ever colder than 
this mixture. It follows that there must be Borne 
heat in the ice and salt to make it warmer than the 
air. So Mr. Fahrenheit was mistaken about bis 
zero's expressing, as he intended it should, no heat. 
Indeed, chemists toll us that, by an experiment 
which they kuow how to perform, they can produce 
a degree of cold compared with which Fahrenheit’s 
zero is quite hot.— Ow Boy* and Girls. 
Faraday’s widely extended scientific reputation. 
Iu 1833 came his admission, as a corresponding 
member, to the French Academy of Sciences, and 
In 1825 his election as Fellow of the Royal Society. 
The “Chemical Manipulation” was published in 
1 SS 7 — a book of the utmost value to those engaged 
iu chemical experiments, and from which the most 
practiced might learn as well as the youngest begin¬ 
ner. His methods of experimenting wore always 
beautiful and simple, and his resources boundless, 
while, at the same time, he indulged little in the 
luxury of expensive apparatus, and the damage doue 
by breakage of glass in bis laboratory was incredibly 
small 11 is handling was as earerui and delicate as 
the conception and general management of his ex¬ 
periment were far-sighted and original. The results 
man separates the oxen l ieaa tnem t,o tne meaaows, 
and all night I stand watching over them on account 
or thieves; aud again in the morning 1 take them to 
the plow well fed and watered.” 
These servants were for the most part the de¬ 
scendants of the conquered and enslaved Britons. 
The rental required from estates may be partially 
understood fromlna’s laws, where it is declared that 
“ ten hides of land shall furnish teu vessels of honey, 
three hundred loaves, twelve ainbra of Welsh ale, 
thirty of clear ale, two old rums, teu wethers, ten 
geese, twenty liuue, ten cheeses, au aiubra full Of 
batter, five salmon, tweuty pounds' weight of fod¬ 
der and an hundred eels.” Another gives “ten 
mittus or malt, five of grits, teu mittas flour of 
wheat, eight gammons, Bixteen cheeses and two fat 
cows; and in Lent eight salmon.” 
The implements of husbandry included plows, 
rakes, sickles, scythes, forks and flails. Of fish, eels 
formed the staple, and of flesh, swine were more 
commonly used than cattle. Their wheat was sown 
in spring, The belief was common that lands might 
STARTING JUST RIGHT. 
Sats Amos Lawrence of himself;—“ We five boys 
were In the habit, every forenoon, of making a drink, 
compounded of rum, raisins, sugar, nutmeg, etc., 
with biscuit,—all palatable to eat aud drink. After 
being in the Btore four weeks, 1 found myself ad¬ 
monished by my appetite of the hour of indulgence. 
Thinking the habit might make trouble if allowed 
to grow stronger, without further apology to my 
seniors 1 declined partaking with them. My first 
resolution was to abstain one week, and when the 
week was out, for a month, and then for a year. 
Finally, 1 resolved to abstain for the rest of my ap¬ 
prenticeship, which was five years longer. During 
ttiat period I never drank a spoonful, though I mix¬ 
ed gallons daily for my master and his customers. 
I decided not to be a slave to tobacco in any form, 
though I loved the odor of it, and even now have 
in my drawer a superior Havana cigar, given me not 
long since by a friend, but only to smell of. I have 
never in my life, smoked a cigar; never chewed hut 
one quid, aud that before I was fifteen; and never 
took an ounce of snuff, though the scented rappee 
of forty years ago had great ebarms for me. Now, 
I say, to this simple fact of darting just right am I 
indebted, with God’s blessings on my labor, for my 
preseut position, as well as that of numerous con¬ 
nections sprung up around me.” 
fully iu the distance, aud seemed grateful after so 
mauy days with naught but the wild rolling waves 
beneath us, aud over us naught but the broad bluu 
sky. Cuba sped by lu the cover of uight, as if she 
shunned the broad glare of day, aud Jamaica ap¬ 
peared dim and shadowy in the distance. A thicl^ 
mist hovered over her, aud wc could but just dis¬ 
cern her outlines, aud see now and theu the bright 
gleam of her revolving light. 
And then we left all these, and glided down into 
the Caribbean Sea, leagues and leagues away from 
our accustomed land marks. Upon the rough bosom 
of this old sea, for nearly three .days, we rolled and 
tossed unceasingly, till rolling aud tossing seemed 
a part of our very being, au element, indeed, of our 
uos-mal state. The result of all this commotion was 
a speedy experience of that peculiar good feeling 
which makes one inclined to turn inside out. We 
had heard and read much of this most delightful 
sensation, but never realized its comforts (?) before. 
Iu the midst of a social chat, I felt called upon to 
rush to the boat’s side with great speed, and there 
immediately ensued a violent struggle of nature. 
Old Bilious had the best of it, aud I retired from 
the field fuLly vanquished, aud remained a captive 
for nearly three days. 
We soon grew weary of this terrible rock and roll, 
—weary of trying to stand, or sit, or walk,—weary of 
endeavoring to Batisfy hunger, when the food would 
as soon go anywhere else as iuto our mouths. Ocean- 
life is very beautiful for a few bright days; but 
when these lengthen into weeks, the isolation and 
dreariness become almost intolerable. The color of 
the water varies very much from time to time;—now 
a beautiful sea-green, flecked with foam, then “ deep¬ 
ly, darkly, beautifully blue,” reflecting the rich hues 
of the sky, then again dull and leaden, lashing into 
blackness, &s if angry and vindictive. 
On the eighth day, we anchored off Grey town. 
The natives came swarming towards us in little 
boats, bringing tropical fruits and fancy work to 
sell. The little town looked pleasant and beautiful 
from the ship, but they told us it would seem other¬ 
wise, when once wc entered its precincts. The sea 
was calm aud smooth, and we rocked slowly and 
lightly, held secure by the iron at the cable’s end. 
But up at the beach 1 saw the surf roll up cold aud 
pitiless, dashing its spray far aud near, and sadly I 
murmured— 
“ Break break, break, 
At the foot of thy crags, O sea; 
But the tender grace ol a day that is dead 
Will never come back to me.” 
“Nevada.” 
TnE following description of the Northern Lights, 
by George McDonald, is very life-like; 
“ It was a still, lovely night, clear and frosty, 
w ith — yes, there were — millions of stars overhead. 
Away in the north, the streamers were shooting 
hither and thither, with marvelous evanescence and 
regeneration. No dance of goblins could be more 
lawless in its groteaquencss than this dance of the 
northern lights in their ethereal beauty, shining, 
with a wild, ghostly changefulnesa and feebleness, 
all colors at once; now here, now there, like a row 
There is in Casadaga, Chautauqua county, N. Y., 
a miukery, of sufficient Bize to accommodate one 
hundred of these fur-bearing animals. The arrange¬ 
ments are simple and such as will conduce to the 
rapid, safe and successful raising of the 
The nest of the female is very peculiarly constructed 
of grass, leaves, or straw, with u lining of her own 
fur so firmly compacted together as to lie with diffi¬ 
culty torn iu pieces. About tile middle Of March 
young are reared. The necessity for this arises 
from the fact that the males seem inclined to brood 
the young almost as much as the dam, when both 
are permitted to remain together. 
The expense of feeding the animals is almost 
nominal, being supplied pretty much entirely from 
the usual offal of the farm-yard, with occasional 
woodchucks and game in general. They eat this 
food with equal avidity after decomposition has 
taken place, devouring every particle of flesh, car 
tilatre and the softer bones. The flesh aud bones 
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT OBJECTS UPON 
DIFFERENT PERSONS. 
duce this effeet. Veal produces nettle-rash; orange | 
peal, nervous excitement. Figs in some stomachs, I 
produce a sensation like that of swarming with | 
ants. Rice acts like poison on some people, and 
they can detect the presence of even a few grains 
of it, no matter how well disguised. A ease of a 
man’s being sick unto death from eating mutton- 
chop is recorded; a case of fatality as pronounced 
as if he had eaten toad stools. Under whatever 
form—broth, roasted, broiled —it always produced 
Violent vomiting and diarrhoea. The touch'of honey 
causes swelling of the tongue, frothing at the 
QlQttUi, blueness uf the flngefs, in some people; iu 
others, the application of mustard to the Bkiu P lu ‘ 
duces violent twitching of face, arms and legs. 
Some cannot remain in the same' room with a 
cheese, and the surface of a russet apple, or the 
bristles of a brush, excite an exquisite nervoua dis¬ 
tress. The operations of thB hay fever are another 
example of these constitutional eccentricities, as is 
the asthma in Its variations, according to locality; 
some who are afflicted with it being unable to pass 
through certain streets without suffering a spasm of 
it. Other patients changing from the pure atmos- 
phere of the country to the most unhealthful por¬ 
tions of the city are relieved from it. 
In corroboration of these phenomena, in ourpwn 
experience, we have met or known of persons to 
whom the eating of woodcock was the invariable 
Captain 
DIFFERENT KINDS OF GIVERS. 
little boy who had plenty of cents dropped 
He had no thought in his heart about Jesus, the 
heathen, or the missionary, liis was a tin penny. 
It was as light as a scrap of tin. 
Another boy put a penny in, and as he did so 
looked around with a self-applauding gaze, as if he 
had done some great thing. His was a brass penny. 
It was not the gift of a “lowly heart,” but of a 
proud spirit. 
A third gave a penny, saying to himself, “ I sup¬ 
pose I must because all the others do.” That was 
an iron penny. It was the gift ol a cold, hard heart. 
As the fourth boy dropped his penny in the box 
he shed a tear, and in his heart said, « Poor heathens. 
I’m sorry they are so poor, so Ignorant, and so mis¬ 
erable.’’ That was a silver penny. It was the gift 
of a heart full of pity. 
But there was one scholar who gave his cent with 
a throbbing heart, sayiug to himself, “ For thy sake, 
INGROWING TOE NATL, 
Dr. Bailey, in tin! Leavenwoith Medical Journal, 
suggests the following method of healing this an¬ 
noying deformity: 
I have found that the second toe always presses 
against, and rather beneath, the dde of the great toe. 
Many ah flnWise parent works hard, and lives 
sparingly all his life for the purpose of leaving 
enough to give his children a start in the world, as 
it is called. Setting a young man afloat with money 
left him by his relatives, is like tyiug a bladder under 
the arras of one who cannot swim; ten chances to 
one he will lose his bladder and go to the bottom. 
Teach him to swim and he will not need the blad¬ 
der. Give your child a good education. See to it 
that his morals are pure, his mind cultivated, and 
which very naturally produces Jie whole trouble. 
It has occurred to me, therefore, that if this con¬ 
stant cause could be dispensed with, and at the same 
time pressure applied in such a mauuer as to press 
the flesh away from the nail, a permanent cure could 
bo effected without the use of the knife, which is 
justly dreaded by the patient. To accomplish this, 
I got up a bandage, by taking a piece of strong mus¬ 
lin about one inch wide, and }*st long enough to 
make two loops (by sewing,) one large enough to slip 
over the great toe, and tbo other to slip over the 
third toe, aud bring them close together, letting the 
second toe rest over or above tht bandage, where it 
furnishes precisely the required pressure to crowd 
the soft parts away from the uail, and at the same 
time remove the pressure that caused tbe disease. 
In the few ease6 that I have used this simple ap¬ 
pliance it has been followed by complete success. 
It is convenient, not troublesome to apply, and can 
be worn without dispensing with ordinarily tight 
boots or shoes, which is sometimes quite an impor¬ 
tant thing, especially if the patient i& ft lady. 
cauae of violent and dangerous sickness, 
Ward, killed early in the war, on a gunboat iu the 
Potomac, could not see or smell, much less eat, an 
egg, without a terrible revolution in liis atomach. 
A gentleman we know cannot endure the presence 
of an apple anywhere near him. His son brought 
home one in his satchel, and ca/elessly and unbe¬ 
known to the family left it in the closet up stairs. 
The gentleman on entering the houi'e detected the 
scent, and was obliged to remaiu out of doors uutil 
the obnoxious fruit was discovered raid removed. 
Some of us, at least, .are fearfully and -wonderfully 
made. 
Railroad un Mount Washington.— We see it 
stated that the vertical railway up Mount Washing¬ 
ton is to be completed during the coming season. 
It is being constructed on the west side of the 
mountain, and consists of a three-rail track, the 
central one being a cog rail. The car to run upon 
it is something similar to the ordinary “dummy,” 
and is claimed to be perfectly safe. The length of 
the road will be, we think, about two miles, and 
the ascent can he made in a few minutes. But we 
should prefer, for the genuine pleasure of the thing, 
going up by carriage, on the splendidly macadam¬ 
ized Mt. Washington Carriage lioad. The scenery 
varies with every turn in the road as it winds up the 
mountain-side, and new views are presented con¬ 
stantly, which surprise and charm the beholder. 
How Sound Travels. — Sound travels through 
the air at the rate of about 1,100 feet a second; but 
as this speed depends upon temperature, it follows 
that sound travels differently, according as the 
weather is warm or cold. At freezing temperature 
its rate Is 1,000 feet a second; at 80’ Fahrenheit, it 
is 1,140 feet. So that sound travels slower in winter 
thau in summer. Its velocity through other sub¬ 
stances is also very dillereut. Through hydrogen 
gas it is 4,160 feet a second, aud through water a 
little greater than this. Iron conveys it at nearly 
four times this speed. 
Regret not a golden age that is behind. There is 
one before, and it beckons you. Its rewards are not 
for the idle, but for brave hearts disciplined to toiL 
Only two of the 1900 volumes of Dickens ’ works 
in the Mercantile Library, at New York, w. “ re on 
their shelves the day of his arrival in this con utry. 
