Mm? 
Agriculture 
$3.00 PER YEAR. 
Single Copy, Six Cents, 
182 Buffalo St., Rochester, 
»j 41 Park Row, New York, 
■with the clover worm, which cats the stems. Where 
such have been it is unsafe to stack again. Long 
and narrow hay stacks are of good form to feed out. 
Round ones are better for grain in bundles. 
Stock and Stalls —Horses work hard in harvest 
time and should be liberally fed. Other stock re¬ 
quire little care 6ave that they have plenty of water 
and salt. Keep stables clean and dusted with plaster. 
Minor Forage Crops .— Provide for wintering more 
stock by sowing turnips, planting cabbage in the 
corn and potato fields in the place of missing hills 
and sowing corn for fodder. Make every foot of 
land produce usefully. There is a crop suitable 
for each season. 
stand is very good. I applied ashes and plaster 
8ome tune after that, and though the wheat is for¬ 
ward and was then advanced, I fancy I can see the 
benefit of the top dressing. I see that the most ex¬ 
hausted spots in my poorest fields will produce clo¬ 
ver of good size. This tellB me to use it, and plaster 
and compost, and the land will be restored. I Intend 
beginning the experiment aud pursuing it to the 
test. Do you think it would be best to sow timo¬ 
thy with the wheat in the fall and clover in the early 
spring ? 
WHEAT. 
In our section but two kinds of wheat are much 
used —the Bonghton and the “Little Red.” The 
former is more subject to injury than the latter, re¬ 
quires more per acre, and is losing its good name 
with many. The “ Bowers” was productive here, 
but was too sensitive to injury, and has been given 
up. The small red (I don’t know the name) yields 
most and i6 most hardy. I tried a small quantity of 
Lancaster Red this year. The stock came from Penn¬ 
sylvania. For the ground the straw is very good, 
the heads exceedingly large—much larger than the 
“ Little Red” near it. I Bee, however, that the rust 
is worse upon it than any other that I have. For 
this reason I am afraid to risk much of it. 
CANNING FRUITS. 
I would like to know the cheapest, sure plan for 
bottling or canning fresh fruits. The season is at 
hand with ns to begin. The preserving fluid, so 
highly recommended by some, is injurious to the 
flavor of the fruit. It is, I presume, an alkaline 
preparation that neutralizes acids which are essen¬ 
tial to the natural taste and healthfulness of the 
fruits. 
In conclusion, 1 muBt ask the best remedy for 
fistula in a horse. I have one on the shoulder of a 
fine horse, which has been discharging for some 
time. a. w. m. 
Flat River, -June, 1868. 
MOORE'S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
AN ORIGINAL WEEKLY 
AGRICULTURAL, LITERARY ANB FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
(PUBLISHER AND PROPRIETOR,) 
With & Corps of Able Associates and Contributors 
G. F. WILCOX and A. A. HOPKINS. Associate Editors, 
Hon. HENRY B. RANDALL, LL. D., 
Editor of tiie Department of Sheep Husbandry. 
Dr. DANIEL LEE, Southern Corresponding Editor. 
HIRAM BUMPHREY and REUBEN D. JONES, 
Assistant and Commercial Editors. 
wichtmah 
JENNINGS’ 
Ouk illustration represents an improved imple¬ 
ment for the butter dairy which, we think, will be 
examined with interest by all of our butter making 
readers. It has a practical, labor-saving look, and 
the idea is bo Bimple and obvious withal, that we 
cannot help wondering why it has not been promul¬ 
gated and thoroughly tested ere this. The principle 
is the using of a few large pans Instead of many 
small ones. The pan is oblong in shape, with square 
or rounded corners, as may be preferred, and of 
the depth or ordinary round pans. Two feet are 
sufficient for the width, but the leugth may be ac¬ 
cording to the capacity desired. This pan for hold¬ 
ing the milk is Bet in another which is large enough 
to contain water for bringing the milk to a proper 
temperature. The two are Inclosed with wood and 
supported on legs, and form a not unsightly appa¬ 
ratus Tor the dairy room. The engraving shows also 
covers which may be made of glass or muslin as pre¬ 
ferred. The raised lid on the left marks the opening 
for the admission of water to the second pan. At 
one end there i6 one leg only, which i 3 made shorter 
than the others, but supported on a block of wood. 
By removing the block the pan. ^'.ybc tilted And 
the skimmed milk drained off through suitable 
openings. 
Special Contributors. 
P. BABRT, F. R. HLLIOTT, E. W. B TRW ART, 
H. T. BROOKS, JOHN E. SWEET, JAMBS VICK, 
MRS. MART J. HOLMES, MRS. L. E. LYMAN. 
The inventor claims the following advantages for 
this pan over the common round one in ordinary 
1186 •— 11 d- It is large enough to hold one milking of 
a common dairy. 2. It costa less than the old appa¬ 
ratus, and will last much longer. 3. It saves «<fths 
of the loss of cream from adhering to the pane. 4. 
It saves %ths of the labor of straining and setting 
up the milk. 5. It saves %ths of the labor of skim- 
miug. 6. It saves %ths of the labor of washing 
pans. 7. It avoids all cream flakes by preventing 
the drying of the top of the cream. S. Doors and 
windows may be left open and no flies or dust will 
get in the cream. 9. It prevente loss and injury 
from cold weather, by keeping the milk warm and 
raising the cream in due time. 10. By removing the 
heat from the milk as soon as it is strained, aud 
keeping it at the right temperature for cream to rise, 
(about 62 deg.,) it Baves Iobs from the milk souring 
in hot weather before all the cream is up, il. By 
using this pan, good butter, of the right color as 
well as quality , can be made at all seasons, in any 
place where cold well or spring water can be obtain¬ 
ed. These claims arc not made on theory, but are 
the result of actual tests by experienced ano reliable 
Dairymen.” For further information address A. F, 
Jennings & Co., Dunkirk, N. X. 
The horse is one of the most powerful, ambitions 
and sensible of domestic animal, and yet, in a certain 
sense, is far from being a hardy one. In this respect 
| the horse is not equal to the rough and tumble usage 
which the mnle or even the ox can bear without ex¬ 
hibiting marked signs of the severe discipline to 
which they have been subjected. In reviewing the 
many horses daily thronging the streets of the larger 
towns and cities, the number of defective ones can 
scarcely fail of being remarked. Some are ailing in 
the fore limbs, others in the hind oneB, and not a 
few in both. ThiB is not necessarily the result of age, 
defective blood, nor of special hard work, though 
jn some instances it may be so, but much oftener 
is the consequence of careless handling or positive 
cruelty on the part of those to whom they are 
entrusted. 
As has been already intimated the horse, in a cer¬ 
tain sense, is a delicate animal, and if pounced upon 
in a passion while encumbered with harness, and 
possibly with a load too heavy for easy movement, 
the chances are that efforts to escape punishment 
will result in such an over-tension of the muscles as 
to produce permanent lameness. Every one, con¬ 
versant with the rough and tumble work of the 
farm, the lumber forests, stone quarries, the dockB 
and the like, will have encountered many difficulties 
in which teams and teamsters have their tempers 
and powers of endurance severely tried. Both be¬ 
come excited and fractious, and whatever the fault, 
if fault there be, the horse is likely to receive pretty 
severe treatment if not permanent damage. Not a 
few horses are lamed under such circumstances, 
while others are injured by want of proper conBider- 
tion on the part of those having them in charge,— 
not from positive ill treatment, but by carelessness 
in placing the animals in such situations as to can&e 
unwonted exertions to escape from an apprehended 
danger. Hough, boorish meu are not suited to the 
care of an animal having the spirit, tenderness and 
susceptibility pertaining to the horse, and were such 
less frequently entrusted with the management of 
stable stock, there would be fewer limping and com¬ 
paratively valueless horses in our public thorough¬ 
fares than there are at present. The greatest care, 
it is true, cannot prevent accidents to horses, in all 
eases, but with proper attention the number of the 
halting ones would constitute the exception, and 
not the rule, as is now too often the case. 
Terms, In Advance— Three Dollars a Tear Five 
copies lor *14; Seven, sad one free to Clnti AgeDt, for *19; 
Ten, and one free, for *36—only *2J50 per copy. As we pro- 
pay American postage, *3.70 la the lowest Clnh rate to Canada 
and *8,50 to Europe. The best way to remit la by Draft or 
Post-Ofllce Money Order,—and all Drafts aud Orders made 
payable to the Publisher hat bx hailed at hib risk. 
CT All Business Letters, Contributions, &c., should be 
addressed to Rochester until otherwise announced. 
July brings more anxiety to the fanner than any 
other month of the year; the great harvest of grain 
aDd hay is mostly gathered then, and it is his lot to 
toil severely through the long hot days. To many 
other classes it is the Bcason of rest and recreation; 
the springs, the seaside or the mountains, are the 
resort of thOBe whose business is done behind the 
counter or desk. Fortunate for the farmer that in 
this Beason of toil and heat his labor is not done be¬ 
tween brick walls, but where the free, fresh breeze 
can fan him, and the golden-hued landscape of the 
harvest-month invigorate his spirits. 
The Harvest Field .—Good implements will go far 
towards supplying a deficiency of men. It is also 
cheaper to nse the tools than the human muscle 
which they balance. Therefore it is for the interest 
of no farmer to enter the harvest field poorly sup¬ 
plied with tools. Another thing: keep the tools in 
good order, knives sharp and bearings well oiled. 
Then work steadily and don’t fret. It is poor calcu¬ 
lation to risk much in the harvest field. Grain 
should he bound and securely shocked nearly as fast 
as cut. If the weather is dry and has the appearance 
of continuing so, it will do to cut grain when some¬ 
what green, but if wet let it get ripe. If a farmer 
could have weather of his own choosing he might 
make his straw half as valuable as hay by cutting 
early and curing well, and he would lose nothing in 
the grain. All spring grain is likely to be of good 
height this year, and may be bound readily, but bar¬ 
ley is handled, if unbound, very easily, and there is 
no better way of harvesting, perhaps, than to throw 
it in winrows as you reap, and gather with barley- 
forks. 
Harvest Drin/cs. — Tea and coffee made strong and 
drank clear and hot are the best drinks that can be 
taken into the field if the weather is very warm and 
the labor exhausting. Home-made beer, which every 
housekeeper can brew, is cooliug and grateful. Alco¬ 
holic drinks are full of headaches aud disappoint¬ 
ments. 
The Hay Field.— Haying is the most pleasantfarm 
work if conducted with the proper labor-saving ap¬ 
pliances. There need be little poor hay put in the 
mow or stack. Do not bum up the hay by too 
much Bunning. Clover, especially, requires but little 
sun if well cured in the cock; it will bear stacking 
in an apparently greener stage than timothy or red- 
top. Far more clover is injured by getting over-ripe 
and by too much curing, than by stacking or putting 
in the bam too green. 
QuMvatbuj .— There is a vast deal of small com to 
be tilled in July, and it will hardly do to neglect it. 
Many farmers can find time between their cropB to 
do this work. Especially will this be the case if 
they are strong handed, and in most cases it will pay 
to have one hand more than you absolutely need for 
the sake of getting in your crops promptly and doing 
the cultivating. Another way is to hire an extra 
hand and keep the cultivator goiug while the har¬ 
vesting and haying are carried on. Either plan is 
better than neglect, and the few extra dollars paid 
out in the present will be returned with interest in 
the future. 
The Hummei' Fallow should already be broken, 
and save an occasional harrowing will need no 
COST OF WALL. 
The expense of this wall is easily ascertained. In 
many places, sand, gravel and cobble stones conld 
be drawn to the place of building for fifty cents 
per loud or yard, but we will estimate it at one dol¬ 
lar per yard, or *4 per hundred cubic feet. To this 
should be added 2% barrels of quick lime, costing 
seldom more than $1.2S per barrel. The labor of 
mixing and putting into the boxes cannot be more 
than $2,87. We will call the cost of every hundred 
cubic feet above the foundation $10, or ten cents 
per cubic foot. The foundation will cost more, re¬ 
quiring barrels of water lime per hundred cubic- 
feet, costing thirteen cents per cubic foot. We will 
suppose a house is being erected twenty-five by 
thirty-five feet, that the cellar wuli is sunk live feet 
in the earth, and carried eighteen inches above the 
ground, fourteen inches thick, with a cross wall 
one foot thick. This would require 1,030 cubic feet 
of wall for cellar and foundation, costing $133.90 
The wall for the two stories above should be one 
foot thick aud twenty-two feet high, with one cross 
wall eight inches thick, making 2,390 cubic feet, 
costing $389.00. The same upper wall built of 
brick would cost 25 cts. per cubic foot, or $722.50, 
and stone no less. It cannot be built of wood and 
clap boarded for the price of the gravel wall. 
Ten years ago we built a wall seven feet high, 
eighteen inches thick at bottom and twelve inches 
at top, under a bam 30 by 84 feet, containing 1,926 
cubic feet, besides two brick piers inside to keep 
the wall from swaying sidewise, for $150, costing 
not more than seven cents per cubic foot. This 
wall has stood perfectly, except on the upper aide 
where the earth comes against It and too little 
water lime was put in. .A quick lime wall will 
not stand water. 
ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE HOUSES. 
First: In comparison with wood, they are cheaper, 
many times more desirable, warmer in winter, cooler 
in summer, easily built in any shape, harmonize bet¬ 
ter with the landscape, and are more imposing and 
picturesque in appearance. 
Second: In comparison with stone, they are much 
drier, and consequently more healthy. This arises 
from the porous texture of the concrete, which has 
numerous minute air spaces, reuderiug it a poor con¬ 
ductor of heat, cold or moisture. And when the 
wall becomes thoroughly dry, neither heat, cold nor 
moisture is conducted through it. This renders it 
safe to plaster ou the inside of the wall without any 
furring, thus lessening the expense of inside finish. 
All are familiar with the damp, unpleasant air of 
rooms in many stone houses. This cannot be avoid¬ 
ed, except by furring and leaving an ample air space 
inside the wall. A brick wall is also damper than 
concrete, and, as has been shown, is about two and 
one-half times as expensive. 
Third: This wall can be built almost wholly with 
common labor. If one knows how to mix the con¬ 
crete in the proper proportions, and how to erect, 
plumb and brace the standards, he can build the 
wall as well as any mason. 
Fourth: This method of building is appropriate 
to all classes,—the rich, because it allows the most 
elaborate outside finish, and is capable of as much 
stately grandeur as granite or marble,—the well-to- 
do class, because it can be finished with plain and 
simple elegance,— the poor, because it can be built 
very substantially and cheaply without any finish. 
In many parts of the couniry it is the cheapest of 
modes of building, except the mud hut. It is des¬ 
tined to be the common means of shelter for the 
great treeless West. Iu our next we shall give the 
mode of building this wall.— e, w. s. 
Eds. Rural New-Yorker :—Thanks for the speci¬ 
mens of the Rural. Its pleasing and instructive 
pages need only an impartial perusal to awaken a 
desire to receive it regularly. I accordingly sent 
my subscription as soou as I could, and hope our 
relation as Ed. and Bub. may bo protracted and mu¬ 
tually agreeable. I like the paper more because it 
not only contains much that I like and much that I 
lack, but is very acceptable to all the family. I trust 
I can do some of my friends the favor to induce them 
to take it. The theoretical attainments of Southern 
farmers are not such as the times require. The revo¬ 
lution in the labor system necessitates a revolution 
iu the mode of farming. This is being discovered, 
but too slowly. The Robal is a good agent to help 
forward the change. It contains much that com¬ 
mends it to every variety of good taste and to every 
reader imparts needed information. 
The tendency in my section is hopeful, and but 
for the terrible scarcity of funds, farmers could be 
brought more rapidly to abandon the ruinous policy 
of tilling so much poor laud and adopt the better 
method of few acres, made rich and kept so. I 
think 1 can see a great deal more clover than for¬ 
merly, aud hear more talk about the grasses. This, 
you know, is in the right direction. A few notes of 
my observation in this section of the State—near 
the northern center—may be of interest. 
GUANO. 
Our people have for years confined themselves al¬ 
most exclusively to Peruvian guano as a manure. 
They have raised a little, aud generally of poor qual¬ 
ity, from their own premises—very little compost. 
Ihe guano formerly yielded better results than it 
now does. It has extracted so much and given back 
so little, that of course the land has materially lost 
in power. The ax has kept a tyrannic reign, while 
the fork and spade have scarcely had a fair showing 
in even the garden square. The farmers think the 
guano has deteriorated in quality, while the guano, 
if it were rational, would more justly conclude that 
the farmers were wanting in intelligence. A favor¬ 
ite custom here is to simply roll the wheat in guano, 
taking up about 40 or 50 lbs. to the bushel. This 
often does very well. About four times the quan¬ 
tity—from 160 to 200 lbs. per acre—are applied to 
tobacco. The effect here is very palpable, and in 
this it is thought to be the most remunerative. On 
my pending crop I tried both Peruvian and the Pa¬ 
cific guano. I think the former is doing best, 
though the difference is not striking. 1 applied the 
Pacific very heavily on a field from which I harvest¬ 
ed a fine crop of wheat last year. The one who man¬ 
aged the seeding broke the ground near the time of 
Bowing, turning under the grass and weeds, then 
sowed down the grain with a liberal broadcasting of 
the guano, and simply harrowed it in. The wheat is 
about the poorest I have. My conjecture is that 
the grass made a sort of hollow bed, through which 
the roots could not penetrate, and the plants lan¬ 
guished for want of the nourishment from beneath. 
Am I right ? 
CLOVER. 
I sowed down clover with oats rather late last 
year, in two small lots. The stand was excellent, 
considering the quantity of seed, except where the 
land was too close and damp. In April I applied 
plaster and ashes—a little over a bushel of each to 
the acre —and they evidently pushed the clover 
rapidly. Its juicy bounty has been regaling my 
horses aad cows for weeks, and the second growth 
is coming cheerily on. 1 sowed a lot of clover on 
wheat and oats about the middle of April 
Last week we witnessed the operation of a novel 
improvement in the line of harrows, on the farm of 
Judge Gould of Brighton, near Rochester. The 
machine, a Sulky Harrow, is well represented above. 
It has fifteen ordinary harrow teeth, each independ¬ 
ent of the other, so that they readily adapt themselves 
to the irregularities of the surface. The work was 
well done, and with ease to the team, the draft being 
much lighter than that of ordinury harrows. Sev¬ 
eral farmers who were present expressed satisfaction 
at the practical working of the new invention, and 
we think it will prove a succcbs. An apparatus for 
sowing grain or fertilizers can easily be attached in 
front—an improvement which we believe the in¬ 
ventors are about perfecting— rendering it a very 
complete combined broadcast seed sower and har¬ 
row. By raising a portion of the teeth the machine 
can be dfeed as a corn-marker; and by substituting 
cultivator for harrow teeth it can be readily changed 
to a wheel cultivator. 
The Bulky Harrow is the invention of A. (J. Baker 
and N. O. Hoyt, practical farmers of LaFayette, 
Onondaga Co., N. Y., and was patented by them in 
October last. In describing it the inventors say: 
“A practical harrow, combining utility with ease 
of operation, has long been sought for by farmers. 
These qualities we claim are found to a greater ex¬ 
tent In Taker & Hoyt's bulky Harrow than in any 
harrow before offered to the public. Among the 
many points of superiority are the following:—Each 
tooth and its connecting arm, working independ¬ 
ently, conforms itself to the inequalities of the 
surface. Each tooth may be set at any angle to in¬ 
crease its peuetrability if desired. While in his seat 
the driver can, by one motion of the lever, raise 
and fasten all the teeth, ready to pass to or from 
the field. It is easier for the team, easier for the 
driver, and its work is superior in every respect to 
that of any other harrow.” 
Those desiring further information, or machines, 
should address the patentees as above. 
Building materials are becoming so expensive 
that every device for cheapening and improving 
the family dwelling is eagerly sought. Every¬ 
body wishes and expects, sometime, to build him 
a house, but few can face the bills on sitting down 
and couuting the cost. The Farmers’ Club, at New 
York, lately had this subject before them, and, as 
is sometimes the case, left it more dubious than be¬ 
fore. The Chairman and Mr. Baldwin and Prof. 
Bertholet had seen specimen houses, and thought 
well or this mode of building. But Mr. Todd had 
“no confidence in concrete blocks as made by 
some;” Mr. Fuller doubted their durability and 
Dr. Peck said “ it was well known that concrete 
houses cost double what frame houses do.” Mr. 
Doiel said he had seen, in the ruins of Babylon 
and Ninevah, blocks of concrete, at least 1,000 years 
old. Curious to note, that no one gave any practi¬ 
cal information which could be put to u&e by the 
readers of the Report. As these Reports are pub¬ 
lished for the information and guidance of farmers, 
and read by many with artless belief in their wis¬ 
dom, would it not be well if the members of this 
leading Club should refrain from expressing unfa¬ 
vorable opinions, want of confidence and doubts on 
subjects of which they do not profess to have knowl¬ 
edge or experience, especially those who disbelieve 
in science and rely altogether upon practical knowl¬ 
edge in Agriculture ? 
durability. 
First, let ns examine the durability of the con¬ 
crete wall. It is composed of sand, gravel, cobble 
or small irregular stones and lime. Now, if the 
lime is mixed in the right proportion to cement 
the materials together, why should not the wall 
be durable ? The materials are all lasting, and as 
the lime Blowly, in the process of years, changes 
from a hydrate to a carbonate, the wall becomes 
solid stone. A long time is required for this change 
to stone, but every year the wall becomes more 
solid. Its durability can be no less than stone. 
The Roman aqueducts show that the stoues will 
break as easily as the mortar that cements them. 
But where quick lime, only, is used, the wall must 
be kept dry. Hydraulic or water lime cement must 
be used for the foundation and up eighteen inches 
above ground. Aud this foundation should become 
hard and strong before the wall is carried higher. 
STORE AND FAT CATTLE 
A writer in the Mark Lane Express is of the 
opinion that much is lost yearly by farmers on the 
more rugged and light soils, in attempting to fatten 
their cattle for market. It would be more profit¬ 
able to such farmers to rear the stock or, In other 
words, to develop the frames of cattle and let them 
be finished off at points where land is more fertile, 
and the manurial agencies to keep it up more easily 
obtained. Broken, stony and elevated land will, in 
many instances, produce very good feed in summer, , $ 
causing neat stock to develop rapidly, but such soil Lfl 
is not suited to the production of the roots and 
grain req uisite to finish off such stock for the butch- ( 
cr’s stall. True, cattle may be fattened in the rough [ 
sections of the country, but the cost of doing it is 
so much more than in the regions of greater fer- f*. 
tility as to seriously diminish the profits of stock jw 
raising. These suggestions of our contemporary are JO] 
Thu I applicable to this country as well as Europe. 
care 
in July. But if this is not the case, plowing will be 
the work for dark weather. If wheat is to follow 
clover the land should he plowed as soon as the hay 
is removed; then work the surface and top-dress 
with manure. 
W'ttife,— It is well to harrow nnseeded. stubble 
ground early and let the weed seeds start. The 
autumn plowing will then destroy them. Beware 
of letting weeds ripen and spread their seed during 
this month. Many varieties mature at mid-summer, 
and they need attention. 
The Hop Yard .—Clean cultivation is the main 
thing here. Look after the grubs and keep the 
vines well to their supports. Try dusting plaster 
on the foliage for the insect. 
Stacking Hay and Grain .—The bottoms of old 
clover stacks and mows also are sometimes infested 
