A LONG CHURNING-NO BUTTER, 
square aud eight feet high inside, is large 
enough for any single family; and six feet 
square by eight feet highywill store 2}£ 
cords of ice, which, well preserved, will > 
serve an ordinary family. But it is more S 
difficult to preserve ft small cube of ice, Mr s , 
and therefore the building must be more I 
perfect, when this is attempted. The first 
size requires an eight-inch outside wall, 
twelve feet long and nine feet high, and a 
six-inch inside wall, with ten-iuch air 6pace 
between them, containing 500 cubic feet 
of wall including gable ends aud tie walls, 
and this would require about seventeen 
barrels of water lime, costing, say $1.75 per 
barrel or $29.75, The sand, gravel and 
6mall stone the farmer can haul and make 
the mortar and lay it up, himself. The i 
6maller size requires an outside wall of same' 
thickness, 10 feet long and nine feet high 
with the same side space, and six-inch i 
inside wall, would contain 422 cubic fcet,j 
requiring fourteen barrels of water lime,' 
costing £24 50. This would be all the ex- J 
pense out exeept the roof, which should ; 5 
be made with rafters inches thick by] J 
10 inches wide and project lb inches at the, 
eaves—must be boarded on the under side 
first—then a few boards put on to the 
upper side, at the eaves, and filled between * * 
with saw dust or cut straw, rammed in. 
This filling should be done as fast as the 
upper boards are put on. The roof should 
then be shingled or well thatched with 
6traw. There should be double doors well j : 
fitted, and placed in thejnorth gable end, above the 
level of the ice. 
The manner of„making the^bottom is important. 
Perfect drainage shouldjbe’sccured, so'.that the water 
from the ice will run off at once. If there is suffi¬ 
cient slope or fall, the earth may be*cxcavated inside 
two aud a half or three feet, or so deep as the wall is 
required to go to be below the frost, and then sloped 
all round, from the outside to'thci center, that the 
water may all run to this point. Here should be 
sunk a hole (walled aronnd/with brick) to commu¬ 
nicate with the drain below, and in the drain must 
be a water trap* or in verted “siphon, to prevent the 
admission of air. If the drain is constructed of 
brick this water trap is'easily^toade by a depression 
below the level of the drain, and this will always be 
filled with water and provent.the passage of air; or 
a piece of lead pipe properly bent may he used. 
Over the entrance to the drain will be placed an iron 
or wooden grate. Some soils are sufficiently porous 
to drain off the water. Where the land is so level 
as not to allow any excavation the water may be con¬ 
ducted off near the surface. 
FILLING AN ICE HOUSE. 
Before, filling with ice the bottom should be cov¬ 
ered with six to ten inches of straw or fine brush. 
Where the ground is not excavated as directed some 
scantling or rails should be pint dowu first with plank 
laid on aud the straw on the plank. The ice should be 
cut in square blocks and as large as is convenient t.o 
handle. These must be hud compactly together and 
may be placed close to the wall, if built in the man¬ 
ner proposed, aud when the building is filled, cover 
the top of the ice with Baw dust six inches or straw 
a foot thick. The ice should be 6olid when cut, and 
if convenient, packed in freezing weather, hut this is 
not so important as that the ice should be Bolid. 
Porous ice will not keep well however cold when 
packed. 
PRESERVATORT, 
If a preservatory is to be built in connection with 
the ice house, (as it should when the expense can be 
afforded,) then it would be most convenient if placed 
on the side of a ravine, bo that the ice house could 
be in the lower story, with perfect drainage, and the 
preservatory above, with its floor on a level with the 
topi of the bank. This would be most convenient. 
Bat when there is no such side hill to place it on, 
the lower story, for ice house, may be sunk in the 
earth, with a well in the center three feet deep, into 
which the water sinks, having a lead pipe extending 
from this well to the surface of the ground outside, 
attached to a pump by which the water may be 
pumped out. If the earth happens to he sand or 
gravel it cam be used in building the walls. There 
are some large houses now building in Buffalo, that 
the entire materials for the walls except the lime, 
are obtaiued from the earth taken out of the cellar. 
This method of building the preservatory over the 
ice house, would have the advantage of requiring a 
smaller building, and would keep the ice better, be¬ 
cause less exposed to air, the ice being tilled in 
through a trap door in the floor of the preservatory. 
The preservatory would require, to he convenient, a 
building sixteen by twenty-two feet, leaving a room 
inside tw elye by eighteen for the preservatory. This 
might be divided into two rooms, (8 by 12 feet), one 
for butter, milk, meat, &c., and the other for fruit. 
A double partition, about two feet apart, must be 
put through the center crosswise, to divide the two 
rooms, and into this space, between the. partitions, 
will be placed the ice to cool the rooms, as often as re 
quired, with holes at tbe top of the partitions to pass 
off the heated air, and at the bottom to let in the cold 
air. The heated air passes down through tbe ice, and 
being cooled comes into the room at the bottom, thus 
giving a constant circulation and keeping tbe rooms 
of uniform temperature. But if the ice room is not 
placed under, then the building must be large enough 
for an ice house on one side and a preservatory on 
the other. 
In building an ice house it is better to use all 
water lime, the mortar mixed according to our 
recommendations in previous articles, one of lime 
to six of sand, gravel and small stoue. The 
inside standard may be a scantling two by 6even 
inches, so that the plank for the box, being IK 
inches thick would make the space between the walls 
ten inches. And if two stories are built, tbe joists 
for the floor of the second story should reach on the 
outside wall and perfectly tie the two together. 
The door in the preservatory should he double, 
fitting very tight, aud there may be one double win¬ 
dow placed on the north side shielded from all sun¬ 
shine by trees. e. w. s. 
Eds. Rural Nbw-Yokkek As 1 have received 
many valuable hints aud bits of advice from your 
paper, and having, at this time, a great deal of per¬ 
plexity and bud fortune in the butter-making line, 
I appeal to you, to know what to do next, and for 
the 6akc of ascertain it g if any of your numerous 
readers ever had a similar experience. 
A year ago, about this time, 1 was making butter 
from eleven cows. I put the churn going one morn¬ 
ing as usual, the cream at the proper temperature, 
and kept it going without stopping for seven hours, 
aud at the end of that time, there was no more ap¬ 
pearance of butter than when I began. Then I took 
the cream out, let it, stand over night, and, the next 
day pnt it back and gave it another seven hours 
churning, and still tbe next day had it churned 
again with no better result, and gave it up. IV e 
lost three or four churnings in this same way. Some 
said it was because the milk-room was in the cellar; 
brought the milk into the kitchen but- 
New Quarter—A Trial Trip. — All friends of the 
Runkn are referred to announcement of " Our Fall Cam¬ 
paign,at head of News Department, for indication of 
what we propose to do daring ensuing Quarter, and next 
year, toward furnishing the Best .Journal of its class 
obtainable. From what wo there say readers will under¬ 
stand that we are in earnest, as usual, and " mean busi¬ 
ness." Please read the notice carefully, and do what yon 
consistently may or can to second our efforts. Any and 
every a>d rendered by Agents, Friends and others will be 
gratelully appreciated, and enable us to make the Rural 
still more acceptable to the Producing and other Indus¬ 
trial Claeses. 
Weather, Crops, &c. —Tne first half of this month 
was marked by the breaking of th« severe drouth by 
copious rains and a week of very hot weather for the 
season. Grass grew rapidly and fall feed is tolerably 
abundant. Some fears were entertained on the score of 
rot in the potato crop, hut as yet we have not heard of 
the appearance of disease. The crop has been doing 
very well, especially the late varieties, although it is not 
probable that a full yield will be harvested. Cum is 
mostly in the shock, and is a fair crop. Wheat sowing 
was delayed, first, by drouth, then by wet weather; prob¬ 
ably a larger breadth was seeded after the middle of the 
month than before, but the fine condition of the soil em 
surer quick germination of the seed and rapid growth of 
the plant. The “cold snap" following the rains aud 
hot term, extended over the entire country, causing cut¬ 
ting frosts in Cauada and New England. The com 
regions of tbe Western and Middle States, however, gen¬ 
erally escaped damage. 
V’ 
we at once 
tery, but the result was the same, until we bad lost 
a dozen or more churnings,— and, just now, with 
four cows, I am having the same bad fortune. I 
have tried all the remedies my neighbors have sug- 
- - ■ , salt, soda and tartaric 
old lady told me to heat the cream to 
gested, ice and hot water, 
acid, when an < 
a boiling point, then cool aud churn, and she would 
warrant it would make shortening if it did not but¬ 
ter ! I tried that and had my trouble for my pains. 
My bad fortune has made me careful about skim¬ 
ming the milk or letting it set too long and my hus¬ 
band knows the cows are well salted. 
Will you please inquire, through the columns of 
your valuable paper, if auy of your readers ever had 
a similar experience, aud how they proceeded,— or 
tell me the cause of the trouble and the probable 
remedy, and greatly oblige 
One of tour Readers. 
Killawog, Broome Co., N. Y., Sept., 1868. 
COTSWOLU RAM “ WILLIAM TELL,” 
THE PROPERTY OF L. E. SHATTUCK, JR., OF CHERRYjJCREEK, CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY, N. X. 
Vermont State Fair.— This Fair, which was held at 
Burlington, closed on the 11th inst. The show of farm 
stock was pretty full, aud as a general thing of noticea¬ 
ble qnality. The leading cattle composed Sbott-Horne, 
Ayrshircs, Jerseys and Dutch varieties,—all good of 
their class. The horse department was less full, but still 
made a creditable appearance, both on the ground and 
on the track, where coursing was enjoyed by mauy. 
The stock of sheep was small but of good character. 
The fruit and miscellaneous departments were commend- 
ably full, especially that embracing farm implements. 
Evening discussions were kept up during the continu¬ 
ance of the Fair, and several valuable papers read. 
Financially and otherwise, the exhibition of 1S68 com¬ 
pared favorably with the most successful of the series. 
COTSWOLD RAM “ WILLIAM TELL, 
Mr. Seattock writes: — “William Tell was bred 
by Hon. N. L. Chafee, Jefferson, Ashtabula Co., 
Ohio He was got by his imported Dandy out of 
one of bis imported ewes. Both sire aud dam were 
illustrated in tbe Report of the Commissioner of 
Agriculture, 1805. Tell was yeaned in 1805. His 
last fleece of one year and four days’ growth weighed 
17K lbs., and sold for seven dollars. His present 
weight is about 850 lbs. He has won a first prize at. 
five diflerent county fairs. As a stock ram I have 
never seen his equal.” 
In a letter from Olympia, Washington Territory, 
published in the Rockford Register, occurs this pas¬ 
sage on butter-maklug:—“Here such a thing as a 
butter firkin or stone jars to puck butter m is un- 
but all butter is packed in muslin sacks, 
known 
made in such form that the package, when corn- 
cylinder three to four inches In diameter, 
Fowls at Fairs.— An exchange recommends, when 
fowls are to be exhibited at Fairs, a cock and two hens 
for each show box. This should be high enongh to allow 
the fowls free standing room. Before placing them in the 
hox, scrutinize them for defects rather than excellencies, 
as the former will he looked after while the latter will 
manifest themselves without trouble. The fowls should 
he cooped a portion of the time for several days, for the 
purpose of becoming used to each other, as they will ap¬ 
pear to better advantage than when strangers. 
plete, is a 
and from 
The butter goes from the churn, as soon as worked 
over, into the cylindrical bags made of fine bleached 
muslin. The packages are then thrown into large 
casks containing strong brine with a slight admix¬ 
ture of saltpetre, aud by means of weights kept al¬ 
ways below the surface. The cloth integument 
always protects the butter from any impurities that 
chance to come in contact with the package, and 
being always burled in brine, that protects it from 
the action of the air; and it has been ascertained by 
trial that butter put up in this way will keep sweet 
longer than in any other way. Besides, it is found 
easier and cheaper for the manufacturer than to 
pack either in firkins or jars.” 
These butter sacks arc ranged upon the counters 
of the dealers as readily as bars of soap, and when 
any portion of one is wanted the end of the sack is 
stripped down and the necessary quantity detached, 
when the sack is replaced, leaving the remaining 
portion &s secure as before auy part was removed. 
This plan might not be feasible in our climate without 
the aid of ice in the summer, hut the immersion in 
brine is, and is worthy of consideration on the part 
of dairymen and butter dealers. 
MISSOURI AS A WOOL GROWING STATE, 
We have repeatedly, in answer to inquiries in 
regard to the best wool growing regions of our 
country, expressed a highly favorable opinion of 
Missouri. This has brought upon ns a multitude of 
more specific interrogatories concerning its climate, 
soil, face of the country, productions, price of land, 
water, heatthfulness, Ac., Ac.,—and concerning the 
best locations Id the State for wool growing on a 
larger or limited scale. 
We must apprise our readers, at- the outset, that 
we have never personally visited that State. The 
knowledge we possess concerning it has been col¬ 
lected chiefly from emigrants, travelers and western 
flock-msu-t-ers, who have driven their sheep into 
Among our inform- 
Death of Dr. Geo. H. Dadd.— The Baltimore papers 
recently announced the death in that city of Dr. Geo. II. 
Dadd, a prominent member of the corps of veterinary 
surgeons in the United States. He practiced in Boston, 
Cincinnati, St. Louis, Chicago and Baltimore, in which 
latter city he died from the effects of exposure daring 
the late flood there. He was the author of several works 
on the diseases of stock, which secured a large share of 
public favor. HU remains were taken to Chicago for in- 
t.crmenT,. 
Beetles in Utah. —The Austin (Nevada) Reveille 
states that a new plague in the shape of a beetle has ap¬ 
peared in Utah in countless numbers. They destroy 
every green thing in their course, aud sting the smaller 
animals, causing their death. This done, they pounce 
upon the bodies and devour them in short order. An 
entire carcass of a sheep was eaten clean in two minutes 
and a half! It is not stated who timed the beetles in 
this feat. 
-- 
Chautauqua Co. Fair, —The Chautauqua Co. Fair 
commenced on the 8th and closed on the 11th inst. The 
proceedings were much marred by the rain, but the ex¬ 
hibition was quite successful despite this drawback. 
The entries numbered over 1,460. The annual address 
was delivered by X, A. Wili.abd, Esq., of the Utica 
Missouri for cheaper keeping, 
ants are various gentlemen of observation and can¬ 
dor, and of intimate experience in sheep husbandry ; 
and we regard their information as reliable as auy 
whi can now be obtained—far more reliable than 
can be obtained from 6uch inhabitants of the coun¬ 
try itself as are not specially acquainted with sheep 
husbandry. 
The climate of Missouri occupies a happy medium 
between extreme heat and cold. Its northern half 
corresponds in latitude with Southern Illinois, In¬ 
diana, Ohio and Northern Virginia; its southern 
half, with Kentucky and Southern Virginia. 
For the present purpose, we shall divide the State 
into three regions:—!. The northern, lying north 
of a line extending west from St. Louis to J eflerson 
City, thence due west to the western boundary of 
the State. 2. The southeastern, bounded on the 
north by the above line, and extending from the 
Mississippi to a north aud south line from Jefferson 
City to the southern boundary; aud 3. The south¬ 
western, occupying the remainder of the State. In 
briefly characterizing these three regions, we do not, 
of .course, expect to give a description of either 
A correspondent of tbe California Farmer de¬ 
tails the operations of a gentleman, A. M. dk Sara, 
residing a few miles from Furls, in the poultry line. 
Having discovered;lhat hens eat chopped horseflesh 
with great avidity, aud that it increased their laying 
capacity, he decided to test the poultry business on 
an extended scale. He commenced with three hun¬ 
dred hen6 and a proper complement of cocks, feed¬ 
ing them principally on horseflesh minced fine by a 
machine armed .with revolving knives. These hens 
averaged, for the year, three hundred eggs apiece, 
which was so satisfactory that twenty acres of 
ground were devoted.to suitable buildings, coops, 
Ac., for dividing up lus stock into small flocks, 
which were separated ft om each other by latticed 
fences. “ The hatching roomB are warmed by steam, 
great care being'taken'to preserve in them a uniform 
temperature, corresponding with the animal heat 
which the hen would develop in the season of hatch¬ 
ing. A row of drawers,, one above the other, form 
the nests, and woolen cloths are spread over the 
eggs to shut oat the light. Tbe chickens, as they 
come out, are taken every mominer into a room ap¬ 
pointed for this purpose, and fresh eggs are put in 
the place of empty shells. Iu this way a continu¬ 
ous succession of young hens is kept up, and their 
feathers are kept free from vermin.” The stock of 
hens now numbers one hundred thousand, with a 
proportionate supply of, male birds. The hens are 
never allowed to incubate, and when four years old 
New Hampshire State Fair. —This Fair, held at 
Manchester, closed on the 18th inst., and is reported to 
have been the most successful one ever held in the State. 
On the third day over twenty thousand people visited 
the grounds. The pecuniary results have been of the 
most gratifying character. 
Diseased Cattle at Chicaoo.— The committee on 
diseasod cattle at Chicago report that daring a week 
they examined 1,720 head or cattle, and that only three 
of the number were condemned to the rendering tank. 
The most successful remedy for the disease yet found is 
flax seed tea—two pailfulls daily to each animal. 
In response to a request of a subscriber in Ypsilan- 
ti, Michigan, we present to the readers of the Dairy 
Department engravings, showing two forms of a 
very useful and labor-saving machine, namely; a 
butter worker. Iff small dairies and farmers’fami¬ 
lies, where the working or butter is generally per¬ 
formed with the old-fashioned bowl and ladle, the 
adoption of this machine would effect a great saving 
in time and labor. Auy housewife can testify to the 
severe work of handling large masses of hard, firm 
butter by the common method, and we now advise 
them, during the leisure time of winter, to give the 
“lords of creation” no rest until they furnish a 
working model of one of these machines. 
Cattle Show in Scotland.— rue tUgmana Agricui- 
tural Society, chartered iu 1767, held their annual Fair at 
Aberdeen the first week in August. The aggregate of 
animals on exhibition was 1,681. The gate receipts were 
about $8,000. _ _ 
Potter's Three Horse Clevis, illustrated and de¬ 
scribed in Rural of March 14th, will be exhibited at our 
State Fair. 
RURAL BRIEF-MENTIONINGS. 
Hay is being exported from .Montreal to the English 
market—a notable occurrence. * 
The total number of cattle iu tire various European 
stales is not less, it is said, than 04,700,000. 
Fai>.mino rarely secures large fortuues, but it does bet¬ 
ter by producing a vast number of medium ones. 
A recent freshet in Vermont did much damage to 
crops in several towns, but more to roads and bridges. 
The first term of the Cornell University at Ithaca com¬ 
mences on Wednesday, Oct. 7th, with the Inauguration 
of the President and the Professors. 
A Frenchman has Invented a milking machine, con¬ 
sisting of a silver tube, which is inserted in the onnee 
or the teat, which depletes it of milk very rapidly. 
As the season of cold fall rains is at hand, comlortable 
shelter for stock, especially for colts and that of the 
dairy should be provided. It pays well in both cases. 
The farmers of Clayton Co.. Ga„ have oeen indulging 
in the luxury of an agricultural picnic. . -the Rural 
Southerner says the entire day was a feast ot Pleasure. 
The English farmer boasts of an advantage over his 
American brother in the superior character of the roads 
in that country. He is right, and will be for an age to 
come. 
Goats are pronounced profitable to farmers if for no 
• One kind of butter worker is somewhat simple, 
and Jess expensive than the other. It can be made 
entirely of wood, and light to handle and move 
about. The engraving is sufficiently clear to ex 
plain it. 
A Norfolk (Eng.) paper states that a man named 
Bugshaw, residing in that region, does a large busi¬ 
ness in the line of poultiy. From sixty to seventy 
thousand, principally ducks, are disposed of annu¬ 
ally. About the last week iu October he commences 
buying up ducks and geese for ChristmaB sales — 
drawing a large portion of hie stock from Holland. 
The fattening commences about the middle of No¬ 
vember, the number being about twelve thousand 
for one batch. Ground barley and brewers’ grains 
constitute the principal food. During Christmas 
last year he sent to market by railroad eighty tons of 
geese and d ck3. During the operation of dressing 
about.. ^dred men are employed. Mr. B. has 
High Wages.— The Rural World says as high as 
four dollars a day—working ten hours—was paid in 
Illinois, during the late harvest, for binding wheat. 
Within our recollection, a man who got one dollar 
a day, for the same kind or work, was deemed to 
be'coining money. We- have known good harvest 
hands work for half a dollar a day. Superior mow¬ 
ers and cradlers would get from six to eight shil¬ 
lings. But these low wages had compensating 
circumstances connected with them in the cheap¬ 
ness of provisions, while fuel cost nothing but the 
trouble of cutting and hauling it. Wheat was from 
three to four shillings a bushel, com fifteen cents, 
potatoes from ten to fifteen cents, and pork four 
, cents per pound. A good cow could be had for ten 
orfiwe. dollars, and a yoke of working oxen for 
- fory-flye or fifty. 
Stagnant or foul water is well known to be very 
injurious to all animals, and it may be this is some¬ 
times the cause of abortion in cows. By it the blood 
is often poisoned, ana febrile complaints engendered. 
