■w I-[j 
MCIOII'B BIlAi HIW a Y©IIEIB 
im; 
11-1 H 
THIS DEPARTMENT. 
The Poultry intercut has taken sucli a hold 
in the country, has become so wide-spread, 
and lias already employed so much capital 
and labor that a’ mere cursory notice, and oc¬ 
casional allusion, will not do. A want has 
been treated, and needs to be supplied—a 
want that is felt alike by breeders, fanciers, 
and farmers, and calls for more than an oc¬ 
casional paragraph, ouce a month. 
Wc propose, therefore, to give our readers, 
frome time to time, illustrations of all the 
new and choice breeds of poultry, photo¬ 
graphed from life, expressly tor our pages, 
wit h a bill and complete description of their 
points and characteristics; designs for poul¬ 
try houses and yards; descriptions of any 
and all inventions in the poultry line; reports 
of poultry exhibitions; discussions of diseases 
and their cures; and, in fact, everything' 
that will tend to make these columns inter¬ 
esting and instructive to our readers. 
We propose to keep our poultry columns 
up with the times—:t record oi the latest 
Poultry intelligence. In this connection we 
ask our readers not <<» he backward in giving 
us their experience. Correspondence on the 
subject is solicited. Questions asked will he 
answered to the best of unr ability ; and our 
ability to answer (we say it without egotism) 
is of the best. To those who have made 
poultry a specialty, we would especially 
extend our invitation. Their experience 
mU si he both valuable and interesting, and 
we hope to bear from them often. From 
our old friends and contributors we hope to 
have practical help, as well as tlieir good 
any number of breeds may be accommo¬ 
dated. The simplest and most economical 
foundation is to set locust or oak posts about 
four icet deep, every eight feet, and spike the 
sills on them. There is then no heaving 
from frost ; and all ho underpinning neces¬ 
sary is it board nailed to the sill and extend¬ 
ing into tbo ground a couple of inches. 
A setting room can bo added by making the 
building four feet longer. The room should 
he in the cud next the door, so as to he 
always within notice. 
Buch a house, built of seasoned lumber 
and well battened, will shelter any fowls 
excepting, perhaps, the Spanish, Leghorns, 
and it few of the more tender varieties — from 
all ordinarily cold weather; and we believe 
it to ho tho cheapest and most convenient 
house for general use. 
--- » » 
COMMON vs. IMPROVED FOWLS. 
Wiiy is it. that farmers, poultry raisers, and 
others who keep fowls, either for pleasure or 
profit, cannot see any advantage in keeping 
improved breeds of poultry over the com¬ 
mon dunghill fowls? Is it not patent to 
c\viy one that, il Costs no more to keep good 
stock than poor? Every progressive farmer 
will acknowledge that a herd of thorough¬ 
bred cows will pay better than the common 
mongrel stock ; but why do they not carry 
the same idea into practice in the poultry 
yard ? 
The filly or more chickens kept by most 
farmers if replaced by twenty of sonic one 
of the improved breeds would yield a better 
return, and at afar less cost for keeping. 
Twenty I loudans, Creveeicurs, Black Span¬ 
ish, or some other good breed, will produce 
more, eggs, during the year, and as many 
chickens, (it not non-sitters,) as one hundred 
common fowls, as the latter arc usually kept, 
wishes, and trust, that, we shall prove our- OJ . IK)t kept; for they are allowed to 
selves deserving of all they may do or say mn whmj they please by roost where 
in our favor. they p i easo p y night, and shift, for them- 
-selves. Either of the above, varieties, and 
MODEL POULTRY HOUSE. others we could name, will yield two hun- 
•- dred to two hundred and fifty eggs each 
Wk give herewith a plan oi poultry house pcr y C!irj am | many other older varieties will 
and yards, combining many good point* y i<i,j from one hundred and fifty to two hun- 
and conveniences. The building is enclosed (b . et p H U L how many yards ot common 
with worked spruce or pine board®, put on fowls will you find that will average over 
1 tttt ; l [ ' 11 i' ;i 1 1 ! *^ 7 to sevenly-tlve eggs each V 
! I. tl liiilu. l i i i' 1 ' 1 '! -y l ,1 —'L. ! V It is impossible to give any guide as to the 
i j I number of fowls any one should keep. One 
-- - . I person could profitably keep one hundred, 
I jlj; I and perhaps two hundred; while another 
mm- IB 1 ! MTHIili H i 'IWimil i II U11 would he overstocked with twenty. Keep 
members, and but few entries were made 
this year by those not connected with it. 
The following named gentlemen took 
first prizes in the Pigeon Department;—fl. 
Colei.l, Wm. A. Wood, P. ('• Bieoel, C. 
A. Bussell, L. McLkimj, G Purveb, and 
C. Busch, of New York; A Bchkld and 
C. Reisterer of Brooklyn; **nd F. Ster¬ 
ling, Bridgeport, Conn. W. A. Wood of 
New York, having received tlw largest num¬ 
ber of first premiums, was awarded the bo¬ 
ck tv's Gold Medal. 
The following are the first-prize takers in 
the Poultry Department: 
Bc<n Trio Orovecoours, G. H, Leavitt, T'lurii- 
tnjf. L. I.; <le. tCuUi* Cnotiins, do.; rt». Lfrrbt Brah¬ 
mas, K. Sterling, Uridgofort, Conn.: do. White 
Dorkings, U. ltaiu •?, ji%, 1 ft Isabel b. N. J.: do. 
Urer Dorking*. It. fj. Maitland, jr., New York; 
do. Black Sunn tab, B. Haines, Jr.; do. W hire U-g- 
liorris, double comb, do.; do. single comb, tin.; 
do. Brown tied Game. ,1. Board, I’a.-t-ate, .V .T.; 
do. Golden T'criHlInil llnmbuncN B- Haines'. jr.; 
do. Silver Spangled Hiunbuigs. H. Johnson, 
Paterson, N. ,J.; do. Black Polish, Dennis Long, 
Elizabeth, N. .1.; do. Golden Spangled Polish, do. 
White Guinea KmvK B. Haines, Jr.; Gain© 
Bnni.inw, do.; Ooldon Sebright do., G. H. Leavitt; 
African do., B. Haines, Jr.; White do., < . VV. 
Beeves, Nwivurk, A'. J.; ItOUOH Ducks, B. 
Haines Jr. , 
It. Haines, Jr., of Elizabeth, N. .T., having ro¬ 
od ved the largest number of llrst premiums, 
was awarded the Society’s Gold Medal; and G. 
H. Leavitt, the second largest number, received 
a Silver Medal. 
-♦ ♦♦-• 
Bnow for Poultry. — Have any of our 
readers tried the experiment of giving 
poultry snow, instead of water V An old 
poultry-fancier told us a Jew days since 
that he rarely gave water to bis fowls 
when they could get at snow. W« have 
often noticed that fowls in winter will 
pick and eat the snow father than go a few 
rods to a stream to drink, and do so day 
after day ; but it is a question yet undecided 
in our mind if snow will entirely suffice to 
quench thirst. We should be pleased to bear 
from those who know, ou this subject. 
--- 
Wu notice Hie Annual Exhibition of the 
Pennsylvania Poultry Society, held at Phila¬ 
delphia, Dec. Slst to 28th inclusive, but go 
to press with tho present number too early 
to report it. Shall probably give n full re¬ 
port of the exhibition in our next, number, 
with the premium list if not too voluminous. 
<£be .Apiarian. 
principle employed, centrifugal force , is the 
same in them all. Having a cut of the ma¬ 
chine, as patented by Messrs. Wagner and 
Langstkotit, we will give it in this connec¬ 
tion, annexing a brief description: 
teal. 
m ■ 
?HB| 
-—& 
Centrifugal TIoney-Comh emptier. 
The machine proper, as the reader will 
observe, is placed in a tub or box. It is a 
frame work, of square shape, surrounded by 
wire gauze, kept in place by four stationary 
corner posts. Four adjustable posts regulate 
the machine for different sizes of combs and 
frames. The frame work i held up by fi rod 
passing through the center at. the bottom. 
The rod rests in a movable piece at the hnt- 
tom of the outer case. A simple device, 
with adjustable arms, keeps the rod in place 
at the top. The machine inside is made to 
whirl rapidly by the gearing attachment rep¬ 
resented ou the top. 
The combs of honey are prepared for the 
machine by removing the caps of the cells 
with a long, tlnn-bladed knife, kept, hot by 
dipping in boiling water. They arc then 
placed in the machine proper, standing on 
the ends and resting against the wire screen. 
Two combs are usually put in at a time on 
opposite sides. If the machine is now set in 
motion, the honey will lie thrown out from 
one side of each comb in about, two minutes. 
The combs are then reversed and the opera¬ 
tion repeated. The honey passes through 
the wire gauze, strikes (he outer case, and 
runs to the bottom, whence it is withdrawn 
THE SEED-CORN MAGGOT. 
{A rtthornyia zcas, Riley.) 
Destroyine; the Seed alter it is Planted. 
BY C. V. RILEY, ST. LOUIS, MO. 
About the 20lli of last June I received the 
following letter from A. S. Fuller, of Ridge¬ 
wood, N. J.: 
“ Dear Sm:-I send you by mail a small box 
containing kernels of sprouted corn, upon which 
you will find small white worms. Some of the 
corn fields in tltis \ icinity arc being ruined by 
tliis peat. These worms attack the corn before 
it comes up. Wbat ate they ?” 
Subsequently I was informed that the seed- 
coni in other fields in Bergen county, N. J., 
was being destroyed in the same manner. 
The cause of this destruction is a footless 
maggot, measuring 0,25 to 0.30 of an inch 
in length, of a yellowish-white color, blunt 
at the posterior and tapering at the anterior 
end; and as it is a new foe to corn, and has 
never been found, so far as I am aware, in 
any other locality, a brief account of it. will 
be appropriate in the.R ural New-Yorker. 
Tiiis maggot is shown, enlarged, in the 
accompanying 
jm figure at a, the 
y<f -\' \ \ ft hair line under- 
5 °*}jAiJJ JJr ™ nont.h giving the 
b natural size. It 
ct greatly resem¬ 
bles the onion maggots, which are known to 
attack the onion in this country, and its 
work on corn is similar to that of lliis last 
named maggot on t he onion; lor il excoriates 
and gnaws into tho seed-corn as shown at c, 
and finally causes such seed to rot,. 
After having become full fed, these maggots 
A _ usually leave the 
fo n:* I • for .the 
tr ' 1 . hard, light- 
brown pups?, of the size and form ol h, and 
in about a week afterwards the perfect fly 
pushes open a little cap at the anterior end, 
and issues forth to the light of day. In this 
ElrmitUm, — I * until.21 ft 
..I, n;. it.; height, In run 
.21 ft.; width, 11 ft.; heluht.in 
in rout', fi>< It. 
fl.. It.; height, In rear,DM It. 
vertically, and the height so arranged that, 
each board will cut to avoid waste. All the 
pieces are cut olT of tho full lengths in front, 
making just half a rear length. The rafters, 
of thirteen feet joist, with cither battened or 
shingle roof as preferred. 
WTTfo V; i ri-Cfol' .^ UCTT’i'L P> 
-jir rrT n^’pr 
number of fowls any one should keep. One BEE CULTURE. through a faucet. From 300 to 500 lbs. of state it is a two-winged fly belonging to the 
person coilld profitably keep one hundred, - honey may be thus easily extracted in a day. order Dh’TERA, and quite inconspicuous in its 
and perhaps two hundred; while another An Improved Honey-Emptyiwt Machine. After the honey is thrown out of Hie markings and appearance. Though I bred 
Avon 1,1 he overstocked with twenty. Keep As a branch of Rural Economy the ml- combs they are ret urned to the bees to be pm three females, and this sex fails to exhibit 
only so many as you can keepwell, is always Hire of the honey bee is of no small import,- refilled; this they will do in an almost in- gome of the most important, generic charac- 
a safe rule to follow. Many think it, is im- ance. At no time docs history show such credibly abort time. When there is a good tors, yet there is nothing hi the females of this 
possible to keep largo numbers of fowls an interest, in bee keeping as there is mnni- yfold of honey, the bees will fill a set of species to distinguish it from the genus Antho- 
togother and have them thrive. It. is a mis- fested to-day. Certain causes have produced com i )S in an upper story, holding sixty w ,^. proper,ofMEfoKN, as restricted by Mac- 
laUcn idea, and originates from the fact that, this interest, to some of which we would pounds, in one week’s time! A bee-keeper quart, and this corn maggot, therefore,be- 
where largo yards of fowls are kept, they briefly invite the reader’s attention : at Medina, Ohio, has taken the past season, ] 0ng8 i 0 die same genus ua tho imported 
rarolv receive proper care and attention, and 1. The Introduction of Movable-Comb Ifim. from a single hive of bees, 203 lbs. of liquid cm i on fly ( Anthoiuyki ccpnruw , Meigen.) 
therefore cease to he profitable. While it is —This class of hives was first brought to ] lon ey. The honey was thrown out. of Hie jj pon submitting a specimen, for inspection, 
very little labor to care for a dozen or so the notice of the writer in 1857. They were eomba b y \\ x0 machine as fast as they were l0 jq,.. -\y M . p, E Baron, of Geneva, 111., who 
chickens, we are very apl to begrudge the. then but lilt lc known in this country, Since full, and before the cells were scaled. The haft paid especial attention to our two-winged 
time expended on a hundred or more. It that year they have been brought into gen- honey he puts Up in a pure state in foe H) he informed me that it is distinct from 
seems “ too much time to waste ou a lot of oral use, and to-day our leading bee eulturists g j il8s (hut jars. When thus tastefully put. any hitherto described North American 
a safe rule to follow. Many think it, is im¬ 
possible to keep large numbers of fowls 
together and have them thrive, it is a mis¬ 
taken idea, and originates from the fact that, 
where largo yards of fowls are kept, they 
rarely receive proper care and attention, and 
therefore cease to he profitable. While it is 
very little labor to care for a dozen or so 
chickens, we are very apt to begrudge the 
lime expended on a hundred or more. It 
seems “ too much time to waste on a lot of 
chickens but actually the time thus spent 
will pay better than in any investment, of 
cqu.’fl amount on the fhrtn, Wc believe that, 
giving them the requisite lime and attention, 
there is double the profit on two hundred 
and fifty dollars, (or double that,) invested in 
p 6 t:Wy, than in an equal investment in any 
other kind of farm stock. 
—This class of hives was first brought to 
the notice of the writer in 1857. They were 
then but little known in this country. Since 
that year they have been brought into gen¬ 
eral use, and to-day our leading bee cuUurists 
are using them exclusively. To them be- sells readily from thirty to thirty-five stiecita, and 1 have, therefore, called it the 
, . \ x . .1 ..?_ . .. ; . .,:i . . , 4 .1 • .. _ n _j it_ 
longs the credit, of a complete revolution in Cf . n t s per pound. A bee-keeper in thisvil 
bee-culture, and to the Rev. Mr. Langstrotii 
are we indebted for their introduction. 
2. The Importation, of Italian Here .—These 
bees have been the moans of educating a 
lunrc number of bee-keepers. Many points 
lage bus taken from a strong hive of hybrid 
Italians 300 lbs. of honey in one season, by 
supplying them with empty combs, and re¬ 
moving them as fast as they were full. '1 Ida 
was two years ago. I know the bee-keeper 
Look at the prices paid tor eggs in New [h( \ 
in dispute respecting the natural history of we p ;in( j a j 80 know him to he not only 
.1. 1 - t- - , 1_... __ MV ^ ..... /'..I 
- ».“ Y 1 "- . ' Plained by the aid of the Italians. These ,. p(ini . m 
York city, the past winter, and during the p lul keepers 
1 . ... nn ... . bees were first brought to this country about : i 
liGOUil _ OAHWjtllDDO UU I I 1 Tril flfl lltl.V “ ^ H 
VO been satisfactorily ex- p-mnffo, but one of the most successful bce- 
d of the Italians. These- ] ce< 1 |)urB ’i a t be West. Other cases might be 
Plan asd Yaim>. cents per dozen. The 
The building is supposed to face the w jjj go above t liirty c 
south. The entrance door, E, opening into dre() oggs at lwo an( l . 
the passage, P, three and a half feet, wide, j ust fl V e dollars. AJlo 
which rims the length of the building; ;mc i food,and there is 
smaller doors, D, each two feet wide, open- )ho P g g8)aU( | protmhl, 
ing into the roosting rooms, R. Flic nests ye ^ b( . counted in 
are raised about a toot, tVom the fiooi, and result, they must be ct 
also open into the rooms K, with a bulged for :lHt j i uv l, 
board in the passage so that the eggs can he J ., o)n V( , rlnb i, regularly 
removed w ithout. entering the roosting rooms. thft uecegsary time de" 
The perches, A, are movable, perfectly level, comfortj an( j t , hcn it w 
and raised two feet from the floor. The as w .ll as pleasurable. 
partition walls are tight, two hoards high, _ 
above which is lath; the passage wall rT?0 „ AND p 
above the nests, and also the doors, D, being _ 
of lath also. The 1'irHt Exhibition 
The roosting rooms are seven and a half lnmbarla 
by eight feet, largo enough for twenty-five Tile American Go! 
fowls each. Windows are six foot square, its first annual exhibi 
raised one foot from the. floor. We prefer ceniher 15th ancl 1ST 
the glass to bo six by eight or seven by of pigeons was very 
nine, inches—as t hese small sizes need no pro- try was fair. There ’ 
tection strips to prevent the fowl from break- pigeons entered, and 
ing them. The holes, H, for egress and varieties were well rc 
ingress of the fou ls, are closed by a drop were tastefully arram 
door worked by a cord and pulley from the tention of the Soeiet 
passage way. Another door can be placed was not very widely 
in tbe other end of the passage way if in all respects credi 
desirable. pigeon and fowl fane 
This arrangement of the yards, Y, of course The officers ot tli 
would not suit every one; some would pro- dent, William A. W 
fer smaller yards, making each yard the President, Hiram < 
width of the room and adding to its length. L. I.; Treasurer, G 
W r e can only say “ cut your garment ac- York; Secretary, G. i 
cording to your cloth” — cut your yard and the committee ii 
according to your ground. tion consisted of L. 1 
The house above is designed for only three and T. II. Smito. 
past few years — sometimes as high as fifty 
cents per dozen. The average for the year 
will go above thirty cents. Now, two hun¬ 
dred eggs at two and a half cents each make 
Just five dollars. Allow two dollars for care 
and feed, and there is three dollars profit, on 
the eggs, and probably a brood of chickens 
yet to he counted in. But to secure this 
result, they must be caned for, good quarters 
for roosting and laying provided, kept free 
the year 18(10, since which time quite ft num¬ 
ber of importations have been made. At 
first many bee-keepers were slow to believe 
that the Italians would prove to be superior 
to our black bees; but we are pleased to re¬ 
cord the fact, that every doubt in that direc¬ 
tion has been effectually removed. Our best 
given, but 1 will forbear. 
Our principal bee-keepers are now chang¬ 
ing the construction of their liivcs so as to 
adapt them to the wants of the honey ma¬ 
chine. Borne are making an upper chamber 
to their hives to hold frames the same size 
as used in the lower story; others are 
making the lower story wider so as to hold 
bee-keepers have long since conceded their from s j xteen to twenty frames. The side 
superior hardiness and working abilities, and f mGg tbcT w ;q , n n,ty with tho machine. 
. .. il ,.C j 1 » 1 * ... • i 
PIGEON AND POULTRY SHOW. 
interests of its readers unless it has one or 
more columns specially set apart for the use 
of its bee-keeping correspondents. To the 
agricultural press, to works on the honey 
The First Exhibition of the American Co- agriem, uai pi ess, » 
Imuharinn Society. bee, and to periodicals t 
The American Gohnnbariau Society held the subject., arc we mm 
it* first annual exhibition in New York, Dc- present unparalleled interest m nee-emiure. ot uouiaviuu, —- --- —— ■- com species «uu --~~ oe > -- 
ceniher 15th andASth Inclusive. Tbe show 4. The Machine for .Emptying Homy from cinity, having forty-five, hives found one spo k e n of, there is one m tins 
of pigeons was very fine, and that of poul- the 0 ^—About three years ago, news morning that all bis bees weie gone, not attacks radishes, and another that attacks 
try was tair. There were some five hundred came from Germany that a machine had one left. Upon mvesUgal.on hei ascertained the stems of cabbages. Specimens of this 
pi-cons entered, and the ram and beautiful been devised that would extract the honey that all the honey-makers within twenty- last species have been sent tome byProf 
varieties were well represented. The cages from tho combs, leaving the honey free from five miles had decamped at the same time A . N . Prentiss, oi Michigan Agricultural 
were tastefully arranged. Although the in- impurities, and the combs uninjured! This All the hives contained a large quality of 0ollegC , with the statement that they were 
tention of the Society to hold an exhibition information was bailed with delight by honey and no cause can be assigned for tins provklg very mjunous to Hns eseideut, 
was not very widely known, the show was American bee-keepers. Several immedi- singular occurrence. around Lansing, in that State, and the flies 
in all respects creditable and of value to ately set themselves at work to devise a sim- -►+> - produced from them seem to be klenticai 
P i ee0n J, fo w ] fanciers ilar machine. In this Messrs. Wagner and We solicit contributions of experience an 1 wUh tho species that attacks Hie cabbage m 
The officers of the Society are:—Presi- Langstrotu were successful. Their ma- facts to this department. It is^ Europe {Anthomyia bramcie, Bouche.) 
dent, William A. Wood, New York ; Vico chine worked so nicely that they applied for to give out ie j u . < ' 1 * ‘' U ‘ 111 b e keepers with m nihomyia seat, female, n. stx-Lengtb, two lines 
President, Hiram Colkll, Williamsburg, and secured a patent on certain adjus able mfonnataOB of which 
T t. Tm .alW ftRou«B PunvEB New features. These features, however, have seasonable and pi aetiuil su &c ,e.ii n- Sr uanw, brow-ntHfo ciuoreo^a marRiifo raco 
York - Secretary, O. A. Bussell, New York; since been discarded, leaving the machine so shall meet the wants ot the uns u l\ as avo h , ean-X!|.eJ > : th^x 
mid the committee in charge of the exhibi- simplified that it is now public property, as those of wider experience. Pains will be ^abdumeno^Thr^iaUcs; 
2 , McLeisu, P. C. Bieakt., Ofcr p a r,ieahava improv.l ttemaobtoe, m taken to answer all mqum* m 
ami T H. Smith. The Society i» a new some rejects. But no one claims to cover at to renderthe mformation S-Vfnof p.ac 
and that important results are anticipated. 
Si. Charles, TU. M - Baldridge. 
- +++ - 
Singular Migration of Bees, nar- 
Com Anthomyia {Anthomyia t’me), and those 
interested in such matters will find a descrip¬ 
tion of the fly below.* 
It is difficult to suggest a remedy for this 
pest, as its presence is not observed till the 
mischief is done. Hot water has been found 
effectual hi killing the onion maggot, with¬ 
out injuring the onions, and would doubtless 
prove as effectual for this com maggot, 
where a few hills of some choice variety are 
attacked, which it is very desirable to save. 
But its application in a large field, even if 
one know where to apply it, would be im¬ 
practicable, and l can only suggest soaking 
tho seed, before planting, in gas-tar or cop¬ 
peras, and hope that the experiment will be 
tried next spring by those who have suffered 
from this maggot. Hot water, by the way, 
is a remedy that is always accessible and 
quite effectual in destroying a number of 
other insects which live above ground, for it 
has been demonstrated that vegetable life 
can withstand with impunity a greater heat 
than can bisect life. 
The larvie of the genus Anthomyia live 
for the most part on vegetable matter, and 
igcons entered, and the rare and beautiful been devised that would extract the honey that all the noney-mamr* « mw j last species 
ariet.ies were well represented, The cages from tho combs, leaving the honey free from five miles had decamped at tbe same time A N . Pre? 
,ere tastefully arranged. Although the in- impurities, and the combs nniwred! This All the hives contained a large 4 ^ntity ot ooliegc, will 
ention of the Society to hold an exhibition information was bailed with delight by honey and no cause can be assigned for this proving VK 
2 f as, feiuolp. n.sp.-Lengrti, two lines 
r uu 1 ncli; antenna:, black; style, mitro- 
varieties; but by simply adding to the length, and small one, having only some twenty 
since been discarded, leaving Hie machine so 
simplified that it is now public property. 
Other parties have improved the machine, in 
some respects, but no one claims to cover 
their improvements by letters patent. The 
and abdomen pale yeuow-yi<.nvms« V 
. . iiiWinte black ifblnts at tho insertion of the brlaHea, 
taken to answer all inquiries m such a way IX,uxwitL an indistinct aflaaie stripe of broVn; 
iuelii i ws blaek- tintod with clDorons: polHers, pale oeduo 
as to renderthe mformation given ol piao- nekles small, upper valve larger tliani 
tical utility. owor * 
^ixr 
