est stones obtainable, ancl broken of uniform 
size, about two inches in cross section every 
way or us nearly ns practicable, is to be placed 
on the foundation to the uniform depth of 
one fool. When a section of say a fourth of 
a mile in length is thus stoned, and the sur¬ 
face neatly leveled, a very heavy roller 
should be passed over it, and the rolling 
continued until a perfect surface is produced, 
which completes that section. The subso- 
quent care of the road consists in changing 
the line of travel so that, the wheels shall 
run on all portions of the road as nearly 
alike an possible, until it lias taken a thor¬ 
ough bond, after which it will require but. 
little cart 
marketed in San Francisco, were, in round 
numbers, about 11,000,000 pounds, of which 
the mills in this city purchased about 
0,000,000 pounds; 7,000,000 pounds were ex¬ 
ported, and the balance remains on storage. 
The total value of the wool marketed in San 
Francisco during 1867 is estimated in round 
numbers at $1,000,000, while there arc still 
considerable quantities (amounts not known) 
held by wool growers on their ranches in the 
interior of the Stale. The actual number of 
sheep in California is a matter of estimate 
only, no definite returns having been made 
to any responsible party. It. is believed by 
parties interested in the business, and who 
have had opportunities to judge, that at the 
commencement of this year there were, fully 
8.200,000 sheep in California ; and that, un¬ 
foreseen contingencies excepted, the clips of 
wool for 1868 will overrun 18,000,000 pounds. 
next shearing exhibition one year from our 
last, which brings it upon the Gth of May. 
The following resolutions were unani¬ 
mously adopted, aud ordered to be sent, to 
you. Yours truly, John P. Hay, Secy. 
Whereas, Until recently there lias existed a 
Reciprocity Treaty between the United Suites 
and Canada,ftiul that since its termination re¬ 
peated efforts have been made and are still rank¬ 
ing on t he part of Cunftda for Its renewal; t hero- 
fore, 
Regohvd, That while we ever desire to bo on 
terms of amltv and good will with our Canadian 
neighbors. It does not necessarily follow that wo 
should place t hom on terms better than those of 
equality with us In our markets. 
Resolved, That we as a people have long felt 
that Canadian productions thrust upon our 
markets have had an injurious foal discouraging 
influence upon the site of our own productions, 
and that It has boon very evident, that tlm prin¬ 
cipal benefits of SUoh trade have Inured to the 
people of Canada and not to one own people. 
Rewind, That While our neighbors produce to 
a large extent long or combing wools it would 
be particularly disastrous to that branch of our 
industry to admit them to our markets at, lower 
rates or duty than the present oues. 
Rixah't‘1, finally. That while we have incurred 
a vast, debt In sustaining Republican institu¬ 
tions, and have that, burden to bear, it is right 
that all our industrial interests should receive 
just and reasonable protection. 
II. 6. RANDALL, LL. D., EDITOR, 
Of Cortland Villacr, Cortland County, New York. 
GEN. GEORGE WASHINGTON 
On Sheep and Wool Manufactures. 
The following copy of a letter of Gen. 
Washington has, we think, never before 
been published. Of the nature, of the plan 
or proposal which is the subject of his 
comments, we know nothing. The caution 
with which it is handled, and the delicacy 
with which he presents any suggestions as 
to the official action of the Legislature, of 
Virginia, are highly characteristic of 1h® 
writer. 
The letter contains nothing very striking, 
but it shows that. Washington believed in 
growing sheep and promoting manufactures 
at home. Jefferson believed the same, 
and his “hands” (as Gen. Washington 
terms them below) manufactured woolen 
cloth ibr tbeir own wear, for a period before 
bis accession to the Presidency. The Duke 
of Rochofoucaulil-Liancourt found them thus 
engaged at his visit to Monticcllo in 1796. 
To the men and women who married and 
lived properly together Mr. Jefferson gave 
dresses of a better quality and color than to 
those who did not. And this regula tion pro¬ 
duced an excellent effect. 
II:ul Virginia followed the views of her 
great statesmen, Washington and Jefferson 
— had the whole South followed those views 
in regard to domestic production and manu¬ 
facture, it might not for a time have made 
more, perhaps not as much,money off the land 
as it has by concent rating all its industry on a 
few staples. But how different would have 
been the result. The golden eggs have been 
obtained by killing the goose. The system 
of husbandry pursued has been purely ex¬ 
haustive—takiiig all from the soil and 
returning nothing. The haughty lord of 
Roanoke, John Randolph, declared (it is 
said) that, he would go out of bis tvay “1o 
kick a sheep!” This saying reflected tho 
prejudices of the great land holders of Vir¬ 
ginia. It reflected their folly, generally, 
in taking no efficient steps to keep up the 
fertility they were so mercilessly preying 
upon. 
The result came slowly but inevitably. 
Estates which once furnished the means of 
princely living and unmeasured hospitality, 
now lie waste. Randolph himself wrote F. 
8. Key, as early as 18Id ;—“ What a. spec¬ 
tacle does our lower country present! De¬ 
serted and dismantled country-houses, once 
the seats of cheerfulness and plenty, and the 
temples of the Most High ruinous and deso¬ 
late, 1 frowning in portentous silence upon 
the land.’ The very mansions of the dead 
have not escaped violation. Shattered frag¬ 
ments of armorial bearings, and epitaphs 
on scattered stone, attest the piety and 
vanity of the past, and the brutality of tlm 
present age.” 
But we are making too long a preface. 
Let us to our letter: 
New York, Nov. %td, 1789. 
Rut:—From tho original letter, which I for¬ 
ward herewith, Your Excellency will compre¬ 
hend the nature of a prospect for introducing 
and establishing tho Woolen Manufactory in the 
State of Virginia. In the present stage of popu¬ 
lation and agriculture, I do not pretend to deter¬ 
mine how far that, plan may be practicable and 
advisable; or, in case It should be doomed so, 
That, car© will consist bi repair 
ing any places that may settle or wear down 
more rapidly than other portions, which 
should always be done before a bole or de¬ 
pression of any considerable depth is formed. 
The proper way of repairing such depres¬ 
sions is to pick up the entire surface to bo 
raised, to the depth of four inches, then add 
material rather finer broken than that orig¬ 
inally applied; level it off neatly a trifle 
higher than the surrounding surface; then, 
with a heavy paver’s rammer, ram tho ma¬ 
terial supplied until its surface exact, y cor¬ 
responds with the adjacent road surface. If 
this course, is pursued, a road stoned with 
good stones will, with the largest amount of 
travel we have on any road in tho country, 
lust, fifty years or more, and all who ride it 
will bless the man who executed iL 
arm &c0iurmn 
BY J. WILKINSON 
THE WOOLEN MANUFACTURES 
Of the I’acitlc Coant. of tho United Suites 
STONE vs. SHELL LIME 
The reasons given by your Special Con¬ 
tributor, E. W. S., for using shell in prefer¬ 
ence to stone lime, are excellent and to the 
point, the “Colonel" to the contrary not¬ 
withstanding. I have used both with good 
results, but am satisfied, all things considered, 
that shell lime is the bettor of the two for ag¬ 
ricultural purposes; and I have attributed 
its superiority in this respect, to tho fact that 
“ it lias entered into organic life,” as E. W. 
8. has stated it, or as the late Frof. Mates 
would have bad it, into a progressed state, 
and consequently better adapted for food for 
plants, while at the same time it possesses all 
the ameliorating qualities usually ascribed 
to stone lime. As E. W. 8. very justly ob¬ 
serves, in referring to tlm criticism of the bo- 
foremenUonod “Colonel," the fact that 
fanners use, eommonSime is no proof that it 
is tlio best. 
Of all men, farmers are the slowest to 
change from " the even tenor,” 1 was about 
to say " ©nor of t heir ways.” It is a charac¬ 
teristic of human nature, from which even 
farmers are not supposed to be exempt, to 
place a higher value upon that which costs 
time and money to procure it, than upon 
what, can be liud almost for tho asking. Tho 
very abundance of shells in the localities re¬ 
ferred to by tho Colonel would naturally 
enough cause them to be overlooked, and 
their value to lie unappreciated- Just as it 
is with regard to deposits of muck: thou¬ 
sands of farmers persist in applying manure, 
and often a poor article at that, to land 
where close by a better and cheaper fertilizer 
in the shape of muck can be bad for the dig¬ 
ging ; and yet the fact of such neglect on 
the part of farmers proves nothing as to the 
Inefficiency of muck as a manure. No more 
does the fact adduced by the Colonel of far¬ 
mers giving stone lime tho preference when 
plenty of shell lime is to be had, prove any¬ 
thing as to the inferiority of the latter. Few 
farmers, comparatively, have ever taken the 
trouble to inform themselves as to tlm why 
and wherefore of the difference between 
shell and stone lime. I have bought lime in 
side gutters that, surface water cannot pos¬ 
sibly find its way into the under-drains, as it. 
will certainly destroy the drain in time by 
filling it, with surface debris, and tlm water 
in the drain is liable to set back and rise un¬ 
der the road bed, and may lie even more in¬ 
jurious than if no drain had been made. 
A Macadam road, to be perfect, must 
have the surface of the foundation of earth, 
on which t he road metal (as John Bull calls 
it) is to lie, properly crowned or raised in the 
center, and be made hard and smooth, and 
no tracks of animal or wheel should be left, 
iu the surface when the metal is applied. 
•When the grade of the road shall have been 
established, both in the line of its axis and 
transversely, the width that the road bed is 
to be when completed should be carefully 
staked, observing that the central line be¬ 
tween the two marginal lines is on the cen¬ 
ter of tin! crown of the grade; iu other 
words, that the center of the foundation is 
Uni highest portion of it. This having been 
accomplished, the next operation Is to cut 
and two self-cleaning cotton cards (the last 
two kinds being the only ones on this coast ,) 
four mules, 1,800 spindles, six shirt ami 
drawers, fifteen single and two compound 
(equal to twelve single each) stocking, and 
three sets winding machines; all being driven 
by a one hundred liorse power engine. The 
average daily production of these mills is 
one hundred dozen hose and hall-hose, and 
fifty dozen shirts and drawers; employing 
twenty-four white men, forty-two Chinese, 
and twenty-four women and girls in the 
building, and between two hundred and fifty 
and three hundred women and girls who do 
piece-work at, their own homes. In this last 
employment, these mills Airmail profitable 
employment to a class of women which has 
been much needed; as mothers can work at 
home supervising their children, and young 
girls be in company with their parents. 
The establishment of woolen mills bus 
been of immense benefit to our wool-growers, 
as well as to the community at large, whom 
they Have supplied with many necessaries of 
clothing. Until these mills commenced run¬ 
ning, the entire clip of Itoth Oregon and 
California were at the mercy of a monopoly 
of wool buyers, purchasing on speculation 
for the Atlantic States. The demand for 
local manufactures broke np this monopoly, 
and through active competition of desirable 
clips, raised the prices of all kinds of wool 
fully three cents per pound. The increased 
value thus obtained by wool growers will tie 
seen when we state that upwards of8,600,000 
pound* were marketed in Ban Francisco in 
I860, of which the local mills (Pioneer and 
Mission) purchased about 3,200,000 pounds, 
the exports for the same year being about 
4,700,000 pounds. The total clips of 1867, 
Liquid Itfnuurcs. —Huh any reader of the 
Rural, in Ida bum-yurd, a cist cm or reservoir 
lor t he accumulation of liquid manures of tho 
yard. If suchun one be in successful operation, 
tho answers for the following questions would 
aid others in pursuing the same or analogous 
plansWhat is tho size of the reservoir, arid of 
wliut material Is It constructed? Is all water 
tnat may lull within the boundary of the yard, 
in tho form of rain or snow, allowed to accumu¬ 
late in the reservoir; and in what, manner is it 
raised to tho surface ? How is it nppllod to the 
growing crops? Are the best results obtained 
when applied to timothy ordover meadows,and 
at, what season of the year are the best results 
obtained from such application? Is the profit 
arising- from thus saving and applying liquid 
barn-yard manure, sufficient to defray the ex¬ 
pense necessary to be incurred? A few years 
since the preserving and thus applying liquid 
manure was strongly recommended by tho Agri¬ 
cultural Press. Undoubtedly many under tho im¬ 
pulse of the moment have thoroughly tried tho 
experiment, l-'rotn such arc the answers to tho 
questions solicited.— l. o. s. 
only supplied Idaho and part, ot Montana, 
and the local demand lor their goods, but 
luive sent, considerable quantities to San 
Francisco, where they have found ready sale, 
The Oregon City Woolen Mills, located at 
Oregon City, have also increased their man¬ 
ufacturing capacity during the past year, 
llteir products being consumed in their im¬ 
mediate. vicinity. 
The Eagle Woolen Mills, at Brownsville, 
and the Ellcndale Woolen Mills,near Dallas, 
Polk county, have also been well employed 
during I lie year, to supply the domestic de¬ 
mand for their manufacture. During the 
late floods the (lam belonging to the latter 
mills was carried away, and damage done 
which will take fully two months to repair; 
during which time the mills will be stopped 
for want of water-power. 
In California, there arc now three woolen 
mills in operation, and one mill making knit 
goods. The first, mills creeled in the State 
were the Pioneer Woolen Mills, which were 
located at Black Point, in Ban Francisco, in 
18.79. These mills were destroyed by fire in 
1861, but were more substantially rebuilt 
during the same year, and have been in con¬ 
stant Operation since then up to the present 
WOOL GROWERS’ ASS'N 
Of Ontario ami Liviuuston Counties, 
Wheels for Plow*.—A correspondent asks if a 
wheel Is a necessary appendage to a common 
iron or wooden beam plow. W e reply no — not 
absolutely necessary, but very convenient, just 
us is a good revolving colter. 
Hemlock Lake, N. Y., Feb. 3,1889. 
Hon. H. 8. Randall —Dear Sir: The 
annual meeting of our Wool Growers’ Asso¬ 
ciation was held to-day. The attendance 
was very good indeed, and the future pros¬ 
pects of the Association are very favorable. 
A large majority of the officers and Execu¬ 
tive Committee were in favor of holding our 
Wide or Narrow Tires.— A correspondent asks 
farmers which is preferable for general farm 
purposes, a wagon with narrow or wide tires on 
the wheels. 
s 
